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ASTM F2489-06(2013)

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Instrument and Precision Bearing Lubricants—Part 2 Greases

Standard Guide for Instrument and Precision Bearing Lubricants—Part 2 Greases

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to report on the testing of, to discuss and compare the properties of, and to provide guidelines for the choice of lubricating greases for precision rolling element bearings (PREB). The PREB are, for the purposes of this guide, meant to include bearings of Annular Bearing Engineer's Committee (ABEC) 5 quality and above. This guide limits its scope to lubricating greases used in PREB.  
4.2 The number of lubricating greases used in PREB increased dramatically from the early 1940s to the mid 1990s. In the beginning of this period, petroleum products were the only widely available base stocks. Later, synthetic base oils became available. They included synthetic hydrocarbons, esters, silicones, multiply alkylated cyclopentanes (MAC) and fluorinated materials, including perfluorinated ethers and the fluorosilicones. This broad spectrum of lubricant choices has led to the use of a large number of different lubricants in PREB applications. The U.S. Department of Defense, as a user of many PREB, has seen a significant increase in the logistics effort required to support the procurement and distribution of these items. In addition, as time has passed, some of the greases used in certain PREB are no longer available or require improved performances due to advanced bearing technology/requirements. This implies that replacement lubricating greases must be found, especially in this era of extending the lifetime of DoD assets, with the consequent and unprojected demand for sources of replacement parts.  
4.3 One of the primary goals of this study was to take a broad spectrum of the lubricating greases used in PREB and do a comprehensive series of tests on them in order that their properties could be compared and, if necessary, potential replacement greases be identified. This study is also meant to be a design guide for choosing lubricating greases for future PREB applications. This guide represents a collective effort of many members of this co...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is a tool to aid in the choice of lubricating grease for precision rolling element bearing applications. The recommendations in this guide are not intended for general purpose bearing applications There are two areas where this guide should have the greatest impact: (1) when lubricating grease is being chosen for a new bearing application and (2) when grease for a bearing has to be replaced because the original grease specified for the bearing can no longer be obtained. The Report (see Section 5) contains a series of tests on a wide variety of greases commonly used in bearing applications to allow comparisons of those properties of the grease that the committee thought to be most important when making a choice of lubricating grease. Each test was performed by the same laboratory. This guide contains a listing of the properties of greases by base oil type, that is, ester, perfluoropolyether (PFPE), polyalphaolefin (PAO), and so forth. This organization is necessary since the operational requirements in a particular bearing application may limit the choice of grease to a particular base oil type and thickener due to its temperature stability, viscosity index or temperature-vapor pressure characteristics, etc. The guide provides data to assist the user in selecting replacement greases for those greases tested that are no longer available. The guide also includes a glossary of terms used in describing/discussing the lubrication of precision and instrument bearings.  
1.2 The lubricating greases presented in this guide are commonly used in precision rolling element bearings (PREB). These greases were selected for the testing based on the grease survey obtained from DoD, OEM and grease manufactures and evaluated according to the test protocol that was designed by Subcommittee F34 on Tribology. This test protocol covers the essential requirements identified for precision bearing greases. The performance requirem...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Sep-2013
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
F34 - Rolling Element Bearings
Drafting Committee
F34.02 - Tribology
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM F2489-06(2013) - Standard Guide for Instrument and Precision Bearing Lubricants—Part 2 GreasesASTM F2489-06(2013) - Standard Guide for Instrument and Precision Bearing Lubricants—Part 2 Greases
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ASTM F2489-06(2013) - Standard Guide for Instrument and Precision Bearing Lubricants—Part 2 Greases
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F2489 − 06 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Guide for
Instrument and Precision Bearing Lubricants—Part 2
Greases
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2489; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope life, and no contamination of surrounding components by the
bearing’s lubricant system. To increase the reliability of test
1.1 This guide is a tool to aid in the choice of lubricating
data, all tests were performed by a DoD laboratory and three
grease for precision rolling element bearing applications. The
independent testing laboratories. There were no grease manu-
recommendations in this guide are not intended for general
facturer’s data imported except for base oil viscosity. Most of
purpose bearing applications There are two areas where this
tests were performed by U.S. Army Tank–Automotive
guide should have the greatest impact: (1) when lubricating
Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC)
grease is being chosen for a new bearing application and (2)
and three independent laboratories, and the results were moni-
when grease for a bearing has to be replaced because the
tored by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). This continu-
original grease specified for the bearing can no longer be
ity of testing should form a solid basis for comparing the
obtained. The Report (see Section 5) contains a series of tests
properties of the multitude of lubricating greases tested by
on a wide variety of greases commonly used in bearing
avoiding some of the variability introduced when greases are
applications to allow comparisons of those properties of the
tested by different laboratories using different or even the
grease that the committee thought to be most important when
“same” procedures. Additional test data will be considered for
makingachoiceoflubricatinggrease.Eachtestwasperformed
inclusion, provided the defined protocol is followed and the
by the same laboratory. This guide contains a listing of the
tests are performed by independent laboratories.
