ASTM D440-07(2012)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method of Drop Shatter Test for Coal
Standard Test Method of Drop Shatter Test for Coal
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The values determined in this test method, when evaluated in terms of pertinent experience with other coals, may be used as indications of the extent to which coal will break in conventional transit and handling beyond the point of sampling.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method of drop shatter test2 covers the determination of the relative size stability and its complement, the friability, of sized coal. It affords a means of indicating the ability of coal to withstand breakage when subjected to handling at the mine and during transit to the consumer. The test method is serviceable for ascertaining the similarity of coals in respect to size stability and friability rather than for determining values within narrow limits in order to emphasize their dissimilarity. This test method is considered applicable for testing a selected single size of different coals, for testing different single sizes of the same coal, and for mixed sizes of the same or different coals. Note 1—By single sizes is meant those with fixed upper and lower sieve opening limits, selected from those designated in 4.2; and by mixed sizes is meant either “slack” or a mixture of two or more single sizes.
1.2 This test method appears best suited for measuring the relative resistance to breakage of the larger sizes of coal when handled in thin layers such as from loader to mine car, from loading boom to railroad car, from shovel to chute, etc. While it may not be so well adapted for measuring the liability to breakage of coal when handled in mass, as in unloading open-bottom cars, emptying bins, etc., it is believed that the test method will serve also to indicate the relative size stability of composite sizes of coal where, in commercial handling, the smaller sized pieces have a cushioning effect which tends to lessen the breakage of the larger pieces of coal.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units shall be regarded as the standard. Mass may be expressed in metric values.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D440 − 07 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Test Method of
Drop Shatter Test for Coal
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D440; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method of drop shatter test covers the deter-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
mination of the relative size stability and its complement, the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
friability, of sized coal. It affords a means of indicating the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ability of coal to withstand breakage when subjected to
handling at the mine and during transit to the consumer. The
2. Referenced Documents
test method is serviceable for ascertaining the similarity of
coals in respect to size stability and friability rather than for 2.1 ASTM Standards:
D3038 Test Method for Drop Shatter Test for Coke
determining values within narrow limits in order to emphasize
theirdissimilarity.Thistestmethodisconsideredapplicablefor D4749 Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis of
Coal and Designating Coal Size
testing a selected single size of different coals, for testing
different single sizes of the same coal, and for mixed sizes of E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
Sieves
the same or different coals.
E323 Specification for Perforated-Plate Sieves for Testing
NOTE 1—By single sizes is meant those with fixed upper and lower
Purposes
sieve opening limits, selected from those designated in 4.2; and by mixed
sizes is meant either “slack” or a mixture of two or more single sizes.
3. Significance and Use
1.2 This test method appears best suited for measuring the
3.1 The values determined in this test method, when evalu-
relative resistance to breakage of the larger sizes of coal when
ated in terms of pertinent experience with other coals, may be
handled in thin layers such as from loader to mine car, from
used as indications of the extent to which coal will break in
loading boom to railroad car, from shovel to chute, etc. While
conventional transit and handling beyond the point of sam-
it may not be so well adapted for measuring the liability to
pling.
breakage of coal when handled in mass, as in unloading
open-bottom cars, emptying bins, etc., it is believed that the
4. Apparatus
test method will serve also to indicate the relative size stability
of composite sizes of coal where, in commercial handling, the
4.1 Shatter Test Machine, which is the same as that de-
smaller sized pieces have a cushioning effect which tends to
scribed and illustrated in Test Method D3038, shall consist of
lessen the breakage of the larger pieces of coal.
a box 18 in. (457 mm) in width, 28 in. (711 mm) in length, and
approximately 15 in. (381 mm) in depth, supported above a
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units shall be regarded
rigidlymountedcastironorsteelplatenotlessthan ⁄2in.(12.7
as the standard. Mass may be expressed in metric values.
