ASTM E1740-22

Standard Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate and Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Wall Covering or Ceiling Covering Composites Using a Cone Calorimeter

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the time to sustained flaming and heat release of materials and composites exposed to a prescribed initial test heat flux in the cone calorimeter apparatus.  
5.2 Quantitative heat release measurements provide information that can be used to compare wall or ceiling coverings and constructions and for input to fire models.  
5.3 Heat release measurements provide useful information for product development by giving a quantitative measure of specific changes in fire performance caused by component and composite modifications.  
5.4 Heat release data obtained by this test method will be inappropriate if the product will not spread flame over its surface under the fire exposure conditions of interest.  
5.5 Variations in substrates, mounting methods, and adhesives used to laminate composite products will potentially affect the test responses. These variables must be controlled during any comparative experiments.  
5.6 Test Limitations—The test data are invalid if any of the following occur:  
5.6.1 Explosive spalling,  
5.6.2 The specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition to touch the spark plug or swells up to the plane of the heater base during combustion, or  
5.6.3 The surface laminate rolls or curls when placed under the radiant heater.  
5.7 The specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory conditions in this procedure. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. The results are therefore valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response test method covers determination of the ignitability and heat release rate of composites consisting of a wall covering or ceiling covering, a substrate, and all laminating adhesives, coatings, and finishes. Heat release information cannot be used alone to evaluate the flammability of wall coverings or ceiling coverings. The data are intended to be used for modeling or with other data to evaluate a material.  
1.2 This test method provides for measurement of the time to sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heat release, and effective heat of combustion at a constant initial test heat flux of 35 kW/m2. Heat release data at different heat fluxes are also obtained by this test method. The specimen is oriented horizontally, and a spark ignition source is used.  
1.3 The fire-test-response characteristics are determined using the apparatus and procedures described in Test Method E1354.  
1.4 The tests are conducted on bench-scale specimens combining the components used in the actual installation.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI-10.  
1.6 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be used in conducting these tests. This test method potentially involves hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.  
1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. Specific information about hazard is given in Section 6.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This intern...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Mar-2022
• ICS: 13.220.50 - Fire-resistance of building materials and elements
• Technical Committee: E05 - Fire Standards
• Drafting Committee: E05.21 - Smoke and Combustion Products

Relations

• Refers: ASTM E176-24 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Refers: ASTM E84-23d - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Refers: ASTM E84-23c - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2023
• Refers: ASTM E1474-20 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2020
• Refers: ASTM E84-19b - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2019
• Refers: ASTM E84-19a - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2019
• Refers: ASTM E84-19 - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2019
• Refers: ASTM E176-18a - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2018
• Refers: ASTM E84-18b - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2018
• Refers: ASTM E84-18a - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2018
• Refers: ASTM E84-18 - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2018
• Refers: ASTM E176-18 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2018
• Refers: ASTM E84-17a - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017
• Refers: ASTM E84-17 - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2017
• Refers: ASTM D123-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2017

Overview

ASTM E1740-22 is a standardized test method developed by ASTM International for determining the heat release rate and other fire-test-response characteristics of wall covering or ceiling covering composites using a cone calorimeter. This method is designed to evaluate how wall and ceiling covering systems, including adhesives, coatings, and substrates, respond when exposed to a specified heat flux under controlled laboratory conditions. The standard plays a crucial role in materials testing, product development, regulatory compliance, and fire safety modeling, helping manufacturers and safety professionals assess the ignitability and combustion behavior of various decorative and functional finishes in buildings.

Key Topics

• Heat Release Rate Measurement: Quantifies the rate at which energy is released during combustion of wall or ceiling covering composites, providing data critical to comparing product performance and input for fire modeling.
• Ignitability and Time to Sustained Flaming: Measures how long it takes for the material to achieve sustained flaming under a prescribed heat flux, indicating its propensity to ignite.
• Testing Conditions: Utilizes a constant initial test heat flux (typically 35 kW/m²) with specimens oriented horizontally; employs a spark ignition source.
• Composite Assessment: Test specimens must include all elements as used in actual installation-wall or ceiling covering, adhesives, coatings, and substrate.
• Controlled Variables: The methodology stresses the importance of controlling substrate types, mounting methods, and adhesive types, as these variables significantly affect test outcomes.
• Limitations and Hazards: Results are only valid for the exposure conditions described in the procedure. The method involves high temperatures and combustion products, necessitating stringent safety precautions.

Applications

• Product Development and Improvement: Enables manufacturers to quantitatively assess changes in fire performance when developing new wall or ceiling covering systems or modifying components.
• Fire Safety Modeling: Provides essential data for fire risk assessment models, informing building design and material selection with respect to fire safety.
• Comparative Evaluation: Allows for the direct comparison of fire-test-response characteristics among different wall and ceiling coverings, supporting informed specification and regulatory decisions.
• Quality Control: Used by quality assurance teams in the building materials industry to ensure compliance with fire performance standards.
• Screening for Full-Scale Testing: As a bench-scale test, results may be used to screen materials before more costly, full-scale room fire growth tests.

