ASTM D1039-94(1999)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Glass-Bonded Mica Used as Electrical Insulation
Standard Test Methods for Glass-Bonded Mica Used as Electrical Insulation
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of the characteristics of glass-bonded, natural, or synthetic mica materials intended for use as electrical insulation.
1.2 Glass bonded mica materials are commercially available in both injection molded and compression molded types. These test methods are applicable to both types except for tensile strength methods. (See Section 41.)
1.3 The test methods appear in the following sections: ASTM Method Section Method Reference Arc Resistance 11 D 495 Compressive Strength 19 and 20 D 695 Conditioning 4 D 618 Dielectric Constant and 6 D 150 Dissipation Factor Dielectric Strength 7 and 8 D 149 Heat Distortion 32 to 35 D 648 Impact Resistance 21 to 23 D 256 Modulus of Rupture 12 to 14 C 674 Porosity 24 D 116 Resistivity 9 and 10 D 257 Rockwell Hardness 28 D 785 Specific Gravity 29 and 30 D 792 Tensile Strength 15 to 18 D 651, D 638 Test Specimens 3 ... Thermal Conductivity 31 C 408, C 177 Thermal Expansion 25 to 27 Interferometric Method 26 C 539 Dilatometer Method 27 C 372
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See also Sections 45, 49, 54, and 58.
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An American National Standard
e1
Designation:D1039–94 (Reapproved 1999)
Standard Test Methods for
Glass-Bonded Mica Used as Electrical Insulation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1039; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—The Reference Documents were updated editorially in November 1999.
1. Scope ments and Thermal Properties by Means of the Guarded
Hot Plate Apparatus
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of the charac-
C 674 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Ceramic
teristics of glass-bonded, natural, or synthetic mica materials
Whiteware Materials
intended for use as electrical insulation.
D 116 Methods of Testing Vitrified Ceramic Materials for
1.2 Glassbondedmicamaterialsarecommerciallyavailable
Electrical Applications
in both injection molded and compression molded types.These
D 149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and
test methods are applicable to both types except for tensile
Dielectric Strength of Electrical Insulating Materials at
strength methods. (See Section 41.)
Commercial Power Frequencies
1.3 The test methods appear in the following sections:
D 150 Test Methods for A-C Loss Characteristics and
Test Method Section ASTM Test Method
Permittivity Dielectric Constant of Solid Electrical Insula-
Arc Resistance 57-59 D 495
Compressive Strength 33-35 D 695
tion
Conditioning 5 D 618
D 256 Test Method for Determining the IZOD Pendulum
Dielectric Strength 48-51 D 149
Impact Resistance of Plastics
Dissipation Factor 43-47 D 150 and D 2149
Heat Distortion Temperature 24-29 D 648
D 257 Test Methods for D-C Resistance or Conductance of
Impact Resistance 36-39 D 256
Insulating Materials
Modulus of Rupture 30-32 D 790 and C 674
Permittivity 43-47 D 150 and D 2149 D 374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-
Porosity 13-16 D 116
lation
Resistivity, Volume and Surface 52-56 D 257
D 495 Test Method for High-Voltage, Low-Current, Dry
Rockwell Hardness 10-12 D 785
Arc Resistance of Solid Electrical Insulation
Specific Gravity 6-9 D 792
Specimens 4
D 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
Tensile Strength 40-42 D 638 and D 651
D 648 Test Method for Deflection Temperature of Plastics
Terminology 3 D 1711
Under Flexural Load
Thermal Conductivity 17-19 C 177 and E 1225
Thermal Expansion 20-23 E 228 and E 289
D 651 Test Method for Tensile Strength of Molded Electri-
Thickness 49 and 54 D 374
cal Insulating Materials
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D 695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Plastics
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D 785 Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plastics and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Electrical Insulating Materials
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See also Sections
D 790 TestMethodsforFlexuralPropertiesofUnreinforced
45, 49, 54, and 58.
and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-
als
2. Referenced Documents
D 792 Test Methods for Specific Gravity (Relative Density)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
and Density of Plastics by Displacement
C 177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-9 on
Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility of Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.06.
Subcommittee D09.19 on Dielectric Sheet and Roll Products. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.
Current edition approved June 15, 1994. Published August 1994. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.01.
published as D 1039 – 49. Last previous edition D 1039 – 65 (1990). Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D1039–94 (1999)
D 1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation 8. Procedure and Report
D 2149 Test Method for Permittivity (Dielectric Constant)
8.1 Determine specific gravity and report the results in
and Dissipation Factor of Solid Ceramic Dielectrics at
accordance with Test Methods D 792.
