ASTM D5527-23
(Practice)Standard Practices for Measuring Surface Wind and Temperature by Acoustic Means
Standard Practices for Measuring Surface Wind and Temperature by Acoustic Means
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sonic anemometer/thermometers are used to measure turbulent components of the atmosphere except in confined areas and very close to the ground. These practices apply to the use of these instruments for field measurement of the wind, sonic temperature, and atmospheric turbulence components. The quasi-instantaneous velocity component measurements are averaged over user-selected sampling times to define mean along-axis wind components, mean wind speed and direction, and the variances or covariances, or both, of individual components or component combinations. Covariances are used for eddy correlation studies and for computation of boundary layer heat and momentum fluxes. The sonic anemometer/thermometer provides the data required to characterize the state of the turbulent atmospheric boundary layer.
5.2 The sonic anemometer/thermometer array shall have a sufficiently high structural rigidity and a sufficiently low coefficient of thermal expansion to maintain an internal alignment to within ±0.1°. System electronics must remain stable over its operating temperature range; the time counter oscillator instability must not exceed 0.01 % of frequency. Consult with the sensor manufacturer for an internal alignment verification procedure.
5.3 The calculations and transformations provided in these practices apply to orthogonal arrays. References are also provided for common types of non-orthogonal arrays.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover procedures for measuring one-, two-, or three-dimensional vector wind components and sonic temperature by means of commercially available sonic anemometer/thermometers that employ the inverse time measurement technique. These practices apply to the measurement of wind velocity components over horizontal terrain using instruments mounted on stationary towers. These practices also apply to speed of sound measurements that are converted to sonic temperatures but do not apply to the measurement of temperature using ancillary temperature devices.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5527 − 23
Standard Practices for
Measuring Surface Wind and Temperature by Acoustic
1
Means
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5527; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4230 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with Cooled-
Surface Condensation (Dew-Point) Hygrometer
1.1 These practices cover procedures for measuring one-,
E337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-
two-, or three-dimensional vector wind components and sonic
chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-
temperature by means of commercially available sonic
peratures)
anemometer/thermometers that employ the inverse time mea-
IEEE/ASTM SI-10 American National Standard for Use of
surement technique. These practices apply to the measurement
the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric
of wind velocity components over horizontal terrain using
System
instruments mounted on stationary towers. These practices also
apply to speed of sound measurements that are converted to
3. Terminology
sonic temperatures but do not apply to the measurement of
temperature using ancillary temperature devices.
3.1 Definitions—Refer to Terminology D1356 for common
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
terminology.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
standard.
3.2.1 acceptance angle (6α, deg), n—the angular distance,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
centered on the array axis of symmetry, over which the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
following conditions are met: (a) wind components are unam-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
biguously defined, and (b) flow across the transducers is
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
unobstructed or remains within the angular range for which
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
transducer shadow corrections are defined.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.2.2 acoustic pathlength (d, (m)), n—the distance between
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
transducer transmitter-receiver pairs.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2.3 sampling period(s), n—the length or time interval over
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
which data collection occurs.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.2.4 sampling rate (Hz), n—the rate at which data collec-
2. Referenced Documents tion occurs, usually presented in samples per second or Hertz.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.5 sonic anemometer/thermometer, n—an instrument
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
consisting of a transducer array containing paired sets of
Atmospheres
acoustic transmitters and receivers, a system clock, and micro-
D3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric
processor circuitry to measure intervals of time between
Pressure
transmission and reception of sound pulses.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—The fundamental measurement unit is
transit time. With transit time and a known acoustic pathlength,
1
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air
velocity or speed of sound, or both, can be calculated.
Quality and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.11 on Meteorology.
Instrument output is a series of quasi-instantaneous velocity
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2023. Published September 2023. Originally
ɛ1
component readings along each axis or speed of sound, or both.
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D5527 – 00 (2017) .
DOI: 10.1520/D5527-23.
The speed of sound and velocity components may be used to
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
compute sonic temperature (T ), to describe the mean wind
s
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
field, or to compute fluxes, variances, and turbulence intensi-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. ties.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5527 − 23
3.2.6 sonic temperature (T ), (K)), n—an equivalent
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D5527 − 00 (Reapproved 2017) D5527 − 23
Standard Practices for
Measuring Surface Wind and Temperature by Acoustic
1
Means
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5527; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Warning notes were editorially updated throughout in March 2017.
1. Scope
1.1 These practices cover procedures for measuring one-, two-, or three-dimensional vector wind components and sonic
temperature by means of commercially available sonic anemometer/thermometers that employ the inverse time measurement
technique. These practices apply to the measurement of wind velocity components over horizontal terrain using instruments
mounted on stationary towers. These practices also apply to speed of sound measurements that are converted to sonic temperatures
but do not apply to the measurement of temperature by the use of using ancillary temperature devices.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
D3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric Pressure
D4230 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with Cooled-Surface Condensation (Dew-Point) Hygrometer
E337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psychrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Temperatures)
IEEE/ASTM SI-10 American National Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Refer to Terminology D1356 for common terminology.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.11 on Meteorology.
Current edition approved March 1, 2017Sept. 1, 2023. Published March 2017September 2023. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 20112017
ɛ1
as D5527 – 00 (2011).(2017) . DOI: 10.1520/D5527-00R17E01.10.1520/D5527-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5527 − 23
3.2.1 acceptance angle (6α, deg)—deg), n—the angular distance, centered on the array axis of symmetry, over which the
following conditions are met: (a) wind components are unambiguously defined, and (b) flow across the transducers is unobstructed
or remains within the angular range for which transducer shadow corrections are defined.
3.2.2 acoustic pathlength (d, (m))—(m)), n—the distance between transducer transmitter-receiver pairs.
3.2.3 sampling period(s)—period(s), n—the record length or time interval over which data collection occurs.
3.2.4 sampling rate (Hz)—(Hz), n—the rate at which data collection occurs, usually presented in samples per second or Hertz.
3.2.5 sonic anemometer/thermometer—anemometer/thermometer, n—an instrument consisting of a transducer array containing
paired sets of acoustic transmitters and receivers, a system clock, and microprocessor circuitry to measure intervals of time
between transmission and reception of sound pulses.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—
The fundamental measurement unit is transit time. With transit time and a known acoustic pathlength, velocity or speed of sound,
or both, can be calculated. Instrument out
...
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