ASTM E2356-04
(Practice)Standard Practice for Comprehensive Building Asbestos Surveys
Standard Practice for Comprehensive Building Asbestos Surveys
SCOPE
1.1 This standard practice describes procedures for conducting comprehensive surveys of buildings and facilities for the purpose of locating, identifying, quantifying and assessing asbestos-containing materials.
1.2 The results of a Comprehensive Building Asbestos Survey are intended to be used for ongoing management of asbestos-containing materials, including Operations Maintenance, removal and other response actions. This includes response actions associated with renovations. A Comprehensive Building Asbestos Survey is also intended to provide information required for removal of asbestos-containing materials prior to demolition of a building or facility.
1.3 This standard practice discusses two types of surveys: Baseline Surveys and Project Design Surveys.
1.4 This standard practice discusses the following activities for each of the above types of surveys:
1.4.1 Planning the survey to meet defined objectives;
1.4.2 Obtaining and reviewing information on the building or facility including previous surveys and response actions;
1.4.3 Conducting the physical activities of inspecting the premises and collecting bulk samples of suspect materials;
1.4.4 Analyzing the bulk samples for asbestos type and content;
1.4.5 Assessing the Current Condition and Potential for Disturbance of asbestos-containing materials; and
1.4.6 Preparing a report that includes a narrative discussion of the findings, tabulations of inspection, sampling and analysis results, graphical depiction of the areas inspected, and the results of the assessment.
1.5 A Comprehensive Building Asbestos Survey provides sufficient information about the asbestos-containing materials in a building or facility for purposes of a real property transaction. In situations where the amount of information required by a party to the transaction is minimal, a Limited Asbestos Screen may suffice in place of the Comprehensive Building Asbestos Survey.
1.6 This standard practice does not include air sampling or surface (dust) sampling for purposes of evaluating a potential exposure hazard from airborne asbestos fibers.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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An American National Standard
Designation:E2356–04
Standard Practice for
Comprehensive Building Asbestos Surveys
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2356; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.6 This standard practice does not include air sampling or
surface (dust) sampling for purposes of evaluating a potential
1.1 Thisstandardpracticedescribesproceduresforconduct-
exposure hazard from airborne asbestos fibers.
ing comprehensive surveys of buildings and facilities for the
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
purpose of locating, identifying, quantifying and assessing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
asbestos-containing materials.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.2 The results of a Comprehensive Building Asbestos
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Survey are intended to be used for ongoing management of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
asbestos-containing materials, including Operations & Main-
tenance, removal and other response actions. This includes
2. Referenced Documents
response actions associated with renovations. A Comprehen-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
sive Building Asbestos Survey is also intended to provide
E 631 Terminology of Building Constructions
information required for removal of asbestos-containing mate-
E 736 Test Method for Cohesion/Adhesion of Sprayed Fire-
rials prior to demolition of a building or facility.
Resistive Materials Applied to Structural Members
1.3 This standard practice discusses two types of surveys:
E 1368 Practice for Visual Inspection of Asbestos Abate-
Baseline Surveys and Project Design Surveys.
ment Projects
1.4 This standard practice discusses the following activities
E 1494 Practice for Encapsulants for Spray-or-Trowel- Ap-
for each of the above types of surveys:
plied Friable Asbestos-Containing Building Materials
1.4.1 Planning the survey to meet defined objectives;
Manual on Asbestos Control: Removal, Management, and
1.4.2 Obtaining and reviewing information on the building
the Visual Inspection Process, Manual No. 23, November
or facility including previous surveys and response actions;
1.4.3 Conducting the physical activities of inspecting the
2.2 Other Documents:
premises and collecting bulk samples of suspect materials;
EPA 560/5-85-024 Guidance for Controlling Asbestos-
1.4.4 Analyzing the bulk samples for asbestos type and
ContainingMaterialsinBuildings.(“PurpleBook”)1985
content;
EPA 560/5-85-030A Asbestos in Buildings: Simplified
1.4.5 Assessing the Current Condition and Potential for
Sampling Scheme for Surfacing Materials.(“Pink Book”)
Disturbance of asbestos-containing materials; and
1.4.6 Preparing a report that includes a narrative discussion
EPA 20T-2003 Managing Asbestos in Place: A Building
ofthefindings,tabulationsofinspection,samplingandanalysis
Owner’s Guide to Operations and Maintenance Programs
results, graphical depiction of the areas inspected, and the
for Asbestos-Containing Materials. (“Green Book”) July,
results of the assessment.
