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ASTM E422-05

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Water-Cooled Calorimeter

Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Water-Cooled Calorimeter

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this test method is to measure the heat flux to a water-cooled surface for purposes of calibration of the thermal environment into which test specimens are placed for evaluation. If the calorimeter and holder size, shape, and surface finish are identical to that of the test specimen, the measured heat flux to the calorimeter is presumed to be the same as that to the sample’heated surface. The measured heat flux is one of the important parameters for correlating the behavior of materials.
The water-cooled calorimeter is one of several calorimeter concepts used to measure heat flux. The prime drawback is its long response time, that is, the time required to achieve steady-state operation. To calculate energy added to the coolant water, accurate measurements of the rise in coolant temperature are needed, all energy losses should be minimized, and steady-state conditions must exist both in the thermal environment and fluid flow of the calorimeter.
Regardless of the source of energy input to the water-cooled calorimeter surface (radiative, convective, or combinations thereof) the measurement is averaged over the surface active area of the calorimeter. If the water-cooled calorimeter is used to measure only radiative flux or combined convective-radiative heat-flux rates, then the surface reflectivity of the calorimeter shall be measured over the wavelength region of interest (depending on the source of radiant energy). If nonuniformities exist in the gas stream, a large surface area water-cooled calorimeter would tend to smooth or average any variations. Consequently, it is advisable that the size of the calorimeter be limited to relatively small surface areas and applied to where the heat-flux is uniform. Where large samples are tested it is recommended that a number of smaller diameter water-cooled calorimeters be used (rather than one large unit). These shall be located across the heated surface such that a heat-flux distribution can be described. Wi...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of a steady heat flux to a given water-cooled surface by means of a system energy balance.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Sep-2005
ICS
17.200.10 - Heat. Calorimetry
Technical Committee
E21 - Space Simulation and Applications of Space Technology
Drafting Committee
E21.08 - Thermal Protection
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E422-99 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Water-Cooled Calorimeter
Effective Date
15-Sep-2005
Replaced By
ASTM E422-05(2011) - Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Water-Cooled Calorimeter
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM E458-08(2020) - Standard Test Method for Heat of Ablation
Effective Date
15-Sep-2005
Referred By
ASTM E457-08(2020) - Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat-Transfer Rate Using a Thermal Capacitance (Slug) Calorimeter
Effective Date
15-Sep-2005
Referred By
ASTM E637-22 - Standard Test Method for Calculation of Stagnation Enthalpy from Heat Transfer Theory and Experimental Measurements of Stagnation-Point Heat Transfer and Pressure
Effective Date
15-Sep-2005
Referred By
ASTM E598-08(2020) - Standard Test Method for Measuring Extreme Heat-Transfer Rates from High-Energy Environments Using a Transient, Null-Point Calorimeter
Effective Date
15-Sep-2005

