ASTM A456/A456M-08(2018)

Standard Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft<brk/> Forgings

ABSTRACT
This test method deals with the acceptance criteria for the magnetic particle examination of forged steel crankshafts and forgings having large main bearing journal or crankpin diameters. Covered here are three classes of forgings, which shall be evaluated under two areas of inspection, namely: major critical areas, and minor critical areas. During inspection, magnetic particle indications shall be classified as: surface indications, which include nonmetallic inclusions or stringers, open or twist cracks, flakes, or pipes; open or pinpoint indications; and non-open indications. Procedures for dimpling, depressing, inspection, and product marking are also mentioned.
SCOPE
1.1 This is an acceptance specification for the magnetic particle inspection of forged steel crankshafts having main bearing journals or crankpins 4 in. [200 mm] or larger in diameter.  
1.2 There are three classes, with acceptance standards of increasing severity:  
1.2.1 Class 1.  
1.2.2 Class 2 (originally the sole acceptance standard of this specification).  
1.2.3 Class 3 (formerly covered in Supplementary Requirement S1 of Specification A456 – 64 (1970)).  
1.3 This specification is not intended to cover continuous grain flow crankshafts (see Specification A983/A983M); however, Specification A986/A986M may be used for this purpose.
Note 1: Specification A668/A668M is a product specification which may be used for slab-forged crankshaft forgings that are usually twisted in order to set the crankpin angles, or for barrel forged crankshafts where the crankpins are machined in the appropriate configuration from a cylindrical forging.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch units.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 28-Feb-2018
• ICS: 77.140.85 - Iron and steel forgings
• Technical Committee: A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
• Drafting Committee: A01.06 - Steel Forgings and Billets

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: A456/A456M − 08 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Specification for
Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft
1
Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A456/A456M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This is an acceptance specification for the magnetic
particle inspection of forged steel crankshafts having main
2. Referenced Documents
bearing journals or crankpins 4 in. [200 mm] or larger in
2
diameter.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of
1.2 There are three classes, with acceptance standards of
Steel Forgings
increasing severity:
A668/A668M Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and
1.2.1 Class 1.
Alloy, for General Industrial Use
1.2.2 Class 2 (originally the sole acceptance standard of this
A966/A966M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of
specification).
Steel Forgings Using Alternating Current
1.2.3 Class 3 (formerly covered in Supplementary Require-
A983/A983M Specification for Continuous Grain Flow
ment S1 of Specification A456 – 64 (1970)).
Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Crankshafts for Medium
1.3 This specification is not intended to cover continuous
Speed Diesel Engines
grain flow crankshafts (see Specification A983/A983M);
A986/A986M Specification for Magnetic Particle Examina-
however, Specification A986/A986M may be used for this
tion of Continuous Grain Flow Crankshaft Forgings
purpose.
E1417/E1417M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing
NOTE 1—Specification A668/A668M is a product specification which
may be used for slab-forged crankshaft forgings that are usually twisted in
3. Classification of Indications
order to set the crankpin angles, or for barrel forged crankshafts where the
crankpins are machined in the appropriate configuration from a cylindrical
3.1 Magnetic particle indications on the surface of the
forging.
crankshaft shall be classified as follows:
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3.1.1 Open cracks, flake, or pipe.
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3.1.2 Nonmetallic inclusions or stringers occurring in a
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
longitudinal direction.
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3.1.3 Twist cracks or nonmetallic inclusions usually occur-
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
ring at 45 to 70° from the axis of the journal.
with the standard.
3.2 They shall also be classified as follows:
1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specifica-
3.2.1 Open indications are visible after removal of the
tion designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch
magnetic particles or can be detected by the use of contrast dye
units.
penetrant, as described in Type II of Practice E1417/E1417M.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
1
3.2.1.1 Pinpoint indications are open indications ⁄16 in.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
[1.5 mm] in maximum dimension, as detected by application of
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Type II of Practice E1417/E1417M.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2.2 Non-open indications are indications which are not
visually detectable as described in 3.2.1.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
2
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved March 1, 2018. Published March 2018. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as A456/A456M – 08 Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
(2013). DOI: 10.1520/A0456_A0456M-08R18. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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A456/A456M − 08 (2018)
4. Ordering Information 6.1.3 The critical area of any crankpin or main journal also
1
includes that surface area closer than ⁄4 in. [6 mm] to the
4.1 The inquiry and purchase agreement shall contain a
junction of the radius blend and the journal surface of any oil
statement that the crankshaft(s) is (are) to be subject to
hole.
acceptance ac
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: A456/A456M − 08 (Reapproved 2013) A456/A456M − 08 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Specification for
Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft
1
Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A456/A456M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This is an acceptance specification for the magnetic particle inspection of forged steel crankshafts having main bearing
journals or crankpins 4 in. [200 mm] or larger in diameter.
1.2 There are three classes, with acceptance standards of increasing severity:
1.2.1 Class 1.
1.2.2 Class 2 (originally the sole acceptance standard of this specification).
1.2.3 Class 3 (formerly covered in Supplementary Requirement S1 of Specification A456 – 64 (1970)).
1.3 This specification is not intended to cover continuous grain flow crankshafts (see Specification A983/A983M); however,
Specification A986/A986M may be used for this purpose.
NOTE 1—Specification A668/A668M is a product specification which may be used for slab-forged crankshaft forgings that are usually twisted in order
to set the crankpin angles, or for barrel forged crankshafts where the crankpins are machined in the appropriate configuration from a cylindrical forging.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch units.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
A668/A668M Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use
A966/A966M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings Using Alternating Current
A983/A983M Specification for Continuous Grain Flow Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Crankshafts for Medium Speed Diesel
Engines
A986/A986M Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Continuous Grain Flow Crankshaft Forgings
E1417/E1417M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing
3. Classification of Indications
3.1 Magnetic particle indications on the surface of the crankshaft shall be classified as follows:
3.1.1 Open cracks, flake, or pipe.
3.1.2 Nonmetallic inclusions or stringers occurring in a longitudinal direction.
3.1.3 Twist cracks or nonmetallic inclusions usually occurring at 45 to 70° from the axis of the journal.
3.2 They shall also be classified as follows:
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.06
on Steel Forgings and Billets.
Current edition approved April 1, 2013March 1, 2018. Published April 2013March 2018. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20082013 as
A456/A456M – 08.A456/A456M – 08 (2013). DOI: 10.1520/A0456_A0456M-08R13.10.1520/A0456_A0456M-08R18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A456/A456M − 08 (2018)
3.2.1 Open indications are visible after removal of the magnetic particles or can be detected by the use of contrast dye penetrant,
as described in Type II of Practice E1417/E1417M.
1
3.2.1.1 Pinpoint indications are open indications ⁄16 in. [1.5 mm] [1.5 mm] in maximum dimension, as detected by application
of Type II of Practice E1417/E1417M.
3.2.2 Non-open indications are indications which are not visually detectable as describe
...