ASTM E1486M-98(2004)

Standard Test Method for Determining Floor Tolerances Using Waviness, Wheel Path and Levelness Criteria [Metric]

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers data collection and analysis procedures to determine surface flatness and levelness by calculating waviness indices for survey lines and surfaces, elevation differences of defined wheel paths, and levelness indices using SI units. Note 1
This test method is the companion to inch-pound Test Method E 1486. Note 2
This test method was not developed for, and does not apply to clay or concrete paver units.
1.1.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide the user with floor tolerance estimates as follows:
Local survey line waviness and overall surface waviness indices for floors based on deviations from the midpoints of imaginary chords as they are moved along a floor elevation profile survey line. End points of the chords are always in contact with the surface. The imaginary chords cut through any points in the concrete surface higher than the chords.
Defined wheel path criteria based on transverse and longitudinal elevation differences, change in elevation difference, and root mean square (RMS) elevation difference.
Levelness criteria for surfaces characterized by either of the following methods: the conformance of elevation data to the test section elevation data mean; or by the conformance of the RMS slope of each survey line to a specified slope for each survey line.
1.1.2 The averages used throughout these calculations are the root mean squares, RMS (that is, the quadratic means). This test method gives equal importance to humps and dips, measured up (+) and down (), respectively, from the imaginary chords.
1.1.3 is a commentary on this test method. provides a computer program for waviness index calculations based on this test method.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Mar-2004
• Technical Committee: E06 - Performance of Buildings
• Drafting Committee: E06.21 - Serviceability

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E1486M-98 - Standard Test Method for Determining Floor Tolerances Using Waviness, Wheel Path and Levelness Criteria [Metric]
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2004
• Replaced By: ASTM E1486M-98(2010) - Standard Test Method for Determining Floor Tolerances Using Waviness, Wheel Path and Levelness Criteria [Metric]
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2010
• Referred By: ASTM E1486-14(2022) - Standard Test Method for Determining Floor Tolerances Using Waviness, Wheel Path and Levelness Criteria
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2004

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1486M – 98 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Floor Tolerances Using Waviness, Wheel Path
and Levelness Criteria (Metric)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1486M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers data collection and analysis
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
procedures to determine surface flatness and levelness by
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
calculating waviness indices for survey lines and surfaces,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
elevation differences of defined wheel paths, and levelness
indices using SI units.
2. Referenced Document
NOTE 1—Thistestmethodisthecompaniontoinch-poundTestMethod
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E1486.
E1486 Test Method for Determining Floor Tolerances Us-
NOTE 2—Thistestmethodwasnotdevelopedfor,anddoesnotapplyto
ing Waviness, Wheel Path and Levelness Criteria
clay or concrete paver units.
1.1.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide the user 3. Terminology
with floor tolerance estimates as follows:
3.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.1.1.1 Local survey line waviness and overall surface
3.1.1 defined wheel path traffıc—traffic on surfaces, or
waviness indices for floors based on deviations from the
specifically identifiable portions thereof, intended for defined
midpoints of imaginary chords as they are moved along a floor
linear traffic by vehicles with two primary axles and four
elevation profile survey line. End points of the chords are
primary load wheel contact points on the floor and with
always in contact with the surface. The imaginary chords cut
corresponding front and rear primary wheels in approximately
through any points in the concrete surface higher than the
the same wheel paths.
chords.
3.1.2 levelness—describedintwoways:theconformanceof
1.1.1.2 Defined wheel path criteria based on transverse and
surface elevation data to the mean elevation of a test section,
longitudinal elevation differences, change in elevation differ-
elevation conformance; and as the conformance of survey line
ence, and root mean square (RMS) elevation difference.
slope to a specified slope, RMS levelness.