properties of greases by base oil type, that is, ester, perfluo-
ropolyether (PFPE), polyalphaolefin (PAO), and so forth. This 1.3 This study was a part of DoD Aging Aircraft Replace-
organization is necessary since the operational requirements in ment Program and supported by Defense Logistic Agent
a particular bearing application may limit the choice of grease (DLA) and Defense Supply Center Richmond (DSCR).
toaparticularbaseoiltypeandthickenerduetoitstemperature
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
stability, viscosity index or temperature-vapor pressure
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
characteristics,etc.Theguideprovidesdatatoassisttheuserin
standard.
selecting replacement greases for those greases tested that are
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
nolongeravailable.Theguidealsoincludesaglossaryofterms
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
used in describing/discussing the lubrication of precision and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
instrument bearings.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.2 The lubricating greases presented in this guide are
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
commonly used in precision rolling element bearings (PREB).
These greases were selected for the testing based on the grease
2. Referenced Documents
surveyobtainedfromDoD,OEMandgreasemanufacturesand
2.1 ASTM Standards:
evaluated according to the test protocol that was designed by
D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
Subcommittee F34 on Tribology. This test protocol covers the
Grease
essential requirements identified for precision bearing greases.
D972 Test Method for Evaporation Loss of Lubricating
The performance requirements of these greases are very
Greases and Oils
unique. They are dictated by the performance expectations of
precision bearings including high speed, low noise, extended
Rhee,In-Sik,“PrecisionBearingGreaseSelectionGuide,” U.S.Army TARDEC
Technical Report No. 15688, Defense Technical Information Center, 8725 John. J.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F34 on Rolling Kingman Rd., Suite 0944, Ft. Belvoir, VA 22060–6218.
Element Bearings For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2013. Published January 2014. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F2489–06. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/F2489-06R13. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2489 − 06 (2013)
D1264 Test Method for Determining the Water Washout Wet Shell Roll Test Method
Characteristics of Lubricating Greases
2.4 SAE Standard:
D1742 Test Method for Oil Separation from Lubricating
SAE-AMS-G-81937 Grease, Instrument, Ultra-Clean, Met-
Grease During Storage ric
D1743 Test Method for Determining Corrosion Preventive
3. Terminology
Properties of Lubricating Greases
D1831 Test Method for Roll Stability of Lubricating Grease
3.1 For definition of standard terms used in this guide, see
D2265 Test Method for Dropping Point of Lubricating
Terminology D4175 and F2488 or Compilation of ASTM
Grease Over Wide Temperature Range
Standard Definitions.
D2266 Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics of
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)
3.2.1 esters, n—esters are formed from the reaction of acids
D2596 Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure
and alcohols. Esters form a class of synthetic lubricants. Esters
Properties of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)
of higher alcohols with divalent fatty acids form diester
D3527 Test Method for Life Performance of Automotive
lubricants while esters of polyhydric alcohols are called the
Wheel Bearing Grease
polyolesterlubricants.Theselatterestershavehigherviscosity
D4048 Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from
and are more heat-resistant than diesters.
Lubricating Grease
3.2.2 mineral oil, n—oils based on petroleum stocks. These
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum
oils come in two types, naphthenic and paraffinic. The naph-
Products, and Lubricants
thenic oils contain unsaturated hydrocarbons, usually in the
D4289 Test Method for Elastomer Compatibility of Lubri-
form of aromatic species. The paraffinic oils are primarily
cating Greases and Fluids
saturated hydrocarbons with only low levels of unsaturation.
