ASTM D4488-95(2001)e1
(Guide)Standard Guide for Testing Cleaning Performance of Products Intended for Use on Resilient Flooring and Washable Walls (Withdrawn 2009)
Standard Guide for Testing Cleaning Performance of Products Intended for Use on Resilient Flooring and Washable Walls (Withdrawn 2009)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide suggests methodology for cleaning tests. Soil/substrate combinations are generally designed to be analogous to soiled surfaces commonly encountered. This methodology can be used with most soil/substrate combinations. Some example test methods that have worked well in other labs are provided in the annexes. There is no requirement for using the soils listed in the annexes. It is the responsibility of the user to select the appropriate battery of tests for the desired end results.
The results of tests based on this guide are regarded as diagnostic screening values useful in formulation studies, quality control, and ingredient raw material qualification. This guide is intended to allow a choice in test conditions and soil/substrate combinations appropriate to the evaluation at hand. For interlaboratory comparisons, exact test conditions must be established before test results are compared.
This guide is applicable to testing all types of multipurpose household cleaners, whether the detergent is prepared by dissolving a soluble powder, a dilutable liquid, or is a pre-diluted product. It may also be useful for evaluation of products or conditions normally associated with industrial or institutional cleaners.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the evaluation of the cleaning per- formance of products intended for use on resilient flooring or washable walls. Such evaluations specifically exclude windows, mirrors, carpets, ceramic tiles, and laminated counter tops. This guide provides techniques for soiling, cleaning, and evaluating performance of detergent systems under con- trolled, but practical, hard-surface cleaning conditions.
1.2 Such systems include any detergent intended for clean- ing hard surfaces such as resilient flooring, washable wall surfaces, and other hard surfaces, but excluding glass, ceramic, or other glossy surfaces. They may consist of solutions of soluble powdered detergent, dilutions of concentrated liq- uid detergent, or products intended to be used full strength, for example, foams, sprays, liquid, or paste.
1.3 There is no universal soil/substrate combination that is representative of the many soil-removal tasks required of this type of cleaner in actual use conditions. Choice of soil/ substrate and cleaning conditions should be by agreement between the testing laboratory and those using the data to evaluate cleaning performance relative to user experience.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety Data Sheets are available for reagents. Review them for hazards prior to usage. Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 2.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide covers the evaluation of the cleaning performance of products intended for use on resilient flooring or washable walls. Such evaluations specifically exclude windows, mirrors, carpets, ceramic tiles, and laminated counter tops. This guide provides techniques for soiling, cleaning, and evaluating performance of detergent systems under controlled, but practical, hard-surface cleaning conditions.
This guide is being withdrawn because this standard is solely for testing cleaning performance of products intended for use on resilient flooring and washable walls. The method has been misused primarily due to the fact that a suitable soil simulating kitchen grease has not been available. Additionally, D4488 specifically excludes windows, mirrors, carpet, ceramic tiles, and laminated counter tops (Formica®), as well as other common kitchen surfaces such as cook-tops, semi-glass painted walls, appliances, etc.
Formerly under the jursidiction of Committee D12 on Soaps and Other Detergents and the direct responsibiltiy of Subcommittee D12.16 on Hand...
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
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Designation: D4488 – 95 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Guide for
Testing Cleaning Performance of Products Intended for Use
on Resilient Flooring and Washable Walls
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4488; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—A warning note was changed editorially in August 2001.
1. Scope 2.1.1 soil—in hard surface cleaning, foreign matter on a
hard surface.
1.1 This guide covers the evaluation of the cleaning perfor-
2.1.2 substrate—the soiled surface that is being cleaned.
mance of products intended for use on resilient flooring or
washable walls. Such evaluations specifically exclude win-
3. Summary of Guide
dows, mirrors, carpets, ceramic tiles, and laminated counter
3.1 Soils are artificially applied in a standardized manner to
tops. This guide provides techniques for soiling, cleaning, and
specified floor or wall substrates. The soiled surfaces are
evaluating performance of detergent systems under controlled,
cleaned using a straight-line washability apparatus, and the
but practical, hard-surface cleaning conditions.
