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ASTM D4441-20

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Aqueous Dispersions of Polytetrafluoroethylene

Standard Specification for Aqueous Dispersions of Polytetrafluoroethylene

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the properties and test methods for aqueous dispersions of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resins, and is used to determine if a shipment, lot, or container of PTFE dispersions is suitable for its intended use. These resins are homopolymers of tetrafluoroethylene, or in some cases modified homopolymers containing not more than 1% by weight of other fluoromonomers, and the dispersions are usually stabilized by one or more surfactants. Other non-PTFE materials may be present in total at 5% or less by weight for special purposes. This specification is for virgin materials only, and does not cover PTFE copolymers or filled dispersions, and recycled materials as they are not appropriate for dispersions. Materials shall be appropriately sampled for testing on the following: pH value; solid and surfactant content by gravimetric weight loss; solid content by hydrometer; test for coagulated polymer; specific gravity; and melting characteristics.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers aqueous dispersions of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resins. These resins are homopolymers of tetrafluoroethylene, or in some cases modified homopolymers containing not more than 1 % by weight of other fluoromonomers.  
1.1.1 The dispersion is usually stabilized by one or more surfactants. Other non-PTFE materials may be present in total at 5 % or less by weight for special purposes.  
1.1.2 This specification is for virgin material only and does not address recycled material as it is not appropriate for dispersions.  
1.2 This specification is used to determine if a shipment, lot, or container of PTFE dispersion is suitable for its intended use. It covers only aqueous dispersions of polytetrafluoroethylene. It does not cover PTFE copolymers or filled dispersions. This specification includes test methods for both aqueous dispersion and the PTFE in the dispersion.  
Note 1: Uses for the PTFE dispersion covered by this specification include, but are not limited to, casting of their films, impregnation of mechanical packings and other materials, surface coatings on various substrates, combined impregnation and coating of fibrous materials, and co-coagulation with other materials for subsequent processing into films, sheets, rods, and tubes.
Note 2: Information in this specification is technically equivalent to related information in ISO 20568-1 and ISO 20568-2.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units as detailed in IEEE/ASTM SI-10 are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portions of this specification.  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary information is given in Notes 5 and 6.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Jun-2020
ICS
83.080.20 - Thermoplastic materials
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.15 - Thermoplastic Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D4464-15(2020) - Standard Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Catalytic Materials by Laser Light Scattering
Effective Date
15-May-2020

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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4441 − 20
Standard Specification for
1
Aqueous Dispersions of Polytetrafluoroethylene
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4441; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 This specification covers aqueous dispersions of poly-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resins. These resins are homopoly-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mers of tetrafluoroethylene, or in some cases modified ho-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
mopolymers containing not more than 1 % by weight of other
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
fluoromonomers.
1.1.1 The dispersion is usually stabilized by one or more
2. Referenced Documents
surfactants. Other non-PTFE materials may be present in total
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
at 5 % or less by weight for special purposes.
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
1.1.2 This specification is for virgin material only and does
D3892 Practice for Packaging/Packing of Plastics
not address recycled material as it is not appropriate for
D4464 Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Cata-
dispersions.
lytic Materials by Laser Light Scattering
1.2 This specification is used to determine if a shipment, lot,
D4591 Test Method for Determining Temperatures and
or container of PTFE dispersion is suitable for its intended use.
Heats of Transitions of Fluoropolymers by Differential
It covers only aqueous dispersions of polytetrafluoroethylene.
Scanning Calorimetry
It does not cover PTFE copolymers or filled dispersions. This
D4894 Specification for Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
specification includes test methods for both aqueous dispersion 3
Granular Molding and Ram Extrusion Materials
and the PTFE in the dispersion.
D4895 Specification for Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
3
Resin Produced From Dispersion
NOTE 1—Uses for the PTFE dispersion covered by this specification
include, but are not limited to, casting of their films, impregnation of
E70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With the
mechanical packings and other materials, surface coatings on various
Glass Electrode
substrates, combined impregnation and coating of fibrous materials, and
IEEE/ASTM SI-10 Use of the International System of Units
co-coagulation with other materials for subsequent processing into films,
(SI): The Modern Metric System
sheets, rods, and tubes.
4
NOTE 2—Information in this specification is technically equivalent to
2.2 ISO Standards:
related information in ISO 20568-1 and ISO 20568-2.
ISO 20568-1 Plastics—Fluoropolymer Dispersions and
1.3 The values stated in SI units as detailed in IEEE/ASTM Molding and Extrusion Materials—Part 1: Designation
SI-10 are to be regarded as standard. The values given in and Specification
parentheses are for information only. ISO 20568-2 Plastics—Fluoropolymer Dispersions and
Molding and Extrusion Materials—Part 2: Preparation of
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the
Test Specimens and Determination of Properties
test method portions of this specification. This standard does
not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,
3. Terminology
associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this
3.1 Definitions:
standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environ-
3.1.1 General—The terminology given in Terminology
mental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
D883 is applicable to this specification.
limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary information is
given in Notes 5 and 6.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.15 on Thermoplastic the ASTM website.
3
Materials (Section D20.15.12). Specifications for other forms of polytetrafluoroethylene may be found in
Current edition approved July 1, 2020. Published July 2020. Originally approved Specifications D4894 and D4895.
4
in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D4441 - 15. DOI: 10.1520/ Available from American National Standards Institute (AN
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4441 − 15 D4441 − 20
Standard Specification for
1
Aqueous Dispersions of Polytetrafluoroethylene
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4441; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers aqueous dispersions of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resins. These resins are homopolymers of
tetrafluoroethylene, or in some cases modified homopolymers containing not more than 1 % by weight of other fluoromonomers.
1.1.1 The dispersion is usually stabilized by one or more surfactants. Other non-PTFE materials may be present in total at 5 %
or less by weight for special purposes.
1.1.2 This specification is for virgin material only and does not address recycled material as it is not appropriate for dispersions.
1.2 This specification is used to determine if a shipment, lot, or container of PTFE dispersion is suitable for its intended use.
It covers only aqueous dispersions of polytetrafluoroethylene. It does not cover PTFE copolymers or filled dispersions. This
specification includes test methods for both aqueous dispersion and the PTFE in the dispersion.
NOTE 1—Uses for the PTFE dispersion covered by this specification include, but are not limited to, casting of their films, impregnation of mechanical
packings and other materials, surface coatings on various substrates, combined impregnation and coating of fibrous materials, and co-coagulation with
other materials for subsequent processing into films, sheets, rods, and tubes.
NOTE 2—Information in this specification is technically equivalent to related information in ISO 12086-120568-1 and ISO 12086-2.20568-2.
1.3 The values stated in SI units as detailed in IEEE/ASTM SI-10 are to be regarded as standard. The values given in
parentheses are for information only.
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portions of this specification. This standard does not
purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific
precautionary information is given in Notes 5 and 6.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D3892 Practice for Packaging/Packing of Plastics
D4464 Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Catalytic Materials by Laser Light Scattering
D4591 Test Method for Determining Temperatures and Heats of Transitions of Fluoropolymers by Differential Scanning
Calorimetry
3
D4894 Specification for Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Granular Molding and Ram Extrusion Materials
3
D4895 Specification for Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Resin Produced From Dispersion
E70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With the Glass Electrode
IEEE/ASTM SI-10 Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
4
2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 12086-120568-1 Plastics Fluoropolymer Plastics—Fluoropolymer Dispersions and Molding and Extrusion Materials—Part
1: Designation and Specification
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.15 on Thermoplastic Materials
(Section D20.15.12).
Current edition approved May 1, 2015July 1, 2020. Published June 2015July 2020. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20102015 as
D4441 - 04D4441 - 15.(2010). DOI: 10.1520/D4441-15.10.1520/D4441-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Specifications for other forms of polytetrafluoroethylene may be found in Specifications D4894 and D4895.
4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.
...