1.1.1.3 Levelness criteria for surfaces characterized by ei-
3.1.2.1 elevation conformance—the percentage of surface
ther of the following methods: the conformance of elevation
elevation data, h, that lie within the tolerance specified from
i
data to the test section elevation data mean; or by the
themeanelevationofatestsectionfromthemeanelevationof
conformance of the RMS slope of each survey line to a
alldatawithinatestsection.Theabsolutevalueofthedistance
specified slope for each survey line.
ofallpoints,h,fromthetestsectiondatameanistestedagainst
i
1.1.2 The averages used throughout these calculations are
the specification, dmax. Passing values are counted, and that
therootmeansquares,RMS(thatis,thequadraticmeans).This
total is divided by the aggregate quantity of elevation data
test method gives equal importance to humps and dips,
points for the test section, and percent passing is reported.
measured up (+) and down (−), respectively, from the imagi-
3.1.2.2 RMS levelness—directionally dependent calculation
nary chords.
of the RMS of the slopes of the least squares fit line through
1.1.3 Appendix X1 is a commentary on this test method.
successive 4.5-m long sections of a survey line, L. The RMS
AppendixX2providesacomputerprogramforwavinessindex
LV is compared to the specified surface slope and specified
L
calculations based on this test method.
maximum deviation to determine compliance.
3.1.3 Waviness Index Terms:
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.21
on Serviceability. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published April 2004. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E1486M–98. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E1486M-98R04. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1486M – 98 (2004)
3.1.3.1 chord length—the length of an imaginary straight-
ha = elevation of the points along the survey line
i
edge (chord) joining the two end points at j and j + 2k. This
of the left wheel path of defined wheel path
length is equal to 2ks (see Fig. 1) where the survey spacing, s,
traffic, mm.
is equal to 0.3 m, and where k is equal to 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 to
hb = elevation of the points along the survey line
i
define chord lengths of 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, and 3.0 m, respec-
oftherightwheelpathofdefinedwheelpath
tively, unless values for s and for k are otherwise stated.
traffic, mm.
i = designation of the location of survey points
along a survey line (i=1, 2, 3 . imax ).
L
imax = totalnumberofsurveypointsalongasurvey
L
line.
imax = total number of survey points along one of
Lx
the pair of survey lines, Lx, representing the
wheel paths of defined wheel path traffic.
j = designation of the location of the survey
point which is the initial point for a devia-
tion calculation (j=1, 2, 3 . jmax ).
k
jmax = totalnumberofdeviationcalculationswitha
k
chord length 2ks along a survey line.
FIG. 1 Explanation of Symbols
k = number of spaces of length s between the
survey points used for deviation calcula-
tions.
3.1.3.2 deviation (D )—the vertical distance between the
kj
kmax = maximum number (rounded down to an
surfaceandthemidpoint,j+ks,ofachordoflength2kswhose L
integer) of spaces of length s that can be
end points are in contact with the surface.
used for deviation calculations for imax
3.1.3.3 length adjusted RMS deviation (LAD )—calculated L
k
survey points (kmax =5 unless otherwise
for a reference length L of 3 m, unless otherwise stated, in L
r
specified).
order to obtain deviations that are independent of the various
L = designation of survey lines (L=1, 2, 3 .
chord lengths, 2ks.
Lmax).
3.1.3.4 waviness—therelativedegreetowhichasurveyline
LAD = length-adjusted RMS deviation based on
k
deviates from a straight line.
points spaced at ks and a reference length of
3.2 Symbols:
L .
r
Lg = total number of survey spaces between pri-
mary axles of a vehicle used as the basis for
A = area of test section, square metres.
d = pointi,ofthe(4.5/s+1)pointsubsetofi=1 longitudinal analysis of each pair of survey
to imax, where d is a point within the linesrepresentingthewheelpathsofdefined
(4.5/s+1) point subset, used to evaluate wheel path traffic. Lg equals the integer
RMS levelness. result of the primary axle spacing, in metres
dh = number of elevation data points of survey
divided by s.
L
line, L, which lie within the maximum Lmax = number of survey lines on the test surface.
L = reference length of 3 m, the length to which
allowable deviation from the test section
r
elevation data mean, dmax. the RMS deviations, RMS D , from chord
k
D = deviation from chord midpoint,j+k, to the lengths other than 3 m are adjusted.
kj
survey line, mm. LD = longitudinal elevation difference between
i
dmax = specified maximum allowable deviation corresponding pairs of points separated by
from the test section elevation data mean. Lg of defined wheel paths, mm (i=1, 2, 3
EC = percentage of elevation data within a test
... (imax −Lg)).