cleaned substrates are evaluated instrumentally or visually by a
1.2 Such systems include any detergent intended for clean-
panel of judges.
ing hard surfaces such as resilient flooring, washable wall
surfaces, and other hard surfaces, but excluding glass, ceramic,
4. Significance and Use
or other glossy surfaces. They may consist of solutions of
4.1 This guide suggests methodology for cleaning tests.
soluble powdered detergent, dilutions of concentrated liquid
Soil/substratecombinationsaregenerallydesignedtobeanalo-
detergent, or products intended to be used full strength, for
gous to soiled surfaces commonly encountered. This method-
example, foams, sprays, liquid, or paste.
ologycanbeusedwithmostsoil/substratecombinations.Some
1.3 There is no universal soil/substrate combination that is
example test methods that have worked well in other labs are
representative of the many soil-removal tasks required of this
provided in the annexes. There is no requirement for using the
type of cleaner in actual use conditions. Choice of soil/
soils listed in the annexes. It is the responsibility of the user to
substrate and cleaning conditions should be by agreement
select the appropriate battery of tests for the desired end
between the testing laboratory and those using the data to
results.
evaluate cleaning performance relative to user experience.
4.2 The results of tests based on this guide are regarded as
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
diagnostic screening values useful in formulation studies,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
quality control, and ingredient raw material qualification. This
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
guide is intended to allow a choice in test conditions and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
soil/substrate combinations appropriate to the evaluation at
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety
hand. For interlaboratory comparisons, exact test conditions
Data Sheets are available for reagents. Review them for
must be established before test results are compared.
hazards prior to usage. Specific precautionary statements are
4.3 This guide is applicable to testing all types of multipur-
given inA3.3.3 .
pose household cleaners, whether the detergent is prepared by
dissolving a soluble powder, a dilutable liquid, or is a pre-
2. Terminology
diluted product. It may also be useful for evaluation of
2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
products or conditions normally associated with industrial or
institutional cleaners.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D12 on Soaps and
5. Preparation of Soil/Substrate Combinations
Other Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.16 on Hard
Surface Cleaning.
5.1 Cleaning performance of a test product depends on the
Current edition approved April 15, 1995. Published June 1995. Originally
particular combination of test soil and substrate. Soils and
published as D4488-85. Last previous edition D4488-89. DOI: 10.1520/D4488-
95R01E01. substrates to be cleaned should be selected as pairs. The usual
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D4488 – 95 (2001)
criteria for appropriate soil/substrate combinations are: relative 6.2 Experimental design may range from a simple paired
ease of discriminability among cleaners to be tested; reproduc- comparison with three replicate runs using three tiles to
ibility of the test performed; and correlation of test results with multiple comparisons extending over days of testing.
consumer experience. 6.3 A complete cleaning evaluation will usually require
analysisofanappropriatecompositeresult,takingintoaccount
5.1.1 While it may be reasonable to assume that lab tests
several different soil/substrate combinations, and possibly
using soil/substrate combinations found in normal practice
more than one set of test conditions, for example, use-dilution,
should correlate with actual cleaning experience, no particular
water hardness, etc.
soil/substrate combination is sufficiently representative by
6.4 Appropriatecontrolsshouldbeconsideredwhentesting.
itselftoprovideareliableindexofcleaningperformanceforall
For example, a test control could be a commercial liquid
cleaning tasks. Also, lab screening systems are usually much
detergent for which the test lab has established some index of
moreheavilysoiledthanthosefoundunderreal-useconditions,
cleaning performance prior to the test at hand.Another control
in order to optimize discriminability. It is possible, however,
could be water without detergent.
that soil/substrate combinations not actually found in normal
6.5 Test conditions that should normally be reported in all
usage may provide a test system that correlates well with some
tests include the following:
actual cleaning conditions.
6.5.1 Conditions pertinent to scrubbing apparatus, for ex-
5.1.2 Preparation of the substrate, such as abrading finished ample, weights (if any), cycles per test, brushes, sponges, or
other scrubbing substrate used (specify).
floor tiles, may be necessary.