mm) in thickness, 38 in. (965 mm) in width, and 48 in. (1219
mm) in length. The inside of the bottom of the box shall be 6
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal
ft (1.83 m) above the plate.The bottom of the box shall consist
and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.07 on Physical
of two doors hinged lengthwise and latched so that they will
Characteristics of Coal.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originally swing open freely and not impede the fall of the coal. Boards
published in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D440 – 07 . DOI:
about 8 in. (200 mm) in height should be placed around the
10.1520/D0440-07R12.
plate so that no coal is lost. To prevent the breakage of coal,
For information concerning the development and utilization of this drop shatter
which may occur while placing the sample into the box, the
test method for coal the following references may be consulted:
Smith, C. M., “An Investigation of the Friability of Different Coals,” University
box shall be constructed so that it can be lowered to a
of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 196 UIBBA (1929); “The
Friability of Illinois Coals,” University of Illinois, Engineering Experiment Station,
Bulletin No. 218 UIBBA (1930).
Yancey, H. F., and Zane, R. E., “Comparison of Methods for Determining the For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Friability of Coal,” U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations 3215 (1933). contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Gilmore, R. E., Nicolls, J. H. H., and Connell, G. P., “Coal Friability Tests,” Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Canadian Department of Mines, Mines Branch, No. 762 (1935). the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D440 − 07 (2012)
NOTE 1—1 in. = 25.4 mm
FIG. 1 Shatter Test Machine
convenient level; this is best done by means of a pulley and that the entire quantity of the coal sampled will be represented
counterweight. A convenient form of shatter test machine is proportionately in the gross sample, collect increments regu-
shown in Fig. 1. larly and systematically. When testing coal as mined, take the
sample at the mine before it is subjected to screening and to
4.2 Sieves—Round-hole sieves selected from the following
loadingintocarsatthetipple.Whentestingcoalssubsequentto
1 3 1 1 1
sizes, 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1 ⁄2,1, ⁄4, ⁄2, ⁄4, and ⁄8 in., shall be used.
mining, the sample may be taken at any stage in the transpor-
These sieves shall conform to Specification E11 or Specifica-
tation from the mine to the place at which it is to be used. For
tion E323. Frames for the sieves may be of either hardwood or
the correct interpretation of the shatter test results, note the
metal, and may be square, rectangular, or circular. A nest
elapsed time since mining as well as a record of the handling
comprising all the sieves in the series, with 2-ft (610-mm)
2 2
and storage of the coal.
square plates, that is, of 4-ft (0.37-m ) area, is recommended,
2 2
although plates with areas of 6 to 9 ft (0.56 to 0.84 m ), are
5.2 Preparation of Laboratory Sample:
suitable.
5.2.1 Usingthesievesdesignatedin4.2,makeapreliminary
sieving of a representative portion or all of the gross sample
5. Samples
and retain the sieved sizes separately. Sieve successive repre-
5.1 CollectionofGrossSample—Collectthegrosssamplein sentative portions of the gross sample to obtain at least 200 lb
accordance with Sections 5 thru 7 of Method D4749. In order (90 kg) of the single size selected for test. While the size or
D440 − 07 (2012)
TABLE 1 General Form for Reporting Data and Calculations
Product of Weight Percentage and of Avg.
Round-Hole Sieves, in. (mm) Weight, %
Average of Sieve
Sieve Openings
Openings, in.
Retained on Passing Before Test After Test Before Test After Test
8 (.)
6 (.) 8 (.) . . 7.000 . .
4 (100) 6 (.) . . 5.000 . .
3 (75) 4 (100) . . 3.500 . .
2 (50) 3 (75) . . 2.500 . .
1 ⁄2 (37.5) 2 (50) . . 1.750 . .
1 (25.0) 1 ⁄2 (37.5) . . 1.250 . .
⁄4 (19.0) 1 (25.0) . . 0.875 . .
1 3
⁄2 (12.5) ⁄4 (19.0) . . 0.625 . .
1 1
⁄4 (6.3) ⁄2 (12.5) . . 0.375 . .
1 1
⁄8 (3.35) ⁄4 (6.3) . . 0.185 . .
⁄8 (3.35) . . 0.060 . .
Total passing ⁄8 (9.5) . . 0.185 . .
Total passing ⁄4 (6.3) . . 0.125 . .
Total,
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