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ASTM E422-05 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Water-Cooled CalorimeterASTM E422-05 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Water-Cooled Calorimeter
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ASTM E422-05 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Water-Cooled Calorimeter
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E422–05
Standard Test Method for
1
Measuring Heat Flux Using a Water-Cooled Calorimeter
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E422; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope establishes flat-plate flow. An energy balance on the system
(the centrally located calorimeter in Fig. 1) requires that the
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of a steady
energy crossing the sensing surface (A,in Fig. 1)ofthe
heatfluxtoagivenwater-cooledsurfacebymeansofasystem
calorimeter be equated to the energy absorbed by the calorim-
energy balance.
eter cooling water. Interpretation of the data obtained is not
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
within the scope of this discussion; consequently, such effects
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
as recombination efficiency of the surface and thermochemical
standard.
state of the boundary layer are outside the scope of this test
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
method. It should be noted that recombination effects at low
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
pressurescancauseseriousdiscrepanciesinheatfluxmeasure-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3
ments (such as discussed in Ref (1)) depending upon the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
surface material on the calorimeter.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.3 For the particular control volume cited, the energy
2. Referenced Documents balance can be written as follows:
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 5[mC ~DT 2DT !#/A (1)
CAL p 0 1
E235 Specification for Thermocouples, Sheathed, Type K
and Type N, for Nuclear or for Other High-Reliability
where:
Applications
−2
E = energy flux transferred to calorimeter face, W·m
CAL
−1
m = mass flow rate of coolant water, kg·s
3. Summary of Test Method
−1 −1
C = water specific heat, J·kg ·K ,
p
3.1 A measure of the heat flux to a given water-cooled
DT = T —T calorimeter water bulk temperature rise
0 0 0
2 1
surface is based upon the following measurements: (1)the
during operation, K,
water mass flow rate and (2)the temperature rise of coolant
DT = T —T =calorimeter water apparent bulk tem-
1 2 1
water. The heat flux is determined numerically by multiplying
perature rise before operation, K,
the water coolant flow rate by the specific heat and rise in
T = water exhaust bulk temperature during operation,
0
2
temperature of the water and dividing this value by the surface
K,
area across which heat has been transferred.
T = water inlet bulk temperature during operation, K,
0
1
3.2 The apparatus for measuring heat flux by the energy-
T = water exhaust bulk temperature before operation,
2
balance technique is illustrated schematically in Fig. 1.Itisa
K,
typical constant-flow water calorimeter used to measure stag- T = water inlet bulk temperature before operation, K,
1
nation region heat flux to a flat-faced specimen. Other calo-
and
2
rimeter shapes can also be easily used. The heat flux is A = sensing surface area of calorimeter, m .
measuredusingthecentralcircularsensingarea,showninFig. 3.4 An examination of Eq 1 shows that to obtain a value of
1. The water-cooled annular guard ring serves the purpose of the energy transferred to the calorimeter, measurements must
preventing heat transfer to the sides of the calorimeter and be made of the water coolant flow rate, the temperature rise of
the coolant, and the surface area across which heat is trans-
ferred. With regard to the latter quantity it is assumed that the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E21 on Space
surface area to which heat is transferred is well defined. As is
Simulation andApplications of SpaceTechnology and is the direct responsibility of
indicatedinFig.1,thedesignofthecalorimeterissuchthatthe
Subcommittee E21.08 on Thermal Protection.
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2005. Published September 2005. Originally heat transfer area is confined by design to the front or directly
approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E422–99. DOI:
heated surface. To minimize side heating or side heat losses, a
10.1520/E0422-05.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
the ASTM website. this test method.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
...

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1.4.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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5.1 The purpose of this test method is to measure the net heat flux to a water-cooled surface for purposes of calibration of the thermal environment into which test specimens are placed for evaluation. The measured net heat flux is one of the important parameters for correlating the behavior of materials. If the calorimeter and holder size, shape, and surface finish are identical to that of the test specimen, the measured net heat flux to the calorimeter is presumed to be the same as that to the sample's heated surface. If the calorimeter configuration (holder size, shape, finish, etc.) is not identical to that of the test specimen, then the measurement results may need to be modified to account for those differences. See Appendix X1.  
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4.1 General—The heat of ablation provides a measure of the ability of a material to serve as a heat protection element in a severe thermal environment. The parameter is a function of both the material and the environment to which it is subjected. It is therefore required that laboratory measurements of heat of ablation simulate the service environment as closely as possible. Some of the parameters affecting the heat of ablation are pressure, gas composition, heat transfer rate, mode of heat transfer, and gas enthalpy. As laboratory duplication of all parameters is usually difficult, the user of the data should consider the differences between the service and the test environments. Screening tests of various materials under simulated use conditions may be quite valuable even if all the service environmental parameters are not available. These tests are useful in material selection studies, materials development work, and many other areas.  
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Standard Test Method for Measuring Extreme Heat-Transfer Rates from High-Energy Environments Using a Transient, Null-Point Calorimeter