Related Standards

ASTM E1740-22 references several other important fire testing and material standards for comprehensive fire response analysis:

• ASTM E1354: Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter (Cone Calorimeter Method)
• ASTM E84: Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
• NFPA 265 / NFPA 286: Fire test standards for evaluating room fire growth contribution of textile wall coverings and interior finish assemblies
• ISO 5660-1: Fire Tests - Reaction to Fire - Rate of Heat Release from Building Products (Cone Calorimeter Method)
• ASTM C1186: Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement Sheets (used for some substrate testing)
• ASTM D123, ISO 4880, ISO 13943: Terminology references for consistent use across fire safety testing and reporting

Practical Value

ASTM E1740-22 is an indispensable tool for manufacturers, fire protection engineers, regulatory agencies, and researchers concerned with the fire performance of interior finishes. By offering a scientifically robust, repeatable, and internationally recognized framework for assessing heat release and ignitability, the standard:

• Supports the development of safer building products
• Enables compliance with building code requirements and fire safety regulations
• Provides a consistent basis for product comparison and claims
• Contributes to safer building environments through improved understanding and control of fire hazards associated with wall and ceiling coverings

Keywords: ASTM E1740-22, cone calorimeter, heat release rate, wall covering, ceiling covering, fire-test response, ignitability, fire safety, building materials testing, fire modeling, standard test method.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1740 − 22 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Heat Release Rate and Other Fire-Test-
Response Characteristics of Wall Covering or Ceiling
Covering Composites Using a Cone Calorimeter
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1740; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This test method provides a means for measuring the fire-test-response characteristics of wall
coverings, ceiling coverings, wall covering composites, and ceiling covering composites using a
bench-scale oxygen consumption calorimeter.
1. Scope* 1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe the
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and
1.1 Thisfire-test-responsetestmethodcoversdetermination
flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself
oftheignitabilityandheatreleaserateofcompositesconsisting
incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk
of a wall covering or ceiling covering, a substrate, and all
assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under
laminating adhesives, coatings, and finishes. Heat release
actual fire conditions.
information cannot be used alone to evaluate the flammability
ofwallcoveringsorceilingcoverings.Thedataareintendedto 1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-
guards for personnel and property shall be employed in
be used for modeling or with other data to evaluate a material.
conducting these tests. Specific information about hazard is
1.2 This test method provides for measurement of the time
given in Section 6.
to sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heat
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
release, and effective heat of combustion at a constant initial
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
test heat flux of 35 kW/m . Heat release data at different heat
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
fluxes are also obtained by this test method. The specimen is
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
oriented horizontally, and a spark ignition source is used.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 The fire-test-response characteristics are determined
1.10 This international standard was developed in accor-
using the apparatus and procedures described in Test Method
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
E1354.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.4 The tests are conducted on bench-scale specimens
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
combining the components used in the actual installation. mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI-10.
2. Referenced Documents
1.6 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
hazardous,andadequatesafeguardsforpersonnelandproperty
C1186Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement Sheets
shall be used in conducting these tests. This test method
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
potentially involves hazardous materials, operations, and
D5865Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and
equipment.
Coke
E84Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
Building Materials
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and
Combustion Products. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 1, 2022. Published May 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as E1740–20a. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E1740-22. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1740 − 22
E176Terminology of Fire Standards 3.1.2 gross heat of combustion, n—themaximumamountof
E603Guide for Room Fire Experiments heat per unit mass that theoretically can be released by the
E906Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release combustion of a material, product, or assembly; it can be
Rates for Materials and Products Using a Thermopile determined experimentally only under conditions of high
Method pressure and in pure oxygen (contrast effective heat of com-
E1354Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release bustion).
Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-
3.1.3 heat flux, n—heat transfer to a surface per unit area,