Frequencies to 10 MHz and Temperature to 500°C
D 6054 Practice for Conditioning Electrical Insulating Ma- 9. Precision and Bias
terials for Testing
9.1 The precision and bias statement ofTest Methods D 792
E 228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
applies to the materials covered in these test methods.
Materials with a Vitreous Silica Dilatometer
E 289 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Rigid ROCKWELL HARDNESS
Solids with Interferometry
10. Significance and Use
E 1225 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Solids by
Means of the Guarded-Comparative-Longitudinal Heat 10.1 This property is useful as a quality control test and has
Flow Technique application for use in specifications.
11. Procedure and Report
3. Terminology
11.1 From specimens obtained in accordance with Section 4
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard see
and conditioned in accordance with Section 5, determine and
Terminology D 1711.
report the Rockwell hardness in accordance with Procedure A
of Test Method D 785. Use the Rockwell A scale if the
4. Test Specimens
hardness is 115 or less, otherwise use the Rockwell E scale.
4.1 Except for thermal expansion and thermal conductivity
tests and unless otherwise specified for injection molded
12. Precision and Bias
materials, the preferred form of specimen is a disk approxi-
12.1 TheprecisionandbiasstatementofTestMethodD 785
mately 100 mm diameter and 2.5 to 7.5 mm thickness.
applies to the materials covered in these test methods.
Alternatively, injection molded specimens may have the final
shape and form of the finished device.
POROSITY
4.2 Except for thermal expansion and thermal conductivity
13. Significance and Use
tests and unless otherwise specified for compression molded
materials, the preferred form of specimen is a disk 100 to 150
13.1 This characteristic serves as a measure of the integrity
mm diameter, or a square plate 100 to 150 mm on a side, with
of the material. The test is useful for quality control and
thickness 2.5 to 7.5 mm. The plate or disk may be molded to
specification purposes.
size or machined from a compression molded sheet.
4.3 For thermal expansion test specimens use specimens in 14. Specimens
accordance with Test Method E 228 or Test Method E 289 as
14.1 Prepare specimens in accordance with Section 4 and
appropriate.
condition them in accordance with Section 5. Then break the
4.4 For thermal conductivity specimens use specimens in
material in accordance with the porosity sections of Method B
accordance with Test Method E 1225.
of Methods D 116.
5. Conditioning 15. Procedure and Report
15.1 Test the glass-bonded mica for porosity and report the
5.1 Unless otherwise specified, condition all samples and
test specimens in accordance with Procedure A of Practice results in accordance with Methods D 116.
D 6054, except condition all thicknesses for at least 16 h.
16. Precision and Bias
16.1 The precision and bias statement of Methods D 116
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
applies to the materials covered in this standard.
6. Significance and Use
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
6.1 This characteristic is useful for specification purposes
and has utility as a quality control parameter.
17. Significance and Use
17.1 Knowledge of this property of glass-bonded mica is
7. Test Specimens
important for design of electrical apparatus. The test is useful
7.1 From specimens obtained in accordance with Section 4
for quality control and specification purposes.
and conditioned in accordance with Section 5, cut pieces
18. Procedure and Report
weighing from 5 to 25 g and prepare them in accordance with
Test Methods D 792.
18.1 Using specimens obtained in accordance with Section
4, make determinations and report the results for thermal
conductivity in accordance with Test Method E 1225.
NOTE 1—If thermal conductivity values are required over a broader
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. temperature range or of a lower order of magnitude than obtainable with
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D1039–94 (1999)
Test Method E 1225,Test Method C 177 has been found to be satisfactory
capable of temperature control within 65°C throughout the
for measurement of the thermal conductivity perpendicular to the surface
temperature range 300 to 600°C.
of specimens having large areal dimensions.
26. Test Specimens
19. Precision and Bias
26.1 Cut bars of glass-bonded mica approximately 120 by
19.1 The precision and bias statement of the referenced test
13 mm with thickness of 3 to 13 mm. Prepare at least two
methods apply to the materials covered in these test methods.
specimens for testing at each load stress mandated by Test
Method D 648. Measure each specimen dimension to the
THERMAL EXPANSION
nearest 0.02 mm and record these measurements.
20. Significance and Use
27. Procedure
20.1 Data on thermal expansion of glass-bonded mica is
27.1 Determine the heat distortion temperature in accor-
useful for a designer to match materials in a component so as
dance with Test Method D 648 except start the test at 300°C.
to minimize mechanical strains caused by temperature varia-
Allow each specimen to reach equilibrium before obtaining the
tions encountered by the component in service. The data is
initial readings.
useful to estimate the amount of strain that may develop in
27.2 Increase the temperature 50°C.
service.