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this test method is to measure extremely high heat-transfer rates to a body immersed in either a static environment or in a high velocity fluid stream. This is usually accomplished while preserving the structural integrity of the measurement device for multiple exposures during the measurement period. Heat-transfer rates ranging up to 2.84 × 102 MW/m2 (2.5 × 104 Btu/ft2-sec) (7) have been measured using null-point calorimeters. Use of copper null-point calorimeters provides a measuring system with good response time and maximum run time to sensor burnout (or ablation). Null-point calorimeters are normally made with sensor body diameters of 2.36 mm (0.093 in.) press-fitted into the nose of an axisymmetric model.  
5.2 Sources of error involving the null-point calorimeter in high heat-flux measurement applications are extensively discussed in Refs (3-7). In particular, it has been shown both analytically and experimentally that the thickness of the copper above the null-point cavity is critical. If the thickness is too great, the time response of the instrument will not be fast enough to pick up important flow characteristics. On the other hand, if the thickness is too small, the null-point calorimeter will indicate significantly larger (and time dependent) values than the input or incident heat flux. Therefore, all null-point calorimeters should be experimentally checked for proper time response and calibration before they are used. Although a calibration apparatus is not very difficult or expensive to fabricate, there is only one known system presently in existence (6 and 7). The design of null-point calorimeters can be accomplished from the data in this documentation. However, fabrication of these sensors is a difficult task. Since there is not presently a significant market for null-point calorimeters, commercial sources of these sensors are few. Fabrication details are generally regarded as proprietary information. Some users have developed me...
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1.2 Null-point calorimeters have been used to measure high convective or radiant heat-transfer rates to bodies immersed in both flowing and static environments of air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, and mixtures of these and other gases. Flow velocities have ranged from zero (static) through subsonic to hypersonic, total flow enthalpies from 1.16 to greater than 4.65 × 101 MJ/kg (5 × 10 2 to greater than 2 × 104 Btu/lb.), and body pressures from 105 to greater than 1.5 × 107 Pa (atmospheric to greater than 1.5 × 102 atm). Measured heat-transfer rates have ranged from 5.68 to 2.84 × 102 MW/m2 (5 × 102 to 2.5 × 104 Btu/ft2-sec).  
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ASTM E511-07(2020)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Copper-Constantan Circular Foil, Heat-Flux Transducer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Fig. 1 is a sectional view of an example circular foil heat-flux transducer. It consists of a circular Constantan foil attached by a metallic bonding process to a heat sink of oxygen-free high conductivity copper (OFHC), with copper leads attached at the center of the circular foil and at any point on the heat-sink body. The transducer impedance is usually less than 1 V. To minimize current flow, the data acquisition system (DAS) should be a potentiometric system or have an input impedance of at least 100 000 Ω.  
3.2 As noted in 2.3, an approximately linear output (versus heat flux) is produced when the body and center wire of the transducer are constructed of copper and the circular foil is constantan. Other metal combinations may be employed for use at higher temperatures, but most (4) are nonlinear.  
3.3 Because the thermocouple junction at the edge of the foil is the reference for the center thermocouple, no cold junction compensation is required with this instrument. The wire leads used to convey the signal from the transducer to the readout device are normally made of stranded, tinned copper, insulated with TFE-fluorocarbon and shielded with a braid over-wrap that is also TFE-fluorocarbon-covered.  
3.4 Transducers with a heat-sink thermocouple can be used to indicate the foil center temperature. Once the edge temperature is known, the temperature difference from the foil edge to its center may be directly read from the copper-constantan (Type T) thermocouple table. This temperature difference then is added to the body temperature, indicating the foil center temperature.  
3.5 Water-Cooled Transducer:  
3.5.1 A water-cooled transducer should be used in any application where the copper heat-sink would rise above 235 °C (450 °F) without cooling. Examples of cooled transducers are shown in Fig. 2. The coolant flow must be sufficient to prevent local boiling of the coolant inside the transducer body, with its characteristic pulsations (“chugging”) of t...
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1.1 This test method describes the measurement of radiative heat flux using a transducer whose sensing element (1, 2)2 is a thin circular metal foil. These sensors are often called Gardon Gauges.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3057-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using Directional Flame Thermometers with Advanced Data Analysis Techniques