sumption Calorimeter
per unit time (see also initial test heat flux).
E1474Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The heat flux from an energy source,
of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or
such as a radiant heater, can be measured at the initiation of a
Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption
test (such as Test Method E1354 or Test Method E906) and
Calorimeter
thenreportedastheinitialtestheatflux,withtheunderstanding
IEEE/ASTM SI-10American National Standard for Use of
that the burning of the test specimen can generate additional
theInternationalSystemofUnits(SI):TheModernMetric
heat flux to the specimen surface. The heat flux can also be
System
measured at any time during a fire test, for example as
2.2 NFPA Standard:
described in Guide E603, on any surface, and with measure-
NFPA 265Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating
ment devices responding to radiative and convective fluxes.
Room Fire Growth Contribution ofTextileWall Covering 2 2 2
Typical units are kW/m , W/cm , or BTU/(s ft ).
NFPA 286Standard Method of Fire Test for Evaluating
3.1.4 heat release rate, n—the thermal energy released per
Contribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room
unit time by an item during combustion under specified
Fire Growth
conditions.
2.3 ISO Standards:
ISO 4880 Burning Behaviour of Textiles and Textile
3.1.5 ignitability—the propensity for ignition, as measured
Products—Vocabulary by the time to sustained flaming, in seconds, at a specified
ISO5660FireTests—ReactiontoFire—Part1:RateofHeat
heating flux.
Release from Building Products (Cone Calorimeter
3.1.6 initial test heat flux, n—the heat flux set on the test
Method)
apparatus at the initiation of the test (see also heat flux).
ISO 13943Fire Safety—Vocabulary
3.1.6.1 Discussion—The initial test heat flux is the heat flux
value commonly used whn describing or setting test condi-
3. Terminology
tions.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
3.1.7 oxygen consumption principle—the expression of the
method and associated with fire issues, refer to Terminology
relationship between the mass of oxygen consumed during
E176 and ISO 13943. The definitions given in Terminology
combustion and the heat released.
E176 shall prevail in case of conflict. For definitions of terms
usedinthistestmethodandassociatedwithtextileissues,refer
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
to Terminology D123 and ISO 4880. The definitions given in
3.2.1 net heat of combustion, n—theoxygenbomb(seeTest
Terminology D123 shall prevail in case of conflict.
MethodD5865)valuefortheheatofcombustion,correctedfor
3.1.1 effective heat of combustion, n—the amount of heat
gaseous state of product water.
generated per unit mass lost by a material, product, or
3.2.1.1 Discussion—The net heat of combustion differs
assembly, when exposed to specific fire test conditions (see
from the gross heat of combustion in that the former assesses
gross heat of combustion).
the heat per unit mass generated from a combustion process
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The effective heat of combustion de-
that ends with water in the gaseous state while the latter ends
pends on the test method and is determined by dividing the
with water in the liquid state.
measured heat release by the mass loss during a specified
3.2.2 orientation—the plane in which the exposed face of
periodoftimeunderthespecifiedtestconditions.Typically,the
the specimen is located during testing, which is horizontal
specified fire test conditions are provided by the specifications
facing up for this test.
of the fire test standard that cites effective heat of combustion
3.2.3 sustained flaming—the existence of flame on or over
as a quantity to be measured. For certain fire test conditions,
involvingveryhighheatandhighoxygenconcentrationsunder the surface of the specimen for periods of4sor more.
high pressure, the effective heat of combustion will approxi-
3.2.4 wall or ceiling covering, n—a textile-, paper-, or
mate the gross heat of combustion. More often, the fire test
polymeric (including vinyl)-based product designed to be
conditions will represent or approximate certain real fire
attachedtoawallorceilingsurfacefordecorativeoracoustical
exposureconditions,andtheeffectiveheatofcombustionisthe
purposes.
appropriate measure. Typical units are kJ/g or MJ/kg.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—Wall or ceiling coverings with ink or
topcoat layers added as part of the manufacturing process are
Available from National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, included in this definition.
Quincy, MA 02269-9101.
3.2.5 wall or ceiling covering composite, n—wall or ceiling
Available from International Standardization Organization, P.O. Box 56,
CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland. covering system.
E1740 − 22
NOTE 1—The terms wall covering composite and ceiling covering
affect the test responses. These variables must be controlled
composite, used in Test Method E1740, have the same meaning as the
during any comparative experiments.
terms wall covering system and ceiling covering system, which are more
5.6 Test Limitations—The test data are invalid if any of the
widely used.
following occur:
3.2.6 wall or ceiling covering system, n—an assembly of a
5.6.1 Explosive spalling,
textile wall or ceiling covering, a paper wall or ceiling
5.6.2 The specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition to
covering, a polymeric (including vinyl) wall or ceiling
touchthesparkplugorswellsuptotheplaneoftheheaterbase
covering, adhesive (if used), and substrate (if it is part of the
during combustion, or
assembly) used as a wall or ceiling treatment for decorative or
5.6.3 The surface laminate rolls or curls when placed under
acoustical purposes.
the radiant heater.