L
section complying to a specified maximum LDC = incrementalchangeinlongitudinalelevation
i
deviation, dmax, from the mean of all eleva- difference, LD along defined wheel path
i
tion data points within a test section. traffic wheel paths, mm/m (i=1, 2, 3 .
EC = percentage compliance of each survey line (imax −Lg−1)).
L
L
to a specified maximum deviation, dmax, Lx = designation of the pair of survey lines used
from the mean of all elevation data points
for defined wheel path traffic analysis.
mh = mean elevation of each 4.5-m section of
within a test section.
d
h = elevationofthepointsalongthesurveyline, survey line, L, mm (d = 1, 2, 3 . . .
i
mm. (imax −4.5/s)).
L
E1486M – 98 (2004)
4.1.2.4 LD = longitudinal elevation difference between
ms = mean slope of the least squares fit line of
i
d
frontandrearaxlesonwheelpathsofdefinedwheelpathtraffic
each 4.5-m section of survey line, L, mm/m
(see Eq 12).
(d=1, 2, 3 . (imax −4.5/s)).
L
4.1.2.5 LDC =longitudinal change in elevation difference
n = total number of calculated deviations for
i
L
between front and rear axles on wheel paths of defined wheel
surveyline L(equaltothesumofthevalues
path traffic (see Eq 13).
of jmax for all values of k that are used).
k
4.1.2.6 RMS LD =RMS longitudinal elevation difference
n is a weighting factor used in calculat-
Lx
⇒aL
betweenaxlesonwheelpathsofdefinedwheelpathtraffic(see
ing both the waviness and surface waviness
Eq 14).
indices.
RMS D = root mean square of chord midpoint offset 4.1.3 Levelness Equations:
k
4.1.3.1 mh =mean elevation of survey line, L, calculated
deviations,D ,basedonpointsspacedatks.
L
kj
RMS LD = root mean square of longitudinal elevation
only for use in calculating mh (see Eq 15).
Lx TS
differences, LD, on paired wheel path sur- 4.1.3.2 mh =mean elevation of a test section, calculated
i TS
vey lines for defined wheel path traffic, with
only for use in calculating dh (see Eq 16).
L
primary axles separated by L , mm. 4.1.3.3 dh =numberofelevationdatapointsofsurveyline,
g L
RMS TD = root mean square of transverse elevation
L,passingthespecification,dmax,usedforcalculatingbothEC
Lx
differences, TD, on paired wheel path sur-
L and EC (see Eq 17 and Eq 18).
i
vey lines for defined wheel path traffic, mm.
4.1.3.4 EC =percentage of elevation data points on survey
L
RMS LV = RMS levelness, calculated as the root mean
L line, L, which comply with dmax (see Eq 19).
square slope of each survey line, L, mm/m.
4.1.3.5 EC =percentage of elevation data points within a
s = spacing between adjacent survey points
test section complying with dmax (see Eq 20).
along a survey line (0.3 m unless a smaller
4.1.3.6 mh =mean elevation of each 4.5-m section of
d
value is stated), m.
surveyline, L,calculatedonlyforuseincalculatingRMS LV
L
SWI = surface waviness index determined by com-
(see Eq 21).
bining the waviness indices of all the survey
4.1.3.7 ms =meanslopeoftheleastsquaresfitlineofeach
d
lines on the test surface, mm.
4.5-m section of survey line, L, calculated only for use in
TD = transverse elevation difference between cor-
i
calculating RMS LV (see Eq 22).
L
responding points of defined wheel path
4.1.3.8 RMS LV =RMS of least squares fit 4.5-m slopes
L
traffic wheel paths, mm (i=1, 2, 3 .
(see Eq 23).
imax ).
Lx
4.2 Waviness Index—Chord Length Range:
TDC = incremental change in transverse elevation
i
4.2.1 Unless a different range is specified, the waviness
difference, TD along defined wheel path
i
index, WI , shall be calculated for a 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, and
L
traffic wheel paths, mm/m (i=1, 2, 3 .
