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ASTM D1474/D1474M-13(2023)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings

Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Indentation hardness measurements have proven to be useful in rating coatings on rigid substrates for their resistance to mechanical abuse, such as that produced by blows, gouging, and scratching. These measurements do not necessarily characterize the resistance to mechanical abuse of coatings that are required to remain intact when deformed.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the indentation hardness of organic materials such as dried paint, varnish, and lacquer coatings, when applied to an acceptable plane rigid surface, for example, metal or glass.  
1.2 Two methods are covered as follows:    
Sections  
Method A—Knoop Indentation Hardness  
6 – 12  
Method B—Pfund Indentation Hardness  
13 – 19  
1.3 Method A, which has the greater precision, provides hardness values in terms of Knoop Hardness Number (KHN). Method B provides hardness in terms of Pfund Hardness Number (PHN). Although the hardness value scales of these methods differ, the methods agree in the ranking of coating hardness.  
1.4 Test Method A of these test methods is similar in content (but not technically equivalent) to ISO 6441-1 and ISO 6441-2.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Jan-2023
ICS
25.220.60 - Organic coatings
Technical Committee
D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
Drafting Committee
D01.23 - Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D1005-95(2020) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thickness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
Effective Date
01-Jun-2020

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ASTM D1474/D1474M-13(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic CoatingsASTM D1474/D1474M-13(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings
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ASTM D1474/D1474M-13(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1474/D1474M − 13 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Test Methods for
1
Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1474/D1474M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the 2.1 ASTM Standards:
indentation hardness of organic materials such as dried paint, D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness
varnish, and lacquer coatings, when applied to an acceptable of Paint, Coatings and Related Products on Test Panels
plane rigid surface, for example, metal or glass. D1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-
ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
1.2 Two methods are covered as follows:
D7091 Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry
Sections
Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to
Method A—Knoop Indentation Hardness 6 – 12
Method B—Pfund Indentation Hardness 13 – 19 Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coat-
ings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals
1.3 Method A, which has the greater precision, provides
E384 Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Mate-
hardness values in terms of Knoop Hardness Number (KHN).
rials
Method B provides hardness in terms of Pfund Hardness
2.2 Other Standards:
Number (PHN). Although the hardness value scales of these
ISO 6441-1 Paints and Varnishes—Determination of micro-
methods differ, the methods agree in the ranking of coating
indentation hardness—Part 1: Knoop hardness by mea-
hardness.
3
surement of the indentation length
1.4 Test Method A of these test methods is similar in content
ISO 6441-2 Paints and Varnishes—Determination of micro-
(but not technically equivalent) to ISO 6441-1 and ISO 6441-2.
indentation hardness—Part 2: Knoop hardness by mea-
3
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
surement of the indentation depth under load
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3. Terminology
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
3.1 Definitions:
used independently of the other, and values from the two
3.1.1 indentation hardness, n—the resistance to penetration
systems shall not be combined.
by an indenter.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety
3.1.2 Knoop indenter, n—a pyramidal diamond of pre-
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
scribed dimensions.
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety,
3.1.3 Pfund indenter, n—hemispherical quartz or sapphire
health, and environmental practices and determine the appli-
indenter of prescribed dimensions.
cability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.4 Knoop hardness number, KHN, n—the indentation
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
hardness determined with a Knoop indenter, and calculated as
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
follows:
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
2
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
KHN 5 L/A 5 L/l C (1)
p p
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
where:
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
L = load applied to the indenter, kg,
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on
2
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Films. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2023. Published February 2023. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D1474/D1474M – 13 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
(2018). DOI: 10.1520/D1474_D1474M-13R23. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1474/D1474M − 13 (2023)
indenter into contact with the test surface with negli
...

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FIG. 1 Abrasion Test Apparatus
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Sections  
Method A—Falling Sand Abrasion Test  
6 – 13  
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5.1 Pencil hardness measurements have been used by the coatings industry for many years to determine the hardness of clear and pigmented organic coating films. This test method has also been used to determine the cure of these coatings, especially when using forced dried heat.  
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Note 3: Using leads or pencils made by different manufacturers or from the same manufacturer but different production batches, may result in significant variation for leads within the same pencil hardness scale.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many coating properties are markedly affected by the film thickness of the dry film such as adhesion, flexibility, wear, durability, chemical resistance, and hardness. To be able to compare results obtained by different operators, it is essential to measure film thickness carefully.  
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4.1 Coatings attached to substrates are elongated when the substrates are dimensionally unstable, or are bent during the manufacture of articles or when the articles are abused in service. These test methods have been useful in rating attached coatings for their ability to resist cracking when elongated. They have been useful in evaluating the flexibility of coatings on flexible substrates. The elongation of coating films may also be tested using Test Method D2370. The correlation between elongation determined in accordance with Test Methods D522/D522M and D2370 is unknown.
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the resistance to cracking (flexibility) of attached organic coatings on substrates of sheet metal or rubber-type materials.  
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ASTM D2370-16(2021)(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Tensile properties determined by this method are of value in studying the behavior of coatings subjected to environmental stresses, such as those produced by aging and weathering. (See Refs. (1-10).)4  
5.2 Tensile properties may vary with specimen thickness, method of preparation, gage length, rate of load application, tensile tester response, and type of grips used. Consequently, where precise comparative results are desired, these factors must be carefully controlled.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the elongation, tensile strength, and stiffness (modulus of elasticity) of organic coatings when tested as free films.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D5179-16(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Adhesion of Organic Coatings in the Laboratory by Direct Tensile Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The pull-off strength (commonly referred to as adhesion) of a coating is an important performance property that has been used in specifications. This test method serves as a means for uniformly preparing and testing organic coatings on plastic or other substrates.4 Further information may be found in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of organic coating adhesion to plastic substrates by mounting and removing a metal stud from the surface of the coating and measuring the force required to break the coating/substrate bond with a tensile tester. This test method may also be applied to substrates other than plastic.  
1.2 This test method requires that the metal stud be adhered directly to the surface of a coated, cured panel (Fig. 1).
FIG. 1 Direct Tensile Model  
1.3 This test method is used to compare the adhesion of coatings to plastic or other substrates, thus allowing for a quantitative comparison of various coating/substrate combinations in laboratory conditions.  
1.4 Other tensile test methods are Test Methods D4541, D7234, D7522, and ISO 4624 (but are not technically equivalent).  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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