D4425 Test Method for Oil Separation from Lubricating
Grease by Centrifuging (Koppers Method) 3.2.3 perfluoropolyethers (PFPE or PFAE), n—fully fluo-
D4693 TestMethodforLow-TemperatureTorqueofGrease-
rinated long-chain aliphatic ethers. The perfluoropolyethers
Lubricated Wheel Bearings show some extraordinary properties like chemical inertness,
D5483 Test Method for Oxidation Induction Time of Lubri-
nonflammability, high thermal and oxidative resistance, very
catingGreasesbyPressureDifferentialScanningCalorim- good viscosity-temperature characteristics, and compatibility
etry
with a wide range of materials, including metals and plastics.
E1131 Test Method for CompositionalAnalysis by Thermo- The perfluoropolyethers, however, are not always suitable for
gravimetry
metal alloys at elevated temperatures (contact temperatures
F2161 Guide for Instrument and Precision Bearing higher than about 550°F). The perfluoropolyethers are not
Lubricants—Part 1 Oils
miscible with other types of synthetic fluids and mineral oils
F2488 Terminology for Rolling Element Bearings and cannot dissolve common lubricant additives.
3.2.4 silicone oils, n—synthetic fluids composed of organic
2.2 Government Documents:
Federal Standard Test Method 791C, 3005.4 Dirt Content of esters of long chain complex silicic acids. Silicone oils have
better physical properties than mineral oils. However, silicone
Grease
MIL-G-25537 Aircraft Helicopter Bearing Grease oils have poorer lubrication properties, lower load-carrying
MIL-PRF-23827 Aircraft and instrument Grease capacity, and a strong tendency to spread on surfaces (see
MIL-PRF-81322 Aircraft Wide Temperature Range Grease surface tension).
MIL-PRF-83261 Aircraft Extreme Pressure
3.2.5 synthetic fluids, n—lubricating fluids produced by
MIL-PRF-10924 Grease, Automotive and Artillery
chemical synthesis. The synthetic route to formulate these
MIL-G-27617 Grease, Aircraft and Instrument, Fuel and
lubricants allows the manufacturer to introduce those chemical
Oxidizer Resistant
structures into the lubricant molecule that will impart specific
MIL-G-21164 Molybdenum Disulfide Grease
properties into the resultant fluid such as very low pour point,
MIL-G-25760 Grease, Aircraft, Ball and Roller Bearing,
good viscosity-temperature relationship, low evaporation loss,
Wide Temperature Range
long lubricating lifetime, and so forth.
MIL-L-15719 High Temperature Electrical Bearing Grease
3.2.6 lubricating grease, n—a semi-fluid to solid product of
DoD-G-24508 Multipurpose Grease
a dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.
2.3 Industrial Standards:
4. Significance and Use
SKF Be-Quite Noise Test Method
TA Rheometry Procedure for Steady Shear Flow Curve
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to report on the testing of,
to discuss and compare the properties of, and to provide
guidelines for the choice of lubricating greases for precision
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098
5 7
Available from SKF North American Technical Center, 46815 Port St., Available from Southwest Petro-Chem Division, Witco Corp., P.O. Box 1974,
Plymouth, MI 48170. Olathe, KS 66061.
6 8
Available from TA Instruments Company, 109 Lukens Drive, New Castle, DE Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth
19720-2765. Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.