6.5.2 Water used for dilution, if any, including temperature
5.1.3 Natural or accelerated aging of soil, such as baked-on
and hardness.
greasy soil, may be desirable for the purposes of enhanced
6.5.3 Use-dilution of detergent with water.
discrimination or better correlation of actual home-use condi-
tions.
7. Performance Evaluation
5.2 For reliable test results, and to obtain the most informa-
7.1 Cleaning performance is frequently taken as a linear
tion from lab testing, details of soiling and substrate prepara-
function of reflectance using a reflectometer, color difference
tion should be documented for appropriate reporting of final meter, or gloss meter (specify). Other methods such as visual
results. rating may be useful, depending on the needs and capabilities
of the lab. See the examples in the annexes.
6. Experimental Cleaning Test Procedure
8. Statistical Evaluation and Interpretation of Results
6.1 Replication is essential for generation of reliable hard-
8.1 It is strongly recommended that appropriate statistical
surface cleaning test results. The number of replicate runs
analysis of test results be conducted to establish confidence
required depends on the soil/substrate combination selected, as limits on test results and to establish a basis for comparison
well as the intended use of the results. with subsequent or previous test results.
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. GENERAL
A1.1 Thefollowingproceduresareincludedasanaidtothe other laboratories. For inter-laboratory tests, exact test condi-
development of uniform methodology for lab cleaning tests. tions, including preparation of soils and substrates, must be
The methods described below have been found to work well in specified.
A2. GREASY SOIL/PAINTED MASONITE WALLBOARD TEST METHOD
A2.1 Summary of Test Method—Latex painted masonite overnight. The detergent is applied to a sponge that scrubs half
wallboard is soiled with a mixture of melted, oily soils
the soiled substrate using a straight-line washability apparatus.
containing a small amount of carbon black, and allowed to set
The other half of the soiled substrate is scrubbed with a second
detergent.Cleaningperformanceistakenasalinearfunctionof
2 reflectance value.
Johnson, M.A., “AGreasy Soil Hard Surface Cleaning Test,” Journal Am. Oil
Chem. Soc., Vol 61, 1984.
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D4488 – 95 (2001)
A2.2 Apparatus: A2.3.5 Partially Hydrogenated Soybean Oil —with polyg-
lycerol esters of fatty acids added.
A2.2.1 Reflectometer , any photometer capable of accu-
A2.3.6 Carbon Black .
rately measuring changes to substrate reflectance. See Fig.
3 5
A2.3.7 Sponges —cellulose sponge cut to size, 1 ⁄4 by 3 ⁄8
A2.1.
by 1 ⁄2 in.
A2.2.2 Template, see Fig. A2.1.
A2.3.8 Tap Water—80 ppm hardness, as CaCO .
A2.2.3 Straight-Line Washability Apparatus .
A2.3.9 Cheesecloth Wipes ,18by36in.
A2.2.4 Graduated Cylinder, calibrated to deliver 100 mL,
A2.3.10 Large Binder Clip , 1- in. capacity.
and
A2.2.5 Graduated Volumetric Pipet,10mL.
A2.4 Procedure:
A2.4.1 Tile Preparation—Double-coat masonite tiles with
A2.3 Materials and Manufacture:
latex paint using a paint roller, and allow to set overnight. Cure
1 1
A2.3.1 Masonite Wallboard Tiles— ⁄8-in. thick, cut 4 ⁄2 by
tiles at 45°C for 24 h.
4 ⁄2 in.
A2.4.2 Soil Preparation—Blend a melt of 33 g vegetable
A2.3.2 Latex Paint —non-yellowing flat white.
shortening, 33 g lard, and 33 g vegetable oil with 1 g carbon
A2.3.3 Vegetable Shortening —from local grocery store.
black on a steam bath. Prepare fresh soil each day.
A2.3.4 Lard .
A2.4.3 Soil Application—Fold the cheesecloth in half sev-
eral times to end up with a 2 ⁄2 by 2-in. piece. Put the binder
Photovolt Model 670 with Search Unit 610Y and Green Tristimulus, or its
Pathmark vegetable oil, or equivalent, has been found suitable for this purpose
equivalent, has been found suitable for this purpose.Available from Photovolt, Inc.
(trademark Supermarkets General, Woodbridge, NJ).