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Need for Heat Flux Measurements:  
5.1.1 Independent measurements of temperature and heat flux support the development and validation of engineering models of fires and other high environments, such as furnaces. For tests of fire protection materials and structural assemblies, temperature and heat flux are necessary to fully specify the boundary conditions, also known as the thermal exposure. Temperature measurements alone cannot provide a complete set of boundary conditions.  
5.1.2 Temperature is a scalar variable and a primary variable. Heat Flux is a vector quantity, and it is a derived variable. As a result, they should be measured separately just as current and voltage are in electrical systems. For steady-state or quasi-steady state conditions, analysis basically uses a thermal analog of Ohm's Law. The thermal circuit uses the temperature difference instead of voltage drop, the heat flux in place of the current and thermal resistance in place of electrical resistance. As with electrical systems, the thermal performance is not fully specified without knowing at least two of these three parameters (temperature drop, heat flux, or thermal resistance). For dynamic thermal experiments like fires or fire safety tests, the electrical capacitance is replaced by the volumetric heat capacity.  
5.1.3 The net heat flux, which is measured by a DFT, is likely different than the heat flux into the test item of interest because of different surface temperatures. An alternative measurement is the total cold wall heat flux which is measured by water-cooled Gardon or S-B gauges. The incident radiative flux can be estimated from either measurement by use of an energy balance [Keltner, 2007 and 2008 (16, 17)]. The convective flux can be estimated from gas temperatures and the convective heat transfer coefficient, h [Janssens, 2007 (18)]. Assuming the sensor is physically close to the test item of interest; one can use the incident radiative and convective fluxes from the...
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1.1 This test method describes the continuous measurement of the hemispherical heat flux to one or both surfaces of an uncooled sensor called a “Directional Flame Thermometer” (DFT).  
1.2 DFTs consist of two heavily oxidized, Inconel 600 plates with mineral insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS) thermocouples (TCs, type K) attached to the unexposed faces and a layer of ceramic fiber insulation placed between the plates.  
1.3 Post-test calculations of the net heat flux can be made using several methods. The most accurate method uses an inverse heat conduction code. Nonlinear inverse heat conduction analysis uses a thermal model of the DFT with temperature dependent thermal properties along with the two plate temperature measurement histories. The code provides transient heat flux on both exposed faces, temperature histories within the DFT as well as statistical information on the quality of the analysis.  
1.4 A second method uses a transient energy balance on the DFT sensing surface and insulation, which uses the same temperature measurements as in the inverse calculations to estimate the net heat flux.  
1.5 A third method uses Inverse Filter Functions (IFFs) to provide a near real time estimate of the net flux. The heat flux history for the “front face” (either surface exposed to the heat source) of a DFT can be calculated in real-time using a convolution type of digital filter algorithm.  
1.6 Although developed for use in fires and fire safety testing, this measurement method is quite broad in potential fields of application because of the size of the DFTs and their construction. It has been used to measure heat flux levels above 300 kW/m2 in high temperature environments, up to about 1250 °C, which is the generally accepted upper limit of Type K or N thermocouples.  
1.7 The transient response of the DFTs is limited by the response of the MIMS TCs. The larger the thermocouple the slower the transient response. Res...

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ASTM
ASTM E2684-17(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using Surface-Mounted One-Dimensional Flat Gages

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method will provide guidance for the measurement of the net heat flux to or from a surface location. To determine the radiant energy component the emissivity or absorptivity of the gage surface coating is required and should be matched with the surrounding surface. The potential physical and thermal disruptions of the surface due to the presence of the gage should be minimized and characterized. For the case of convection and low source temperature radiation to or from the surface it is important to consider how the presence of the gage alters the surface heat flux. The desired quantity is usually the heat flux at the surface location without the presence of the gage.  
5.1.1 Temperature limitations are determined by the gage material properties and the method of application to the surface. The range of heat flux that can be measured and the time response are limited by the gage design and construction details. Measurements from 10 W/m2 to above 100 kW/m2 are easily obtained with current sensors. Time constants as low as 10 ms are possible, while thicker sensors may have response times greater than 1 s. It is important to choose the sensor style and characteristics to match the range and time response of the required application.  
5.2 The measured heat flux is based on one-dimensional analysis with a uniform heat flux over the surface of the gage surface. Because of the thermal disruption caused by the placement of the gage on the surface, this may not be true. Wesley (3) and Baba et al. (4) have analyzed the effect of the gage on the thermal field and heat transfer within the surface substrate and determined that the one-dimensional assumption is valid when:
   where:
  ks  =   the thermal conductivity of the substrate material,    R   =  the effective radius of the gage,    δ  =  the combined thickness, and     k  =  the effective thermal conductivity of the gage and adhesive layers.    
5.3 Measurements of convective heat flux are part...
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1.1 This test method describes the measurement of the net heat flux normal to a surface using flat gages mounted onto the surface. Conduction heat flux is not the focus of this standard. Conduction applications related to insulation materials are covered by Test Method C518 and Practices C1041 and C1046. The sensors covered by this test method all use a measurement of the temperature difference between two parallel planes normal to the surface to determine the heat that is exchanged to or from the surface in keeping with Fourier’s Law. The gages operate by the same principles for heat transfer in either direction.  
1.2 This test method is quite broad in its field of application, size and construction. Different sensor types are described in detail in later sections as examples of the general method for measuring heat flux from the temperature gradient normal to a surface (1).2 Applications include both radiation and convection heat transfer. The gages have broad application from aerospace to biomedical engineering with measurements ranging form 0.01 to 50 kW/m 2. The gages are usually square or rectangular and vary in size from 1 mm to 10 cm or more on a side. The thicknesses range from 0.05 to 3 mm.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to...

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