F2489 − 06 (2013)
rolling element bearings (PREB). The PREB are, for the bearing greases tested. Each grease tested was assigned a code
purposes of this guide, meant to include bearings of Annular tomasktheirsourcetomitigateanypotentialbiasinthetesting
Bearing Engineer’s Committee (ABEC) 5 quality and above. results. The tradename of each grease is listed in Research
ThisguidelimitsitsscopetolubricatinggreasesusedinPREB. Report RR:F34-1000. For the evaluation, each grease was
testedfordroppingpoint,consistency,waterandworkstability,
4.2 The number of lubricating greases used in PREB in-
oxidation stability, oil separation, evaporation loss, wear, EP
creased dramatically from the early 1940s to the mid 1990s. In
properties, corrosion prevention, low temperature
the beginning of this period, petroleum products were the only
characteristics, cleanliness, apparent viscosity, grease noise,
widely available base stocks. Later, synthetic base oils became
and grease life. Compatibility testing with elastomers incorpo-
available. They included synthetic hydrocarbons, esters,
rated into PREB and their environments were not done due to
silicones, multiply alkylated cyclopentanes (MAC) and fluori-
the large number of combinations that would require testing to
nated materials, including perfluorinated ethers and the fluo-
span the potential mixes of greases and elastomer components
rosilicones.This broad spectrum of lubricant choices has led to
that might occur in bearing applications. It is recommended
the use of a large number of different lubricants in PREB
that the user verify grease/elastomer compatibility when
applications. The U.S. Department of Defense, as a user of
needed.
many PREB, has seen a significant increase in the logistics
5.2 In these tables, some of the data may not agree with
effort required to support the procurement and distribution of
these items. In addition, as time has passed, some of the those of manufacturers due to the variation of the test methods
greasesusedincertainPREBarenolongeravailableorrequire and their test apparatuses (that is, noise test). All tests were
improved performances due to advanced bearing technology/ performed by a government laboratory and three independent
requirements.Thisimpliesthatreplacementlubricatinggreases laboratories. No grease manufacturers performed any of these
must be found, especially in this era of extending the lifetime tests except for the base oil viscosities of greases. To increase
of DoD assets, with the consequent and unprojected demand the availability of precision bearing greases, these tables will
for sources of replacement parts. be revised periodically to include new greases as long as the
manufacturer submits test results on their product following
4.3 One of the primary goals of this study was to take a
precisely the protocol defined in the document.
broadspectrumofthelubricatinggreasesusedinPREBanddo
a comprehensive series of tests on them in order that their
6. Application Considerations
properties could be compared and, if necessary, potential
replacement greases be identified. This study is also meant to 6.1 This guide applies only to precision bearing greases.
be a design guide for choosing lubricating greases for future The other types of greases such as industrial greases or
PREB applications. This guide represents a collective effort of automotive general purpose greases are not covered by this
manymembersofthiscommunitywhospanthespectrumfrom guide.
bearing manufacturers, original equipment manufactures 6.1.1 Precision bearing greases contain base oil to which a
(OEMs), grease manufacturers and suppliers, procurement thickener has been added to prevent oil migration from the
specialists, and quality assurance representatives (QARs) from lubrication site and various additives to improve its operating
DoD and end users both inside and outside DoD. performance.Currently,manytechnicalarticlesoftendesignate
types of lubricating greases based on their thickeners.
4.4 Itisstronglyrecommendthat,priortoreplacingagrease
However, the operative properties of precision bearing greases
in a PREB, all of the existing grease should be removed from
depend on the combination of base oil, thickener, and additive
the bearing. Reactions may occur between incompatible
formulation. This guide distinguishes lubricating greases by
greas
...

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Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-13 Diesel Engine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to evaluate the oxidation resistance performance of engine oils in turbocharged and intercooled four-cycle diesel engines equipped with EGR and running on ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel. Obtain results from used oil analysis and component measurements before and after test.  
5.2 The test method may be used for engine oil specification acceptance when all details of the procedure are followed.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an engine test procedure for evaluating diesel engine oils for oxidation performance characteristics in an engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and running on ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel.2 This test method is commonly referred to as the Volvo T-13.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—Where there is no direct SI equivalent, such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, and single source supply equipment specifications.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A10 for specific safety precautions.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6481-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Phosphorus, Sulfur, Calcium, and Zinc in Lubrication Oils by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some oils are formulated with organo-metallic additives, which act, for example, as detergents, antioxidants, and antiwear agents. Some of these additives contain one or more of these elements: calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, and zinc. This test method provides a means of determining the concentrations of these elements, which in turn provides an indication of the additive content of these oils.  
5.2 Several additive elements and their compounds are added to the lubricating oils to give beneficial performance (Table 2).  
5.3 This test method is primarily intended to be used at a manufacturing location for monitoring of additive elements in lubricating oils. It can also be used in central and research laboratories.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of additive elements in unused lubricating oils, as shown in Table 1.  
