ASTM E680-79(2018)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Drop Weight Impact Sensitivity of Solid-Phase Hazardous Materials
Standard Test Method for Drop Weight Impact Sensitivity of Solid-Phase Hazardous Materials
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method does not require an overall rigid standardization of the apparatus. Samples are tested either unconfined or confined in confinement cups. For confined tests, some of the important cup parameters, such as cup material, cup wall thickness, and fit between the cup and the striking pin, are standardized. Data generated from unconfined and confined tests will not, in general, exhibit the same relative scale of sensitivities, and must be identified as confined or unconfined data and compared separately.
4.2 This test method applies to all testing where the intent is to establish a relative sensitivity scale for hazardous materials. It is not intended to prohibit testing process-thickness samples nor prohibit the use of other than standard tool masses and striking diameters to generate data for special purposes or for in-house comparisons. In addition, the test method is not intended to restrict the generation of results at other than the H50 point as may be desirable for hazard analysis techniques.
4.3 The normalized data will serve as a measure of the relative sensitivities of hazardous materials at the 50 % probability of reaction level. The normalized H50 values can also be used in conjunction with additional data relating to other probability of reaction levels (not a part of this test method) to assess hazards associated with the manufacture, transportation, storage, and use of hazardous materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2, 3 is designed to determine the relative sensitivities of solid-phase hazardous materials to drop weight impact stimulus. For liquid-phase materials refer to Test Method D2540.
1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:E680 −79 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Drop Weight Impact Sensitivity of Solid-Phase Hazardous
Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E680; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This test method is one of several test methods being developed by ASTM Committee E27 on
Hazard Potential of Chemicals. This test method is to be used in conjunction with other tests to
characterize the hazard potential of chemicals.
1. Scope D2540 Test Method for Drop-Weight Sensitivity of Liquid
2, 3
Monopropellants (Withdrawn 2003)
1.1 This test method is designed to determine the relative
sensitivities of solid-phase hazardous materials to drop weight
3. Summary of Test Method
impact stimulus. For liquid-phase materials refer to Test
Method D2540. 3.1 Restrictions are placed upon the ranges of impact tool
masses and striking surface diameters that may be used, and a
1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials,
standard sample thickness is prescribed for all tests. In
operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
addition, procedures for sample preparation and treatment, as
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
well as procedures for detecting reactions through the use of
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
the human senses, are outlined.
establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental prac-
tices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
3.2 Drop-weight impact tests are to be performed using the
7, 8
prior to use.
well-known Bruceton up-and-down method.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.3 Outlined is a method for normalizing data generated on
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
different impact apparatus.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4. Significance and Use
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4.1 This test method does not require an overall rigid
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
standardization of the apparatus. Samples are tested either
unconfinedorconfinedinconfinementcups.Forconfinedtests,
2. Referenced Documents
some of the important cup parameters, such as cup material,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
cupwallthickness,andfitbetweenthecupandthestrikingpin,
arestandardized.Datageneratedfromunconfinedandconfined
tests will not, in general, exhibit the same relative scale of
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E27 on Hazard
Potential of Chemicals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E27.02 on
Thermal Stability and Condensed Phases.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2018. Published December 2018. Originally The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
ɛ1
approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E680 – 79 (2011) . www.astm.org.
DOI: 10.1520/E0680-79R18. Becker, K. R., and Watson, R. W., “A Critique for Drop Weight Impact
This test method is a modification of and contains concepts proposed by Testing,” Proceedings of the Conference on the Standardization of Safety and
Hercules, Inc. personnel at Allegheny Ballistics Laboratory. The method was Performance Tests for Energetic Materials, Vol 1, September 1977, pp. 415–430.
outlined by personnel of Pittsburgh Mining and Safety Research Center, U.S. Publication ARLCD-SP-77004, U.S. Army Armament Research and Development
Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. For additional information see Footnote 3. Command, Dover, N.J.
3 7
Smith, D., and Richardson, R. H., “Interpretation of Impact Sensitivity Test Dixon, W. J., and Massey, F. J. Jr., Introduction to Statistical Analysis,
Data,” Pyrodynamics, PYDYA, Vol 6, 1968, pp. 159–178. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1957, pp. 319–327.