3.2.6.1 Discussion—Thewallorceilingcoveringmaterialis
usually intended to be directly attached to a substrate, via
5.7 Thespecimensaresubjectedtooneormorespecificsets
adhesives or mechanical fasteners. In some cases the wall or
of laboratory conditions in this procedure. If different test
ceiling covering system will be supported by a frame system
conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are
somedistanceawayfromthewallorceilingcoveringmaterial.
changed,itisnotalwayspossiblebyorfromthistesttopredict
changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. The
4. Summary of Test Method
results are therefore valid only for the fire test exposure
4.1 This test method is based on the observation that,
conditions described in this procedure.
generally,thenetheatreleasedincombustionisdirectlyrelated
to the amount of oxygen required for combustion. Approxi- 6. Hazards
mately 13.1×10 kJ of heat are released per 1 kg of oxygen
6.1 The test procedures involve high temperatures and heat
consumed. Specimens in the test are burned in ambient air
fluxes.Hazardsthereforeexistforburns,ignitionofextraneous
conditions while subjected to a prescribed external initial test
objectsorclothing,andinhalationofcombustionproducts.The
heat flux of 35 kW/m .
operator must use protective gloves for insertion and removal
4.2 The heat release rate is determined by measurement of
of the test specimens. Do not touch the cone heater or the
the oxygen consumption, as determined by the oxygen con-
associated fixtures while hot, except with the use of protective
centration and flow rate in the combustion product stream, in
gloves.
accordance with Test Method E1354.
7. Test Specimens
4.3 This test method determines heat release rate per unit
area initially exposed (in units of kW/m ) and not just heat 7.1 Size and Preparation:
7.1.1 All elements of the test specimen shall represent the
release rate (in units of kW). Thus, the heat release rate
reportedinthistestmethodistheheatreleaserateperunitarea actual materials used in the final installation. Include the wall
or ceiling covering, adhesive used for the lamination, and
(see Sections 9 and X1.2).
actualsubstrate.Wallorceilingcoveringsthatarelaminatedin
4.4 The primary measurements are oxygen concentration
the field shall be bonded to the actual substrate or to fiber-
and exhaust gas flow rate. Additional measurements include
reinforced cement board (Specification C1186) if a non-
the mass loss rate of the specimen, time to sustained flaming
combustible substrate is anticipated. Use the adhesive recom-
(or time to ignition), and effective heat of combustion. Ignit-
mended by the manufacturer. Test wall or ceiling covering
ability is determined by measuring the time period from initial
composites as manufactured for use.
exposure to attainment of sustained flaming of the specimen.
7.1.2 The test specimens shall be cut to an overall size of
5. Significance and Use 100 by 100 mm and tested in the actual thickness, if a
composite. The maximum thickness to be tested is 50 mm. If
5.1 This test method is used to determine the time to
substrates exceed this maximum, the back surface shall be
sustained flaming and heat release of materials and composites
madethinnertoreducetheoverallthicknessofthespecimento
exposed to a prescribed initial test heat flux in the cone
50 mm.
calorimeter apparatus.
7.2 Specimens shall be cured according to the manufactur-
5.2 Quantitative heat release measurements provide infor-
er’s instructions and conditioned at an ambient temperature of
mation that can be used to compare wall or ceiling coverings
23 °C 6 3 °C and relative humidity of 50 6 5% for a
and constructions and for input to fire models.
minimum of 48 h.
5.3 Heat release measurements provide useful information
7.3 Specimen Holder and Mounting:
for product development by giving a quantitative measure of
7.3.1 The specimen holder consists of the bottom, edge
specific changes in fire performance caused by component and
frame, retaining pins, and wire grid.The bottom is constructed
composite modifications.
from 2 mm nominal stainless steel and has outside dimensions
5.4 Heat release data obtained by this test method will be
of106mmby106mm 62mmby24mm 62mmheight.The
inappropriate if the product will not spread flame over its
grid is constructed from 2 mm nominal stainless steel rod and
surface under the fire exposure conditions of interest.
has dimensions of 100 mm 6 2 mm by 100 mm 6 2 mm.The
5.5 Variations in substrates, mounting methods, and adhe- grid has 2 mm ribs, and the openings in the center are 18 mm
sives used to laminate composite products will potentially 61by18 6 1 mm. The edge frame is constructed from 1.9
E1740 − 22
mmnominalstainlesssteelwithoutsidedimensionsof111mm stopped at the end of the 4 s observation period, the time to be
62mmby111mm 62mmby54mm 6 2 mm height. The reported is that value minus 4 s.
frame has an 8 mm lip on the top to provide an opening of 94
NOTE2—Ifsustainedflamingisnotobserved,reportas“noignitionwas
mm by 94 mm on the top. There are two 3 mm 6 0.5 mm
observed” or “no sustained flaming was observed” and not as “time to
diameter by 130 mm 6 3 mm long retaining pins to lock the
ignition equals zero.”
test specimen in the edge frame.
8.2.5 Collectdatafromthestartofthetestuntileitherofthe
7.3.2 The bottom is lined with a layer of a low-density
following occurs: (1) flaming or other signs of combustion
(nominal density 65 kg/m ) refractory fiber blanket with a
cease or (2) 20 min have elapsed. The test need not be
thickness of at least 13 mm. If necessary, fill the edge frame
terminated at 20 min if the specimen continues to burn. Move
below the test specimens with a refractory blanket to the level
the sparker out of the flame.
of the retaining pins. Lock the assembly with retaining pins,
8.2.6 Record time-dependent measurements (mass loss, to-