1.2 This test method is limited to the use of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometers employing an X-ray tube for excitation in conjunction with the ability to separate the signals of adjacent elements.  
1.3 This test method uses interelement correction factors calculated from empirical calibration data.  
1.4 This test method is not suitable for the determination of magnesium and copper at the concentrations present in lubricating oils.  
1.5 This test method excludes lubricating oils that contain chlorine or barium as an additive element.  
1.6 This test method can be used by persons who are not skilled in X-ray spectrometry. It is intended to be used as a routine test method for production control analysis.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7452-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of the Load Carrying Properties of Lubricants Used for Final Drive Axles, Under Conditions of High Speed and Shock Loading

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Final drive axles are often subjected to severe service where they encounter high speed shock torque conditions, characterized by sudden accelerations and decelerations. This severe service can lead to scoring distress on the ring gear and pinion surface. This test method measures anti-scoring properties of final drive lubricants.  
5.2 This test method is used or referred to in the following documents:  
5.2.1 American Petroleum Institute (API) Publication 1560.7  
5.2.2 SAE J308 and SAE J2360.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the anti-scoring properties of final drive axle lubricating oils when subjected to high-speed and shock conditions. This test method is commonly referred to as the L-42 test.2  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, and single source equipment suppliers.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning information is given in Sections 4 and 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2007-19(2024)e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Characteristic Groups in Rubber Extender and Processing Oils and Other Petroleum-Derived Oils by the Clay-Gel Absorption Chromatographic Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The composition of the oil included in rubber compounds has a large effect on the characteristics and uses of the compounds. The determination of the saturates, aromatics, and polar compounds is a key analysis of this composition.  
5.2 The determination of the saturates, aromatics, and polar compounds and further analysis of the fractions produced is often used as a research method to aid understanding of oil effects in rubber and other uses.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for classifying oil samples of initial boiling point of at least 260 °C (500 °F) into the hydrocarbon types of polar compounds, aromatics and saturates, and recovery of representative fractions of these types. This classification is used for specification purposes in rubber extender and processing oils.  
Note 1: See Test Method D2226.  
1.2 This test method is not directly applicable to oils of greater than 0.1 % by mass pentane insolubles. Such oils can be analyzed after removal of these materials, but precision is degraded (see Appendix X1).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 6.1, Section 7, A1.4.1, and A1.5.5.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8112-24(Guide)
Standard Guide for Obtaining In-Service Samples of Turbine Operation Related Lubricating Fluid

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fluid analysis is one of the pillars in determining fluid and equipment conditions. The results of fluid analysis are used for planning corrective maintenance activities, if required.  
5.2 The objective of a proper fluid sampling process is to obtain a representative fluid sample from critical location(s) that can provide information on both the equipment and the condition of the lubricant or hydraulic fluid.  
5.3 The additional objective is to reduce the probability of outside contamination of the system and the fluid sample during the sampling process.  
5.4 The intent of this guide is to help users in obtaining representative and repeatable fluid samples in a safe manner while preventing system and fluid sample contamination.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is applicable for collecting representative fluid samples for the effective condition monitoring of steam and gas turbine lubrication and generator cooling gas sealing systems in the power generation industry. In addition, this guide is also applicable for collecting representative samples from power generation auxiliary equipment including hydraulic systems.  
1.2 The fluid may be used for lubrication of turbine-generator bearings and gears, for sealing generator cooling gas as well as a hydraulic fluid for the control system. The fluid is typically supplied by dedicated pumps to different points in the system from a common or separate reservoirs. Some large steam turbine lubrication systems may also have a separate high pressure pump to allow generation of a hydrostatic fluid film for the most heavily loaded bearings prior to rotation. For some components, the lubricating fluid may be provided in the form of splashing formed by the system components moving through fluid surfaces at atmospheric pressure.  
1.3 Turbine lubrication and hydraulic systems are primarily lubricated with petroleum based fluids but occasionally also use synthetic fluids.  
1.4 For large lubrication and hydraulic turbine systems, it may be beneficial to extract multiple samples from different locations for determining the condition of a specific component.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are regarded as standard.  
1.5.1 The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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