1.5 A Comprehensive Building Asbestos Survey provides
EPA-600/R-93/116 Method for the Determination ofAsbes-
sufficient information about the asbestos-containing materials
tos in Bulk Building Materials. June, 1993
in a building or facility for purposes of a real property
40CFRPart61 NationalEmissionStandardsforHazardous
transaction. In situations where the amount of information
Air Pollutants: Subpart M—Asbestos
required by a party to the transaction is minimal, a Limited
Asbestos Screen may suffice in place of the Comprehensive
Building Asbestos Survey.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.24 on the ASTM website.
Building Preservation and Rehabilitation Technology. AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Published July 2004. 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E2356–04
40 CFR Part 763, Subpart E Asbestos-Containing Materials 3.2.3 dust and debris, n—visible particles, fragments, or
in Schools (EPAAHERA Regulations) chunks of material, large enough to have settled in the work
40 CFR Part 763, Subpart E, Appendix C (EPA Model area by virtue of their weight, that are presumed to have
Accreditation Plan) originated from the material abated by the response action, or
29 CFR 1910.1001 Occupational Exposure to Asbestos from a fiber release episode.
(OSHA General Industry Standard)
3.2.4 fiber release episode, n—uncontrolled or uninten-
29 CFR 1915.1001 Occupational Exposure to Asbestos
tional disturbance of asbestos-containing materials which re-
(OSHA Shipyard Standard)
sults in the generation of dust and debris.
29 CFR 1926.1101 Occupational Exposure to Asbestos
3.2.5 friable material, n—material easily crumbled or pow-
(OSHA Construction Standard)
dered by moderate (hand) pressure.
State of New York Environmental Laboratory Approval
3.2.6 response action, n—a method of abatement (such as
Program (ELAP) Certification Manual, Item No.
removal, encapsulation, or enclosure) or operations and main-
198.1 PolarizedLightMicroscopyMethodforidentifying
tenance (such as repair, clean-up, or preventive measures) of
and Quantifying Asbestos in Non-Friable Organically
asbestos-containing material in any form, for any purpose
Bound Bulk Samples, May 15, 2000
whatsoever.
State of New York Environmental Laboratory Approval
3.2.7 visual inspection process, n—the activities before,
Program (ELAP) Certification Manual, Item No.
during, and at the conclusion of a response action that are
198.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy Method for
associated with detecting the presence of visible residue, dust
identifying and Quantifying Asbestos in Non-Friable Or-
and debris, or unremoved material and verifying the absence
ganically Bound Bulk Samples, March 1, 1997
thereof at the completion of a response action.
Guidance Manual: Asbestos Operations and Maintenance
5 3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Work Practices
3.3.1 asbestos, n—the asbestiform varieties of serpentinite
Asbestos Abatement and Management in Buildings: Model
(chrysotile), riebeckite (crocidolite), cummingtonite-grunerite
Guide Specification
(amosite), anthophyllite, and actinolite-tremolite.
3. Terminology
3.3.2 accessible location, n—a functional space or part
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of building terms, see Ter- thereof that can be inspected without requiring destructive
minology E 631.
testingorpresentinganunacceptablehealthorsafetyrisktothe
3.2 Terms Defined in Practice E 1368—The user is referred inspector,andwhereentryisnotprohibitedbysecurityorother
to Practice E 1368 for terms specifically related to asbestos
institutional restrictions.
abatement for purposes of a Project Design Survey.
3.3.3 building asbestos survey, n—an activity to determine
3.2.1 asbestos-containing materials, n—materialcontaining
the presence, location, condition, and quantity of asbestos-
more than one percent asbestos.
containing materials in a building or facility, or on the property
3.2.1.1 surfacing material, n—material that is sprayed,
containing the building or facility.
troweled-on, or otherwise applied to interior and exterior
3.3.4 bulk sample, n—a sample of suspect asbestos-
structural and architectural surfaces. Surfacing material in-
containing material collected for identification of asbestos and
cludes acoustical plaster on ceilings, fireproofing on structural
determination of the percent of the components in the sample.
members, textured paint and exterior stucco, and other mate-
3.3.5 laboratory, n—an entity that is equipped and qualified
rials applied to surfaces for acoustical, decorative, fireproofing
to perform one or more of the following analyses, using
and other purposes.
approved methods: (1) identify and quantify asbestos in bulk
3.2.1.2 thermal system insulation, n—material which is
samples by Polarized Light Microscopy; (2) identify and
applied to interior and exterior mechanical components to
quantify asbestos in bulk samples by Transmission Electron
reduce heat gain or loss. Thermal system insulation includes
Microscopy, (3) identify and quantify airborne fibers with
insulation on pipes, fittings, boilers, breeching, tanks, ducts,
Phase Contrast Microscopy.
and other mechanical components.