NY, NY.
Neo Spectra Mark II Powder, or equivalent, has been found suitable for this
BYK-Gardner Model AG-8100 available from BYK-Gardner USA, Silver
purpose (trademark of Cities Service Co., Tulsa, OK).
Spring, MD, or the Gardco D-10 available from the Paul N. Gardner Co., Pompano
Shop-Rite brand sponges, or equivalent, have been found suitable for this
Beach, FL, or equivalents, have been found suitable for this purpose.
purpose (trademark of Wakefern Corp., Elizabeth, NJ).
California Paints, or equivalent, have been found suitable for this purpose.
VWR catalog No. 21910-105, or equivalent, has been found suitable for this
Crisco, or equivalent, has been found suitable for this purpose (trademark of
purpose. Available from VWR Scientific, Plainfield, NJ.
Proctor and Gamble, Cincinnati, OH). ACCO brand, No. 72100, or equivalent, has been found suitable for this
Armourlard,orequivalent,hasbeenfoundsuitableforthispurpose(trademark purpose.
of Armour Co., Phoenix, AZ).
FIG. A2.1 Template for Use With Reflectometer
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D4488 – 95 (2001)
clip on the open 2 ⁄2-in. long edge of the folded cheesecloth. with the line of soil on the tile running perpendicular to the
Using the clip as a handle, soak the cheesecloth in the hot soil cleaningdirectionofthescrubbingapparatus.Usingextratiles,
andapplythesoiltothewhite-paintedmasonitewallboardtiles
run standard products to determine product performance pro-
using six strokes. (see Fig. A2.2). The soil temperature should
files. It is suggested that the standard reference products
be maintained and the soil should be stirred throughout the
remove approximately 75 % of the soil, in order to allow for
application process.Allow the soiled substrate to dry overnight
maximum product differentiation. Identify the cycle number at
at room temperature.
which maximum differences in product performance are dem-
A2.4.4 Cleaner Preparation—Prepare all cleaner dilutions
onstrated. Run all test products with this predetermined stan-
volumetricallyasnecessary.Waterisatanambienttemperature
dard number of cycles.
(20 to 30°C) and a specified hardness.
A2.4.7 Reflectometer Measurements—After zeroing the in-
A2.4.5 Cleaning Test—Use a new (previously unused)
strument, adjust reflectance to 100 on a standard white reflec-
sponge for each cleaning procedure. Weigh 15 g of cleaner
tance and color tile. For example, one that has worked well has
solution onto a pre-wet sponge that has been thoroughly
the following values: 76.3 % y, 77.6 % x, and 76.6 % z. Place
pressed by wringer to remove most of the water then placed in
a template (Fig. A2.1) over a scrubbed board so that only the
the straight-line washability apparatus without weights.
scrubbed area to be measured shows through the cut-out
Sponge and holder weigh about 350 g. Place sponge so that the
portions. Take three readings in each cut-out portion, moving
manufactured edge, not a face or edge that has been cut, is the
from one end to the other. Estimate readings to the nearest
scrubbing surface. Place the tile in the apparatus so that
tenth reflectance unit. Record and average these three readings.
scrubbing action is perpendicular to the direction of soiling
(see Fig. A2.2). Set the test apparatus at the predetermined
number of cycles established according to the procedure A2.5 Data Handling.
described in A2.4.6. Operate the wash apparatus over one of
A2.5.1 Record reflectance values (three per cleaned area)
thesoiledareas.Shiftthescrubbertableandrepeatthewashing
and established and compared mean values using appropriate
test over the remaining soiled area with the second detergent
statistical methods. Paired comparisons may use a simple
and a new sponge.
T-test. Multiple comparisons require some multi-variate statis-
A2.4.6 Establishing a Standard Number of Cycles for Test
tical analysis.
Product Evaluation—Place tiles in the washability apparatus
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D4488 – 95 (2001)
FIG. A2.2 Soiled Tile After Cleaning
A3. IRON OXIDE PIGMENT/LINOLEUM TEST METHOD
3 3
A3.1 Summary of Test Method—Linoleum is soiled with an A3.2.4 Metal Template—A ⁄4- i
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