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ASTM D2594-20

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Stretch Properties of Knitted Fabrics Having Low Power

Standard Test Method for Stretch Properties of Knitted Fabrics Having Low Power

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fabric stretch and fabric growth are useful in selection of fabrics that are required to stretch, but also recover to their original shape.  
5.1.1 In apparel, fabric stretch can be caused by a variety of factors. A momentary stress occurs when a fabric is required to accommodate movement, such as sportswear and other loose-fitting apparel (also known as comfort stretch apparel) or external stress such as grabbing and pulling. Additionally, comfort apparel can be subjected to prolonged stress, such as stretching to accommodate positions such as sitting. Another example of prolonged stress occurs when a fabric is required to stretch to accommodate fitting the form of the body, such as swimwear, anchored slacks, and other form-fitting apparel (also known as semi-support apparel).  
5.1.2 Fabric growth can also be in response to a variety of stresses. This method evaluates fabric growth due to exposure to prolonged stresses. In form-fitting apparel, fabric growth can apply as garments are worn for a prolonged period of time or under long periods of stress such as sitting. Upon removal of garments or stress, its growth can be seen and evaluated.  
5.2 This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipment because the between-laboratory precision is known to be poor.  
5.2.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results are obtained, and are assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, eith...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of fabrics that exhibit high stretch and good recovery from low tension. Fabric stretch is measured when a known load is applied. Fabric growth is evaluated after a known extension is applied and subsequently removed.  
1.2 The procedures for fabric stretch and fabric growth can be used together, or individually.  
1.3 While this test method can be used for a knit fabric, fabrics intended for support or other applications are better evaluated using other test methods: D3107, D4964, D6614.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2020
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.59 - Fabric Physical Test Methods A
Current Stage
Ref Project

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2594 − 20
Standard Test Method for
1
Stretch Properties of Knitted Fabrics Having Low Power
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2594; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of fabrics that
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
exhibit high stretch and good recovery from low tension.
3
drawn 2008)
Fabric stretch is measured when a known load is applied.
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
Fabric growth is evaluated after a known extension is applied
3
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
and subsequently removed.
D3107 Test Methods for Stretch Properties of Fabrics Wo-
1.2 The procedures for fabric stretch and fabric growth can
ven from Stretch Yarns
be used together, or individually.
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
1.3 While this test method can be used for a knit fabric,
fabrics intended for support or other applications are better Methods
D4964 Test Method for Tension and Elongation of Elastic
evaluated using other test methods: D3107, D4964, D6614.
Fabrics (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Type Tensile Testing
1.4 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to
Machine)
be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the
D6614 Test Method for Stretch Properties of Textile Fabrics
inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated
– CRE Method
in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3. Terminology
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
with the specification. 3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definition of textile terms used in this test method:
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
bench marks, refer to Terminology D4849.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.2 For definitions of textile terms used in this test
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
method: fabric growth; fabric stretch; low-power stretch and
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
tension, refer to Terminology D4850.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.3 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
method, refer to Terminology D123.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
4. Summary of Test Method
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4.1 Fabric Growth—Tension is applied to a looped fabric
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
specimen until it is extended to a specified elongation. The test
specimenisheldinplacefor2h.Thepercentchangeinthetest
2. Referenced Documents
specimen length is measured immediately after removal of the
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: tension. The test specimen is then allowed one hour to recover
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
without tension. The percent change in test specimen length is
measured again after this recovery period.
1
4.2 Fabric Stretch—A specified tension is applied to and
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods,
removed from a looped fabric specimen for five cycles. On the
General.
fifth time tension is applied, the tension is held and the percent
Current edition approved July 1, 2020. Published August 2020. Originally
change in the test specimen length is measured.
approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D2594 – 04(2016).
DOI: 10.1520/D2594-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2594 − 20
5. Significance and Use 6. Apparatus
6.1 Frame, suitable for supporting the hanger assembly
5.1 Fabric stretch and fabric growth are useful in selection
illustrated in Fig
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2594 − 04 (Reapproved 2016) D2594 − 20
Standard Test Method for
1
Stretch Properties of Knitted Fabrics Having Low Power
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2594; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of fabric stretch and fabric growth of knitted fabrics intended for applications
requiring low-power stretch properties.fabrics that exhibit high stretch and good recovery from low tension. Fabric stretch is
measured when a known load is applied. Fabric growth is evaluated after a known extension is applied and subsequently removed.
1.2 This test method includes The procedures for fabric growth and stretch and fabric growth can be used individually when
required by individual specifications.together, or individually.
1.3 This test method is not applicable to While this test method can be used for a knit fabric, fabrics intended for support or
other applications requiring high-power stretch properties.are better evaluated using other test methods: D3107, D4964, D6614.
NOTE 1—For information on testing high-power and woven stretch fabrics, refer to Test Methods D3107 and D6614.
1.4 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the
inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
3
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (Withdrawn 2008)
3
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
D3107 Test Methods for Stretch Properties of Fabrics Woven from Stretch Yarns
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
D4964 Test Method for Tension and Elongation of Elastic Fabrics (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Type Tensile Testing Machine)
D6614 Test Method for Stretch Properties of Textile Fabrics – CRE Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definition of textile terms used in this test method: bench marks, refer to Terminology D4849.
3.1.2 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method: fabric growth; fabric stretch; low-power stretch and tension, refer
to Terminology D4850.
3.1.3 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D123.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods, General.
Current edition approved July 1, 2016July 1, 2020. Published July 2016August 2020. Originally approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 20122016 as
D2594 – 04(2012).(2016). DOI: 10.1520/D2594-04R16.10.1520/D2594-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2594 − 20
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Fabric Growth—Bench marks of a known distan
...

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5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories will not likely change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.  
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a spe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions.
Note 1: Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4966-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself, technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the same type of testing instrument, both within and between laboratories. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely, especially outside the United States.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must be changed accordingly at freque...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. The method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, and AATCC TM93.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D4970/D4970M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely outside the United States.  
5.2 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens, which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is started. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future results with consideration for the known bias.  
5.3 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors that include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester.
Note 1: For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing as agreed upon among interested parties.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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