and place it on the bottom specimen holder. The distance
tal heat release, and average heat of combustion) at 20 min or
betweenthebottomoftheradiantheaterandthetopoftheedge
at the end of the test.
frame is adjusted to 25 6 1 mm by using a sliding height
8.2.7 Observe and record physical changes to the specimen,
adjustment.
such as melting, swelling, cracking, or shrinking. Record the
final mass of the test specimen. Remove and discard the
8. Procedure
specimen if it does not ignite within 10 min.
8.1 Preparation: 8.2.8 Remove the specimen holder.
8.2.9 Replace with an empty specimen holder or insulated
8.1.1 CalibratethetestapparatusasdirectedinTestMethod
pad to prevent thermal damage to the load cell.
E1354.
8.2.10 Test a minimum of three specimens of each material
8.1.2 Position the cone heater for a horizontal specimen
or product.
orientation, and set the radiant heat flux level to the required
value of 35 6 1 kW/m .
9. Report
8.1.3 Verify that the distance between the bottom of the
cone heater baseplate and the top of the specimen is 25 mm.
9.1 Reportthefollowing,asasummary,forallspecimensof
8.1.4 Some specimens swell up and contact the heater
a particular material or product:
baseplate or sparker assembly during the test. Contact of the
9.1.1 Specimen identification or number;
specimen with the sparker or heater baseplate will affect the
9.1.2 Manufacturer or submitter;
mass loss readings temporarily. The mass loss readings will
9.1.3 Date of test;
resumeifthespecimendoesnotremainincontact,andthetotal
9.1.4 Composition or generic identification;
mass loss and average heat of combustion can be calculated. If
9.1.5 Details of preparation; and
sustained flaming has been achieved, retract the sparker to
9.1.6 Number of replicate specimens tested, which shall be
preventcontactwiththeswellingspecimen.Alternatively,raise
a minimum of three;
the sparker/heater assembly to prevent contact with the speci-
9.2 Include the following information for each specimen:
men.
9.2.1 Specimen thickness (mm);
8.2 Procedure:
9.2.2 Initial specimen mass measured on the load cell (g);
8.2.1 Prepare the data collection system for testing in 2
9.2.3 Heat flux (kW/m ) and initial exhaust system flow
accordance with the operating procedures for the system. The
rate;
heatreleasecurveofsomewallorceilingcoveringsisanarrow
9.2.4 Time to sustained flaming (s);
peak. Increase the data collection rate to one reading/s for
9.2.5 Heat release rate per unit area curve versus time;
testing wall or ceiling coverings.
9.2.6 Average heat release rate per unit area for the first 60,
8.2.2 Assemble the specimen with the edge frame and grid 2
120, 180, and 300 s after ignition (kW/m );
in the appropriate holder. The assembly must initially be at
9.2.7 Peak heat release rate per unit area (kW/m );
roomtemperature.Asurfaceareacorrectionmustbeappliedto
9.2.8 Total heat released by the specimen per unit area
compensate for the reduction in surface area caused by the
(MJ/m ), including total test time(s);
edge frame and grid.
9.2.9 Averageeffectiveheatofcombustionfortheentiretest
8.2.3 Energize the sparker, and move it into place rapidly
(MJ/kg), which is obtained by dividing the total heat released
afterthespecimenisinserted.Thesparkeristoremaininplace
(and not the total heat released per unit are) by the specimen
until sustained flaming occurs. If flaming ceases less than 60 s
mass loss;
after removal of the sparker, reinsert the sparker and maintain
9.2.10 Mass remaining at test termination (g);
it in place until the end of the test.
9.2.11 Specimen mass loss (g) and (%);
8.2.4 Start the timer at the beginning of the test. After
9.2.12 Additional observations, if any; and
flaming is first observed, continue the observation for an
9.2.13 Difficulties encountered in testing, if any.
additional 4 s. Record the time at that point, and move the
spark igniter out of the flame. Determine the time to sustained 9.3 The following final valu
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1740 − 20a E1740 − 22 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Heat Release Rate and Other Fire-Test-
Response Characteristics of Wall Covering or Ceiling
Covering Composites Using a Cone Calorimeter
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1740; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This test method provides a means for measuring the fire-test-response characteristics of wall
coverings, ceiling coverings, wall covering composites, and ceiling covering composites using a
bench-scale oxygen consumption calorimeter.
1. Scope*
1.1 This fire-test-response test method covers determination of the ignitability and heat release rate of composites consisting of
a wall covering or ceiling covering, a substrate, and all laminating adhesives, coatings, and finishes. Heat release information
cannot be used alone to evaluate the flammability of wall coverings or ceiling coverings. The data are intended to be used for
modeling or with other data to evaluate a material.
1.2 This test method provides for measurement of the time to sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heat release, and
effective heat of combustion at a constant initial test heat flux of 35 kW/m . Heat release data at different heat fluxes are also
obtained by this test method. The specimen is oriented horizontally, and a spark ignition source is used.
1.3 The fire-test-response characteristics are determined using the apparatus and procedures described in Test Method E1354.
1.4 The tests are conducted on bench-scale specimens combining the components used in the actual installation.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI-10.
1.6 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be
used in conducting these tests. This test method potentially involves hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.
1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under
controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,
products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and Combustion
Products.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2020April 1, 2022. Published February 2020May 2022. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as
E1740 – 20.E1740 – 20a. DOI: 10.1520/E1740-20A.10.1520/E1740-22.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these
tests. Specific information about hazard is given in Section 6.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C1186 Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement Sheets
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke
E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
E603 Guide for Room Fire Experiments
E906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using a Thermopile Method
E1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption
Calorimeter
E1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or Composites
Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter
IEEE/ASTM SI-10 American National Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
2.2 NFPA Standard:
NFPA 265 Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Wall Covering
NFPA 286 Standard Method of Fire Test for Evaluating Contribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth
2.3 ISO Standards:
ISO 4880 Burning Behaviour of Textiles and Textile Products—Vocabulary
ISO 5660 Fire Tests—Reaction to Fire—Part 1: Rate of Heat Release from Building Products (Cone Calorimeter Method)
ISO 13943 Fire Safety—Vocabulary
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test method and associated with fire issues, refer to Terminology E176 and
ISO 13943. The definitions given in Terminology E176 shall prevail in case of conflict. For definitions of terms used in this test
method and associated with textile issues, refer to Terminology D123 and ISO 4880. The definitions given in Terminology D123
shall prevail in case of conflict.
3.1.1 effective heat of combustion, n—the amount of heat generated per unit mass lost by a material, product, or assembly, when
exposed to specific fire test conditions (see gross heat of combustion).
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
The effective heat of combustion depends on the test method and is determined by dividing the measured heat release by the mass
loss during a specified period of time under the specified test conditions. Typically, the specified fire test conditions are provided
by the specifications of the fire test standard that cites effective heat of combustion as a quantity to be measured. For certain fire
test conditions, involving very high heat and high oxygen concentrations under high pressure, the effective heat of combustion will
approximate the gross heat of combustion. More often, the fire test conditions will represent or approximate certain real fire
exposure conditions, and the effective heat of combustion is the appropriate measure. Typical units are kJ/g or MJ/kg.
3.1.2 gross heat of combustion, n—the maximum amount of heat per unit mass that theoretically can be released by the combustion
of a material, product, or assembly; it can be determined experimentally only under conditions of high pressure and in pure oxygen
(contrast effective heat of combustion).
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.
Available from International Standardization Organization, P.O. Box 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.
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3.1.3 heat flux, n—heat transfer to a surface per unit area, per unit time (see also initial test heat flux).
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
The heat flux from an energy source, such as a radiant heater, can be measured at the initiation of a test (such as Test Method E1354
or Test Method E906) and then reported as the incident initial test heat flux, with the understanding that the burning of the test
specimen can generate additional heat flux to the specimen surface. The heat flux can also be measured at any time during a fire
test, for example as described in Guide E603, on any surface, and with measurement devices responding to radiative and
2 2 2 2
convective fluxes. Typical units are kW/m , kJ/( m ), W/cm , or BTU/(s ft ).
3.1.4 heat release rate, n—the thermal energy released per unit time by an item during combustion under specified conditions.
3.1.5 ignitability—the propensity for ignition, as measured by the time to sustained flaming, in seconds, at a specified heating flux.
3.1.6 initial test heat flux, n—the heat flux set on the test apparatus at the initiation of the test (see also heat flux).
3.1.6.1 Discussion—
The initial test heat flux is the heat flux value commonly used whn describing or setting test conditions.
3.1.7 oxygen consumption principle—the expression of the relationship between the mass of oxygen consumed during combustion
and the heat released.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 ignitability—the propensity for ignition, as measured by the time to sustained flaming at a specified heating flux.
3.2.1 net heat of combustion, n—the oxygen bomb (see Test Method D5865) value for the heat of combustion, corrected for
gaseous state of product water.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
The net heat of combustion differs from the gross heat of combustion in that the former assesses the heat per unit mass generated
from a combustion process that ends with water in the gaseous state while the latter ends with water in the liquid state.
3.2.2 orientation—the plane in which the exposed face of the specimen is located during testing, which is horizontal facing up for
this test.
3.2.3 sustained flaming—the existence of flame on or over the surface of the specimen for periods of 4 s or more.
