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ASTM E2856-11e1

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Estimation of LNAPL Transmissivity

Standard Guide for Estimation of LNAPL Transmissivity

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Application:
LNAPL transmissivity is an accurate metric for understanding LNAPL recovery, is directly proportional to LNAPL recoverability and tracking remediation progress towards residual LNAPL saturation.
LNAPL transmissivity can be used to estimate the rate of recovery for a given drawdown from various technologies.
LNAPL transmissivity is not an intrinsic aquifer property but rather a summary metric based on the aquifer properties, LNAPL physical properties, and the magnitude of LNAPL saturation over a given interval of aquifer.
LNAPL transmissivity will vary over time with changing conditions such as, seasonal fluctuations in water table, changing hydrogeologic conditions and with variability in LNAPL impacts (that is, interval that LNAPL flows over in the formation and LNAPL pore space saturation) within the formation.
Any observed temporal or spatial variability in values derived from consistent data collection and analysis methods of LNAPL transmissivity is not erroneous rather is indicative of the actual variability in subsurface conditions related to the parameters encompassed by LNAPL transmissivity (that is, fluid pore space saturation, soil permeability, fluid density, fluid viscosity, and the interval that LNAPL flows over in the formation).
LNAPL transmissivity is a more accurate metric for evaluating recoverability and mobile LNAPL than gauged LNAPL thickness. Gauged LNAPL thickness does not account for soil permeability, magnitude of LNAPL saturation above residual saturation, or physical fluid properties of LNAPL (that is, density, interfacial tension, and viscosity).
The accurate calculation of LNAPL transmissivity requires certain aspects of the LNAPL Conceptual Site Model (LSCM) to be completely understood and defined in order to calculate LNAPL drawdown correctly. The methodologies for development of the LSCM are provided in Guide E2531. The general conceptual site model aspects applicable to this guide include:
Equilibrium ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides field data collection and calculation methodologies for the estimation of light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) transmissivity in unconsolidated porous sediments. The methodologies presented herein may, or may not be, applicable to other hydrogeologic regimes (for example, karst, fracture flow). LNAPL transmissivity represents the volume of LNAPL (L3) through a unit width (L) of aquifer per unit time (t) per unit drawdown (L) with units of (L2/T). LNAPL transmissivity is a directly proportional metric for LNAPL recoverability whereas other metrics such as apparent LNAPL thickness gauged in wells do not exhibit a consistent relationship to recoverability. The recoverability for a given gauged LNAPL thickness in a well will vary between different soil types, LNAPL types or hydrogeologic conditions. LNAPL transmissivity accounts for those parameters and conditions. LNAPL transmissivity values can be used in the following five ways: (1) Estimate LNAPL recovery rate for multiple technologies; (2) Identify trends in recoverability via mapping; (3) Applied as a leading (startup) indicator for recovery; (4) Applied as a lagging (shutdown) indicator for LNAPL recovery; and (5) Applied as a robust calibration metric for multi-phase models (Hawthorne and Kirkman, 2011 (1) and ITRC ((2)). The methodologies for LNAPL transmissivity estimation provided in this document include short-term aquifer testing methods (LNAPL baildown/slug testing and manual LNAPL skimming testing), and long-term methods (that is, LNAPL recovery system performance analysis, and LNAPL tracer testing). The magnitude of transmissivity of any fluid in the subsurface is controlled by the same variables (that is, fluid pore space saturation, soil permeability, fluid density, fluid viscosity, the interval that LNAPL flows over in the formation and the gravitational acceleration constant). A direct mathematical relationship exists between the...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2011
ICS
13.080.05 - Examination of soils in general
Technical Committee
E50 - Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action
Drafting Committee
E50.04 - Corrective Action
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2856-11 - Standard Guide for Estimation of LNAPL Transmissivity
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011
Replaced By
ASTM E2856-12 - Standard Guide for Estimation of LNAPL Transmissivity
Effective Date
01-Oct-2012
Referred By
ASTM E3281-21a - Standard Guide for NAPL Mobility and Migration in Sediments – Screening Process to Categorize Samples for Laboratory NAPL Mobility Testing
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011
Referred By
ASTM E3361-22 - Standard Guide for Estimating Natural Attenuation Rates for Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids in the Subsurface
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011
Referred By
ASTM E3282-22 - Standard Guide for NAPL Mobility and Migration in Sediments – Evaluation Metrics
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011