4 8
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Statistical Research Group, Princeton University, “Statistical Analysis for a
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM New Procedure in Sensitivity Experiments,” AMP Report No. 101.1R, SRG-P, No.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 40, Submitted to Applied Mathematics Panel, National Defense Research
the ASTM website. Committee, July 1944, p. 58.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E680−79 (2018)
sensitivities, and must be identified as confined or unconfined 6.2 The masses of the drop weight (m ) and intermediate
data and compared separately. weight (m ) should, preferably, be equal. However, the inter-
mediate weight mass may be less than that of the drop weight
4.2 This test method applies to all testing where the intent is
mass so long as the mass ratio m /m is 0.6 or greater. This
2 1
to establish a relative sensitivity scale for hazardous materials.
ensures that the force-time stimulus a test sample is subjected
It is not intended to prohibit testing process-thickness samples
to will be nonoscillatory in nature, and ensures that the transfer
nor prohibit the use of other than standard tool masses and
ofenergyfromthedropweighttotheintermediateweightdoes
striking diameters to generate data for special purposes or for
not vary significantly.
in-house comparisons. In addition, the test method is not
6.3 The mass of the drop weight should be between 1.0 to
intended to restrict the generation of results at other than the
H point as may be desirable for hazard analysis techniques. 3.5 kg.
6.4 The hardness of all tooling surfaces involved in the
4.3 The normalized data will serve as a measure of the
relative sensitivities of hazardous materials at the 50 % prob- impact (drop weight, intermediate weight, and anvil) should
have a Rockwell C Hardness of 55 to 59 HRC.
abilityofreactionlevel.Thenormalized H valuescanalsobe
used in conjunction with additional data relating to other
6.5 The diameter of the striking surface of the intermediate
probability of reaction levels (not a part of this test method) to 3 3
weight shall be 9.52 to 19.05 mm ( ⁄8 to ⁄4 in.). These limits
assess hazards associated with the manufacture, transportation,
were determined simply on the basis that data have been
storage, and use of hazardous materials.
successfully normalized for tool diameters in this range.
6.6 The finish on the striking surface of the intermediate
5. Definitions
weight and of the anvil, though not highly critical in tests with
5.1 H value—a drop height with a 50 % probability of
50 solid explosives, should be a No. 8 grind (8 µin.) or finer. If
reaction, as determined experimentally by the Bruceton up-
substantially different surface finishes are used, the data
and-down method.
obtained should be accompanied by a footnote specifying the
finish used.
5.2 impact tools—the drop weight, intermediate weight, and
anvil.
6.7 Inconfinedtests,theconfinementcupshallbefabricated
from Type 302 stainless steel. The cup base thickness shall
5.3 drop weight—that weight which is raised to a selected
range from 0.13 to 0.15 mm (0.005 to 0.006 in.). The outer
height and released. This weight does not impact the sample
periphery of the striking pin shall be in contact with a small
directly; rather it strikes another stationary weight that is in
portion of the arc joining the side and bottom of the cup.
contact with the sample.
Although this permits greater energy losses in working the
5.4 intermediate weight—the stationary weight in contact
metal inside the cup than if the whole striking surface engaged
with the sample.
only the flat portion of the metal in the base of the cup, it does
5.5 anvil—thesmooth,hardenedsurfaceuponwhichthetest ensure better confinement with less flow of test material up the
sample or cup containing the sample rests. sides of the striking pin and cup. A typical confinement cup is
showninFig.1.This,togetherwiththestrikingpindimensions
5.6 unconfined test—atestinwhichthetestsampleisplaced
shown in Fig. 2, provide some insight on a suitable mating
directly upon the anvil with no lateral confinement.
between the striking pin and cup.
5.7 confined test—a test in which the test sample is con-
tained within a confinement cup (sample container), and the
confinement cup is then placed upon the anvil.
5.8 confinement cup—the metal sample container used in
confined tests.
5.9 guide bushing—the steel bushing that surrounds, aligns,
and holds the stationary intermediate weight in place.
5.10 guide system—the rails, wires, and shaft that guide the
drop weight during its fall.
5.11 striking surface—the hardened, smooth, circular bot-
tom surface of the intermediate tool that is in contact with the
test sample.
5.12 impact apparatus or machine—the total apparatus
including the foundation parts, guide rails, electromagnet lift,
winch, and tools.
6. Apparatus
6.1 A complete impact apparatus is the specialized appara-
FIG. 1Confinement Cup Used as a Sample Container in Confined
tus necessary for this test method. Tests
E680−79 (2018)
FIG. 2Intermediate Weight Assembly
6.8 Experience has shown that an appreciable difference in
the behavior of the apparatus can result from the manner in
which it is mounted. Thus, the machine should be mounted on,
and firmly attached to, a solid concrete foundation, preferably
anchored to the foundation of a building (see Test Method
D2540).