3.3.6 non-friable organically bound (NOB) materials,
3.2.1.3 miscellaneous materials, n—material, other than
n—materials that are not friable and that consist of fibers and
surfacing material and thermal system insulation, on interior
other particulate matter embedded in a solid matrix of asphal-
and exterior structural, mechanical, electrical, or architectural
tic, vinyl or other organic substances.
components and surfaces. Miscellaneous material includes but
3.3.7 operations and maintenance (O&M) program, n—a
is not limited to ceiling tiles, gaskets, floor coverings and
proactive management program to provide periodic surveil-
mastics, wallboard joint compound, roofing materials, and
lance of asbestos-containing materials, maintain them in good
cementitious products.
condition, mitigate fiber release from existing asbestos-
3.2.2 crawl space, n—an accessible area that may have a
containing materials, and clean up asbestos-containing dust
dirt floor, usually with low head room.
and debris that has been released, in order to minimize worker
or occupant exposure to asbestos fibers.
Availble from the Environmental Laboratory Approval Program, Wadsworth
3.3.8 destructive testing, n—inspection procedures that nec-
Center, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201.
essarilyinvolveobjectionableornoticeabledamagetobuilding
Available from National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS), 1090 Vermont
Avenue, NW, Suite 700 Washington, DC 20005-4905. surfaces, or require penetration of a surface such as a wall,
E2356–04
ceiling, chase or shaft to gain access to a concealed space. materials and prioritization of response actions. The presence
Lifting a ceiling tile or opening a hatch is not destructive of asbestos in suspect materials may be assumed or presumed
testing. in some cases without bulk samples being taken or analyzed.
3.3.9 functional space, n—an area within a building or However,thebaselinesurveyisunobtrusiveinthatsamplesare
facility that is used for a specific purpose. Examples include a nottakenwheredoingsowouldresultinobjectionabledamage
warehouse in a manufacturing plant and a conference room in to surfaces or where institutional barriers preclude access. In a
an office building.Afunctional space can be vertical in extent, baseline survey, destructive testing is avoided.
such as a pipe chase, and span several floors.
NOTE 1—A Baseline Survey is sometimes called an “AHERA” survey
3.3.10 homogeneous area, n—surfacing material, thermal
because it provides the type of information used for management of
system insulation material, or miscellaneous material that is
asbestos-containing materials in schools. However, the baseline survey
uniform in color and texture, and apparent or known date of
described in this standard practice requires inspection, bulk sampling,
installation. quantification and assessment and suspect materials that are excluded by
virtue of their type and location from theAHERAregulations for schools.
3.3.11 polarized light microscopy (PLM), n—a method of
NOTE 2—Suspect material subject to disturbance by planned or emer-
analytical mineralogy that uses an optical microscope to
gency maintenance may not always be identified as to asbestos content in
determine the optical properties of sample constituents and, in
a Baseline Survey. Collecting a single bulk sample, or a small number of
the case of bulk sample analysis for asbestos, to provide
samples, to determine if the material contains asbestos does not constitute
positive identification of suspect fibers as asbestos and to
a survey within the meaning of this standard practice. Nonetheless, the
quantify the percent of asbestos in the sample.
sample(s) should be collected according to the methods described in
3.3.12 suspect material, n—material that is sampled or is
Appendix X1 (this must be done by a properly-credentialed individual)
presumed to contain asbestos on the basis of its location,
and analyzed as set forth in 6.5.
purpose, appearance and other factors considered by the
4.2.2 The Project Design Survey is more focused than a
inspector.
Baseline Survey and is used to provide information to the
3.4 Acronyms:
Project Designer for preparing abatement plans and specifica-
3.4.1 ACM—Asbestos-containing material(s)
tions. The locations inspected are limited to the areas that will
3.4.2 AHERA—Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act
be affected by the abatement project. If the project is being
3.4.3 EPA—U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
done prior to renovation or demolition, the construction plans
3.4.4 HEPA—High Efficiency Particulate Air
or at least a clear statement of the scope of the renovation or
3.4.5 NAD—No Asbestos Detected
demolition work are required for a proper Project Design
3.4.6 NESHAP—National Emission Standards for Hazard-
Survey. Destructive testing is often required for a Project
ousAirPollutants;specifically,theNationalEmissionStandard
DesignSurvey.Thepresenceofasbestosinsuspectmaterialsis
for Asbestos (40 CFR Part 61, Subpart M)
always confirmed in a Project Design Survey rather than being
3.4.7 NOB—Non-friable organically-bound
assumed or presumed. Other information required for the
3.4.8 OSHA—U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational
Project Design is collected during the survey.
Safety and Health Administration
4.3 An asbestos survey may be required to meet the EPA
3.4.9 PPE—Personal Protective Equipment
NESHAP notification requirements for renovation or demoli-
3.4.10 PLM—Polarized Light Microscopy
tion, or be required by governmental agencies for issuance of
3.4.11 TEM—Transmission Electron Microscopy
a building permit. The Project Design Survey is mo
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