3.2.4 wall or ceiling covering, n—a textile-, paper-, or polymeric (including vinyl)-based product designed to be attached to a wall
or ceiling surface for decorative or acoustical purposes.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—
Wall or ceiling coverings with ink or topcoat layers added as part of the manufacturing process are included in this definition.
3.2.5 wall or ceiling covering composite, n—wall or ceiling covering system.
NOTE 1—The terms wall covering composite and ceiling covering composite, used in Test Method E1740, have the same meaning as the terms wall
covering system and ceiling covering system, which are more widely used.
3.2.6 wall or ceiling covering system, n—an assembly of a textile wall or ceiling covering, a paper wall or ceiling covering, a
polymeric (including vinyl) wall or ceiling covering, adhesive (if used), and substrate (if it is part of the assembly) used as a wall
or ceiling treatment for decorative or acoustical purposes.
3.2.6.1 Discussion—
The wall or ceiling covering material is usually intended to be directly attached to a substrate, via adhesives or mechanical
fasteners. In some cases the wall or ceiling covering system will be supported by a frame system some distance away from the
wall or ceiling covering material.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method is based on the observation that, generally, the net heat released in combustion is directly related to the
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amount of oxygen required for combustion. Approximately 13.1 × 10 kJ of heat are released per 1 kg of oxygen consumed.
Specimens in the test are burned in ambient air conditions while subjected to a prescribed external initial test heat flux of 35
kW/m .
4.2 The heat release rate is determined by measurement of the oxygen consumption, as determined by the oxygen concentration
and flow rate in the combustion product stream, in accordance with Test Method E1354.
4.3 This test method determines heat release rate per unit area initially exposed (in units of kW/m ) and not just heat release rate
(in units of kW). Thus, the heat release rate reported in this test method is the heat release rate per unit area (see Sections 9 and
X1.2).
4.4 The primary measurements are oxygen concentration and exhaust gas flow rate. Additional measurements include the mass
loss rate of the specimen, time to sustained flaming (or time to ignition), and effective heat of combustion. Ignitability is determined
by measuring the time period from initial exposure to attainment of sustained flaming of the specimen.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method is used to determine the time to sustained flaming and heat release of materials and composites exposed to
a prescribed initial test heat flux in the cone calorimeter apparatus.
5.2 Quantitative heat release measurements provide information that can be used to compare wall or ceiling coverings and
constructions and for input to fire models.
5.3 Heat release measurements provide useful information for product development by giving a quantitative measure of specific
changes in fire performance caused by component and composite modifications.
5.4 Heat release data obtained by this test method will be inappropriate if the product will not spread flame over its surface under
the fire exposure conditions of interest.
5.5 Variations in substrates, mounting methods, and adhesives used to laminate composite products will potentially affect the test
responses. These variables must be controlled during any comparative experiments.
5.6 Test Limitations—The test data are invalid if any of the following occur:
5.6.1 Explosive spalling,
5.6.2 The specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition to touch the spark plug or swells up to the plane of the heater base during
combustion, or
5.6.3 The surface laminate rolls or curls when placed under the radiant heater.
5.7 The specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory conditions in this procedure. If different test conditions
are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the
fire-test-response characteristics measured. The results are therefore valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in
this procedure.
6. Hazards
6.1 The test procedures involve high temperatures and heat fluxes. Hazards therefore exist for burns, ignition of extraneous objects
or clothing, and inhalation of combustion products. The operator must use protective gloves for insertion and removal of the test
specimens. Do not touch the cone heater or the associated fixtures while hot, except with the use of protective gloves.
7. Test Specimens
7.1 Size and Preparation:
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7.1.1 All elements of the test specimen shall represent the actual materials used in the final installation. Include the wall or ceiling
covering, adhesive used for the lamination, and actual substrate. Wall or ceiling coverings that are laminated in the field shall be
bonded to the actual substrate or to fiber-reinforced cement board (Specification C1186) if a non-combustible substrate is
anticipated. Use the adhesive recommended by the manufacturer. Test wall or ceiling covering composites as manufactured for use.
7.1.2 The test specimens shall be cut to an overall size of 100 by 100 mm and tested in the actual thickness, if a composite. The
maximum thickness to be tested is 50 mm. If substrates exceed this maximum, the back surface shall be made thinner to reduce
the overall thickness of the specimen to 50 mm.
7.2 Specimens shall be cured according to the manufacturer’s instructions and conditioned at an ambient temperature of 23 °C 6
3°C 3 °C and relative humidity of 50 6 5 % for a minimum of 48 h.
7.3 Specimen Holder and Mounting:
7.3.1 The specimen holder consists of the bottom, edge frame, retaining pins, and wire grid. The bottom is constructed from 2-mm