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Position 5  
Position 6  
Position 7  
Position 8  
Code  
Specific Gravity,
g/cm3  
Code  
Electrical a-c
Dielectric Constant  
Loss  
d-c Electric Volume  
Code  
Limiting Oxygen
Index  
Code  
Specimen Type  
a  
a  
>10E3  
a  
a  
D638 Type I  
b  
1.6 to  
b  
10E3 to 10E12  
b  
40 to  
b  
D638 Type II  
c  
1.7 to  
c  
>10E12  
c  
50 to  
c  
D638 Type III  
d  
1.8 to  
d  
d  
60 to  
d  
D638 Type IV  
e  
1.9 to  
e  
e  
70 to  
e  
ISO 527 Type 1A  
f  
2.0 to  
f  
f  
80 to  
f  
ISO 527 Type 1B  
g  
2.1 to  
g  
g  
>90  
g  
ISO 527 Typ...

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ASTM
ASTM D4274-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Testing Polyurethane Raw Materials: Determination of Hydroxyl Numbers of Polyols

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are suitable for research and as quality control and specification tests. It is necessary to know the hydroxyl contents of polyols in order to formulate polyurethane systems.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods measure the hydroxyl groups in polyester and polyether polyols containing primary and secondary hydroxyl groups. They also apply to many other hydroxyl-containing substances.  
1.1.1 Test Method A—Acetic Anhydride Pressure Bottle, recommended for polyesters.  
1.1.2 Test Method B—Phthalic Anhydride Pressure Bottle, recommended for polyethers and polyesters.  
1.1.3 Test Method C—Phthalic Anhydride Reflux, recommended for polyethers and polyesters.  
1.1.4 Test Method D—Imidazole–Catalyzed Phthalic Anhydride Pressure Bottle, recommended for polyethers, polyesters, polymer polyols, and amine-initiated polyols.  
1.1.5 Test Method E—Imidazole-Catalyzed Pyromellitic Dianhydride Esterification, recommended for polyols used for flexible and rigid polyurethane foams and urethane elastomers. It is recommended for polyester polyols, polyether polyols, amine-started polyols, and polymer polyols (polyacrylonitrile/copolystyrene-based).  
1.2 Another ASTM test method for measuring hydroxyl groups is Test Method E222.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard, ISO 14900 and ISO 6796 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2839-16(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Use of a Melt Index Strand for Determining Density of Polyethylene

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice has been found to be very useful for preparing polyethylene samples suitable for determination of density by Test Method D1505, for quality control purposes, especially in a resin manufacturing facility where fast, reproducible, comparative results are needed. It is not necessarily recommended for resin specifications that are part of a sales contract between the buyer and the seller.  
4.2 The density of a polyethylene sample is highly dependent on the preparation and thermal history of the specimens. The level of density results obtained by this practice of sample preparation differs from that obtained by other methods as described in Practice D4703, Annex A1.  
4.3 Before proceeding with this practice, reference shall be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or some combination thereof, covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this practice. If there are no material specifications, the default conditions apply.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation of a sample for polyethylene density determination in accordance with Test Method D1505. The sample consists of a strand produced by extrusion of the polyethylene in accordance with Test Method D1238, Condition 190/2.16 (Melt Index).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
Note 2: The precision data on densities measured using this sample preparation practice is listed in Test Method D1505.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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