3.0-m chord length range.
(imax −1)).
Lx
4.2.2 Thechordlength,2ks,islimitedbythetotalnumberof
WI = waviness index for survey line L with chord
L
survey points along a survey line. To ensure that the elevation
length range from 0.6 to 3.0 m unless a
of every survey point is included in the deviation calculation
different range is stated, mm.
thatusesthelargestvalueof k,themaximumvalueof k,called
3.3 Sign Convention—Up is the positive direction; conse-
kmax , is determined by:
L
quently, the higher the survey point, the larger its h value.
i
kmax 5imax /3 ~roundeddowntoaninteger! (1)
L L
4.2.3 Reduce the maximum chord length so that 2(kmax )s
4. Summary of Test Method
L
is approximately equal to the maximum length that is of
4.1 Equations—Equations are provided to determine the
concern to the user.
following characteristics:
NOTE 3—For longer survey lines, kmax , determined using Eq 1,
L
4.1.1 Waviness Index Equations:
permits the use of chord lengths 2ks longer than those of interest or
4.1.1.1 RMS D =RMS deviation (see Eq 4).
k
concern to the floor user.
4.1.1.2 LAD =length-adjusted deviation (see Eq 5).
k
4.2.4 The maximum chord length for suspended floor slabs
4.1.1.3 WI =waviness index (see Eqs 6 and 7).
L
shall be 1.2 m, unless the slab has been placed without camber
4.1.1.4 SWI =surface waviness index (see Eq 8).
and the shoring remains in place.
4.1.1.5 |D | =absolute value of the length adjusted devia- 4.3 Waviness Index—Maximum Number of Deviation Mea-
kj
surements per Chord Length:
tion (see Eq 24).
4.3.1 As the values of k are increased from 1 to kmax , the
4.1.2 Defined Wheel Path Traffıc Equations: L
number of deviation calculations decreases.
4.1.2.1 TD =transverse elevation difference between the
i
jmax 5imax 22k (2)
wheel paths of defined wheel path traffic (see Eq 9). k L
4.4 Waviness Index—Deviation:
4.1.2.2 TDC =transverse change in elevation difference
i
between wheel paths of defined wheel path traffic (see Eq 10). 4.4.1 As shown in Fig. 1, the deviation, D , is
kj
4.1.2.3 RMS TD =RMS transverse elevation difference 1
Lx
D 5h 2 ~h 1h !mm (3)
kj j 1k j j 12k
between wheel paths of defined wheel path traffic (see Eq 11). 2
E1486M – 98 (2004)
ha 1hb ha 1hb
4.5 Waviness Index—RMS Deviation:
i 1Lg i 1Lg i i
LD 5 2 mm (12)
SS D S DD
i
2 2
4.5.1 RMS D is calculated for each chord length using all
k
points along the survey line.
4.9.5 Longitudinal Change in Elevation Difference—LDC
i
jmax
is calculated for a pair of wheel path survey lines, using Eq 13
k
D
(
kj
(i=1, 2, 3 . (imax −Lg−1)).
Lx
j51
Œ
RMSD 5 mm (4)
k
jmax
LDC 5 LD 2LD !/smm/m (13)
k ~
i i 11 i
4.6 Waviness Index—Length-Adjusted Deviations: LAD is
k
4.9.6 Longitudinal RMS Elevation Difference—RMS LD
Lx
calculated for a reference length, L , using Eq 5.
r
iscalculatedforapairofwheelpathsurveylines,usingEq14.
jmax
k ~imax 2Lg!
Lx
L
r
2 2
D
LD
( kj
F G ( i
2ks
j51
i51
Œ
RMSLD 5 mm (14)
LAD 5 mm (5)
! Lx
k
~imax 2Lg!
jmax Lx
k
4.7 WavinessIndex—ThevaluesofLAD obtainedforeach 4.10 Calculations for Elevation Conformance:
k
value of k shall be combined with other LAD values for each
4.10.1 Mean Elevation of Survey Line—mh is calculated
L
line L by weighing the
...