27.3 Maintain the increased temperature for 60 6 5 min
20.2 The interferometric method is better suited for exami-
before taking readings.
nation of physically small specimens, interfaces, or local areas
27.4 Continue the 50°C interval increments until the bar
that are under investigation. The dilatometer method is not as
deflects 0.25 mm or more. The temperature at which 0.25 mm
precise or sensitive as the interferometric method but the
deflection occurs is the heat distortion temperature.
dilatometer method is useful at higher temperatures and can
accommodate larger specimens. The results of the dilatometer
28. Report
method are more representative of large pieces.
28.1 Report the following information:
28.1.1 The three dimensions of the specimen,
21. Procedure
28.1.2 The distance between the supports,
21.1 Using specimens obtained in accordance with Section
28.1.3 Theloadandthestressappliedtoeachspecimen,and
4, measure the thermal expansion characteristics of the glass-
28.1.4 The heat distortion temperature for each specimen.
bonded mica in accordance with either Test Method E 228 or
Test Method E 289.
29. Precision and Bias
29.1 TheprecisionandbiasstatementofTestMethodD 648
22. Report
applies to the materials covered in these test methods.
22.1 Report the following information:
22.1.1 The identity of the glass-bonded mica,
MODULUS OF RUPTURE
22.1.2 The method used,
30. Significance and Use
22.1.3 Thethermalexpansionforthespecimenexpressedas
a change in linear dimensions resulting from a specific change
30.1 The modulus of rupture is a convenient means for
in temperature, and
comparing mechanical properties of glass-bonded mica from
22.1.4 The temperature range used.
different producers.
30.2 The method is useful for quality control and specifica-
23. Precision and Bias
tion purposes.
23.1 The precision and bias statement of the referenced test
31. Procedure and Report
methods apply to the materials covered in these test methods.
31.1 Takecylindricalspecimens13mmindiameterand150
HEAT DISTORTION TEMPERATURE
mm in length and test and report in accordance with Test
Methods C 674.
24. Significance and Use
NOTE 2—The specimens should conform to the dimensions suggested
24.1 This test is useful for the comparison of material from
in Table 1 of Test Methods D 790 as closely as is practicable.
different producers. It may be used as a specification require-
ment. 32. Precision and Bias
32.1 The precision and bias statement of Test Methods
25. Apparatus
C 674 applies to the materials covered in these test methods.
25.1 Aset-up for support and loading of the specimen and a
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
meansformeasuringthedeflectionisdescribedinTestMethod
D 648. Modifications of this set-up in accordance with 25.2 are
33. Significance and Use
found satisfactory for use on specimens of glass-bonded mica.
25.2 The materials of construction of the Test Method 33.1 The test results have utility for quality control and
D 648 apparatus must be capable of withstanding exposure up specification purposes. It is useful in comparison of glass-
to 600°C. The oven used for heating of the specimen shall be bonded mica from different producers.
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D1039–94 (1999)
34. Procedure and Report RELATIVE PERMITTIVITYAND DISSIPATION
FACTOR
34.1 Take specimens in accordance with Test Method
D 695. Determine and report compressive strength in accor-
43. Significance and Use
dance with Test Method D 695.
43.1 The results of this test have utility for quality control
and specification purposes.
35. Precision and Bias
43.2 In many cases, the design of efficient electrical appa-
35.1 TheprecisionandbiasstatementofTestMethodD 695
ratus requires knowledge about these characteristics of glass-
applies to the materials covered in these test methods.
bonded mica.
43.3 For further information regarding the significance of
IMPACT RESISTANCE
these properties, see Test Methods D 150.
36. Significance and Use
44. Specimens
36.1 The test measures the reaction of the material to a very 44.1 Prepare and condition specimens in accordance with
sudden application of forces on a very concentrated area of a Sections 4 and 5 of these test methods if relative permittivity
specimen. This reaction is a measure of the brittleness of and dissipation factor at room temperature and 50 % relative
glass-bonded mica. humidity are required.
44.2 If these properties are to be evaluated at high humidity,
36.2 The test result has utility for quality control and
apply silver paint electrodes to the specimens following the
specification purposes.
concepts of Test Methods D 150, which deal with electrode
systems comprised of conducting paint or fired-on silver.
37. Specimens
NOTE 3—These electrodes are sufficiently porous to permit diffusion of
37.1 Prepare rods 13 6 1 mm in diameter, conforming to
moisture.
11.5 of Test Method D 256.
37.2 Condition specimens in acco
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