6.9 Fig. 3 illustrates a typical impact apparatus, and Figs. 4
and 1 are detailed drawings of a drop weight, an intermediate
weight, and a confinement cup. Helpful notes on construction
of the tools are found in Appendix X1. These tools and
apparatusareinuseattheU.S.BureauofMines,Bruceton,Pa.,
FIG. 3U.S. Bureau of Mines Impact Apparatus
butarenotnecessarilytheonlyacceptabledesigns.Alldesigns,
however, should incorporate a device that captures the drop
weight after it rebounds to prevent further interactions with the
differ from the standard, simply indicate the thickness used,
intermediate weight.
especially if the H values appear in the same tables together
7. Test Sample with H values obtained using standard thickness samples.
7.1.1 In some cases, the sample consistency may prohibit
7.1 Sample thickness must be the same for all tests. This is
thesamplefrombeingmeasuredinameasuringspoon.Inthese
achieved by using a constant volume per unit area sample
3 2 instances, the proper sample size can be determined by its
spreaduniformlyoverthatarea.Thestandardis31.5mm /cm .
mass; M= ρV, where V is the proper volume for a given
This provides a distributed thickness of 0.315 mm (12.4 mils)
sample area, andρ is the loose-packing density of the sample.
and ensures the same energy input per unit mass of a given test
The density may have to be determined if it has not been
material no matter what the diameter of the striking surface
specified.
area is. Thus, for a sample diameter of 12.7 mm (0.50 in.),
40 mm of sample volume would be used. Proportionately 7.2 Specifications of sample diameters to be used in con-
larger or smaller sample volumes, varying in direct proportion junction with different diameter tools are as follows: (1)in
to the sample, may be used so long as the sample volume per confined tests, specifically, a test where the sample is confined
3 2
unit area is 31.5 mm /cm . Errors in sample volume may be in a cylindrical cup, the sample diameter will be the same as
610 %, and sample measuring spoons having the appropriate the inside diameter of the cup. Hence, calculate a sample
volume can be machined or drilled for this purpose. In cases volume or mass based upon the inside diameter of the
where it is desirable to test process thickness samples that confinement cup, and (2) for unconfined tests, specifically, a
E680−79 (2018)
8.1.1 Physical Condition of Equipment—Inspect the guide
rails, or wires, or shafts periodically for evidence of nicks,
frays, dirt, or other physical impairments, and eliminate any
defects that might impede the drop weight in its fall. Inspect
the drop weight, intermediate weight, and anvil, making
especially sure that all metal surfaces that are involved in the
collision process are free from defects. Make sure that the
intermediate weight slides through and rotates freely in the
guide bushing without significant side play. Recondition or
replace the bottom surface (striking surface) of the intermedi-
ateweightortopsurfaceoftheanviliftheyshowanyevidence
of wear. Use a new, clean confinement cup each trial in
confined tests if confinement cups (sample containers) are
used.
8.1.2 Alignment—Align the guide system, allowing the drop
weight to fall along a path perpendicular to the plane of the
earth within 60.25 deg. Misalignments of this magnitude can
easily be detected using a plumb line, since a 0.25-deg
misalignment amounts to a 13-mm displacement over a
3000-mm length.
8.1.2.1 Align the bottom face (striking surface) of the
intermediate weight and the top surface of the anvil. These
surfaces must be both plane and parallel. A convenient way to
check this is with Prussian blue dye. Place a small amount of
the dye on a piece of paper and insert the paper between the
intermediate tool striking surface and anvil. By hand lower the
FIG. 4Drop Weight Assembly
intermediate tool onto the area of the paper containing the dye.
Lift the intermediate tool and insert a clean piece of paper.
test where the sample is spread directly upon the anvil, use
Lower and raise the tool a number of times on different areas
about a 0.33-mm (13-mil) thick template made from plastic,
of the clean paper, making many different imprints. Be careful
metal,ortapehavingacircularholecutinit.Placethetemplate
nottomakeajudgmentsolelyonthebasisofthefirstorsecond
on the anvil, pile the sample in the hole, and scrape level with
imprint, since an excess of dye might smear and cover up
a spatula or straight edge. The hole diameter should, in all
defects. If the two surfaces are not parallel, a portion of one
cases, be somewhat larger than the tool contact surface
sideofthecirclewillbemissing.Aconvextoolstrikingsurface
diameter. Leave the template in place during the impact trial.
willproduceacirclehavingadiameterlessthanthatofthetool
The larger size w
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