2 mm nominal stainless steel and has outside dimensions of 106 mm by 106 mm 6 2 mm by 24 mm 6 2 mm height. The grid
is constructed from 2-mm 2 mm nominal stainless steel rod and has dimensions of 100 mm 6 2 mm by 100 mm 6 2 mm. The
grid has 2-mm 2 mm ribs, and the openings in the center are 18 mm 6 1 by 18 6 1 mm. The edge frame is constructed from
1.9-mm 1.9 mm nominal stainless steel with outside dimensions of 111 mm 6 2 mm by 111 mm 6 2 mm by 54 mm 6 2-mm
2 mm height. The frame has an 8-mm 8 mm lip on the top to provide an opening of 94 mm by 94 mm on the top. There are two
3 mm 6 0.5-mm 0.5 mm diameter by 130 mm 6 3-mm 3 mm long retaining pins to lock the test specimen in the edge frame.
7.3.2 The bottom is lined with a layer of a low-density (nominal density 65 kg/m ) refractory fiber blanket with a thickness of at
least 13 mm. If necessary, fill the edge frame below the test specimens with a refractory blanket to the level of the retaining pins.
Lock the assembly with retaining pins, and place it on the bottom specimen holder. The distance between the bottom of the radiant
heater and the top of the edge frame is adjusted to 25 6 1 mm by using a sliding height adjustment.
8. Procedure
8.1 Preparation:
8.1.1 Calibrate the test apparatus as directed in Test Method E1354.
8.1.2 Position the cone heater for a horizontal specimen orientation, and set the radiant heat flux level to the required value of 35
6 1 kW/m .
8.1.3 Verify that the distance between the bottom of the cone heater baseplate and the top of the specimen is 25 mm.
8.1.4 Some specimens swell up and contact the heater baseplate or sparker assembly during the test. Contact of the specimen with
the sparker or heater baseplate will affect the mass loss readings temporarily. The mass loss readings will resume if the specimen
does not remain in contact, and the total mass loss and average heat of combustion can be calculated. If sustained flaming has been
achieved, retract the sparker to prevent contact with the swelling specimen. Alternatively, raise the sparker/heater assembly to
prevent contact with the specimen.
8.2 Procedure:
8.2.1 Prepare the data collection system for testing in accordance with the operating procedures for the system. The heat release
curve of some wall or ceiling coverings is a narrow peak. Increase the data collection rate to one reading/s for testing wall or ceiling
coverings.
8.2.2 Assemble the specimen with the edge frame and grid in the appropriate holder. The assembly must initially be at room
temperature. A surface area correction must be applied to compensate for the reduction in surface area caused by the edge frame
and grid.
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8.2.3 Energize the sparker, and move it into place rapidly after the specimen is inserted. The sparker is to remain in place until
sustained flaming occurs. If flaming ceases less than 60 s after removal of the sparker, reinsert the sparker and maintain it in place
until the end of the test.
8.2.4 Start the timer at the beginning of the test. After flaming is first observed, continue the observation for an additional 4 s.
Record the time at that point, and move the spark igniter out of the flame. Determine the time to sustained flaming (or time to
ignition). Note that the time to ignition is the time for sustained flaming to start; therefore, if the timer is stopped at the end of
the 4 s observation period, the time to be reported is that value minus 4 s.
NOTE 2—If sustained flaming is not observed, report as “no ignition was observed” or “no sustained flaming was observed” and not as “time to ignition
equals zero.”
8.2.5 Collect data from the start of the test until either of the following occurs: (1) flaming or other signs of combustion cease or
(2) 20 min have elapsed. The test need not be terminated at 20 min if the specimen continues to burn. Move the sparker out of
the flame.
8.2.6 Record time-dependent measurements (mass loss, total heat release, and average heat of combustion) at 20 min or at the end
of the test.
8.2.7 Observe and record physical changes to the specimen, such as melting, swelling, cracking, or shrinking. Record the final
mass of the test specimen. Remove and discard the specimen if it does not ignite within 10 min.
8.2.8 Remove the specimen holder.
8.2.9 Replace with an empty specimen holder or insulated pad to prevent thermal damage to the load cell.
8.2.10 Test a minimum of three specimens of each material or product.
9. Report
9.1 Report the following, as a summary, for all specimens of a particular material or product:
9.1.1 Specimen identification or number;
9.1.2 Manufacturer or submitter;
9.1.3 Date of test;
9.1.4 Composition or generic identification;
9.1.5 Details of preparation; and
9.1.6 Number of replicate specimens tested, which shall be a minimum of three;
9.2 Include the following information for each specimen:
9.2.1 Specimen thickness (mm);
9.2.2 Initial specimen mass measured on the load cell (g);
9.2.3 Heat flux (kW/m ) and initial exhaust system flow rate;
9.2.4 Time to sustained flaming (s);
9.2.5 Heat release rate per unit area curve versus time;
9.2.6 Average heat release rate per unit area for the first 60, 120, 180, and 300 s after ignition (kW/m );
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9.2.7 Peak heat release rate per unit area (kW/m );
9.2.8 Total heat released by the specimen per unit area (MJ/m ), including total test time(s);
9.2.9 Average effective heat of combustion for the entire test (MJ/kg), which is obtained by dividing the total heat released (and
not the total heat released per unit are) by the specimen mass loss;
9.2.10 Mass remaining at test termination (g);
9.2.11 Specimen mass loss (g) and (%);
9.2.12 Additional observations, if any; and
9.2.13 Difficulties encountered in testing, if
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