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ASTM E2856-11e1 - Standard Guide for Estimation of LNAPL Transmissivity
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: E2856 − 11
StandardGuide for
1
Estimation of LNAPL Transmissivity
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2856; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in January 2012.
1. Scope drawdown. The methodologies are generally aimed at measur-
ing the relationship of discharge versus drawdown for the
1.1 This guide provides field data collection and calculation
occurrence of LNAPLin a well, which can be used to estimate
methodologies for the estimation of light non-aqueous phase
the transmissivity of LNAPL in the formation. The focus,
liquid (LNAPL) transmissivity in unconsolidated porous sedi-
therefore,istoprovidestandardmethodologyonhowtoobtain
ments. The methodologies presented herein may, or may not
accurate measurements of these two parameters (that is,
be, applicable to other hydrogeologic regimes (for example,
discharge and drawdown) for multi-phase occurrences to
karst, fracture flow). LNAPL transmissivity represents the
3 estimate LNAPL transmissivity.
volume of LNAPL(L ) through a unit width (L) of aquifer per
2
unit time (t) per unit drawdown (L) with units of (L /T). 1.2 Organization of this Guide:
LNAPL transmissivity is a directly proportional metric for
1.2.1 Section 2 presents documents referenced.
LNAPL recoverability whereas other metrics such as apparent
1.2.2 Section 3 presents terminology used.
LNAPL thickness gauged in wells do not exhibit a consistent
1.2.3 Section 4 presents significance and use.
relationship to recoverability. The recoverability for a given
1.2.4 Section 5 presents general information on four meth-
gauged LNAPLthickness in a well will vary between different
ods for data collection related to LNAPL transmissivity calcu-
soil types, LNAPLtypes or hydrogeologic conditions. LNAPL
lation. This section compares and contrasts the methods in a
transmissivity accounts for those parameters and conditions.
way that will allow a user of this guide to assess which method
LNAPLtransmissivity values can be used in the following five
most closely aligns with the site conditions and available data
ways: (1) Estimate LNAPL recovery rate for multiple tech-
collection opportunities.
nologies; (2) Identify trends in recoverability via mapping; (3)
1.2.5 Sections 6 and 7 presents the test methods for each of
Applied as a leading (startup) indicator for recovery; (4)
the four data collection options.After reviewing Section 5 and
Applied as a lagging (shutdown) indicator for LNAPL recov-
selecting a test method, a user of this guide shall then proceed
ery; and (5) Applied as a robust calibration metric for multi-
to the applicable portion of Sections 6 and 7 which describes
2
phase models (Hawthorne and Kirkman, 2011 (1) and ITRC
the detailed test methodology for the selected method.
((2)). The methodologies for LNAPLtransmissivity estimation
1.2.6 Section 8 presents data evaluation methods. After
provided in this document include short-term aquifer testing
reviewing Section 5 and the pertinent test method section(s) of
methods (LNAPL baildown/slug testing and manual LNAPL
Sections6and7,theuserofthisguideshallthenproceedtothe
skimming testing), and long-term methods (that is, LNAPL
applicable portion(s) of Section 8 to understand the method-
recovery system performance analysis, and LNAPL tracer
ologies for evaluation of the data which will be collected. It is
testing). The magnitude of transmissivity of any fluid in the
highly recommended that the test methods and data evaluation
subsurface is controlled by the same variables (that is, fluid
procedures be understood prior to initiating data collection.
pore space saturation, soil permeability, fluid density, fluid
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
viscosity, the interval that LNAPL flows over in the formation
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
and the gravitational acceleration constant). A direct math-
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
ematical relationship exists between the transmissivity of a
and are not considered standard.
fluid and the discharge of that fluid for a given induced
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Assessment, Risk Management and CorrectiveAction and is the direct responsibil-
ity of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.
priate safety and health p
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Guidance on management of NAPL sites and a large body of research effort contributing to their development (for example, ITRC 2018 (1); CRC CARE 2018 (2); CL:AIRE 2019 (3) and CRC CARE 2020 (4)) point to the significance of natural attenuation and NSZD in the evolution of NAPL source and the resulting distributions of COCs in soil, groundwater and vapor.  
4.2 Examples of reported ranges in estimated natural attenuation rates are 300 – 7700 gallons of NAPL/acre/year (Garg et al. 2017 (5)); and 0.4 – 280 metric tons of NAPL/year (CRC CARE 2020 (4)).  
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4.1 Application:  
4.1.1 LNAPL transmissivity is an accurate metric for understanding LNAPL recovery, is directly proportional to LNAPL recoverability and tracking remediation progress towards residual LNAPL saturation.  
4.1.2 LNAPL transmissivity can be used to estimate the rate of recovery for a given drawdown from various technologies.  
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4.1.5 Any observed temporal or spatial variability in values derived from consistent data collection and analysis methods of LNAPL transmissivity is not erroneous, rather is indicative of the actual variability in subsurface conditions related to the parameters encompassed by LNAPL transmissivity (that is, fluid pore space saturation, soil permeability, fluid density, fluid viscosity, and the interval that LNAPL flows over in the formation).  
4.1.6 LNAPL transmissivity is a more accurate metric for evaluating recoverability and mobile LNAPL than gauged LNAPL thickness. Gauged LNAPL thickness does not account for soil permeability, magnitude of LNAPL saturation above residual saturation, or physical fluid properties of LNAPL (that is, density, interfacial tension, and viscosity).  
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1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.2.1 This guide addresses shallow methane, including its presence in the vadose zone; at residential, commercial, and industrial sites with existing construction; or where development is proposed.  
5.3 This guide provides a consistent, streamlined process for deciding on action and the urgency of action for the identified hazard. Advantages include:  
5.3.1 Decisions are based on reducing the actual risk of adverse impacts to people and property.  
5.3.2 Assessment is based on collecting only the information that is necessary to evaluate hazard.  
5.3.3 Available resources are focused on those sites and conditions that pose the greatest risk to people and property at any time.  
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ASTM
ASTM E3361-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Estimating Natural Attenuation Rates for Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids in the Subsurface

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Guidance on management of NAPL sites and a large body of research effort contributing to their development (for example, ITRC 2018 (1); CRC CARE 2018 (2); CL:AIRE 2019 (3) and CRC CARE 2020 (4)) point to the significance of natural attenuation and NSZD in the evolution of NAPL source and the resulting distributions of COCs in soil, groundwater and vapor.  
4.2 Examples of reported ranges in estimated natural attenuation rates are 300 – 7700 gallons of NAPL/acre/year (Garg et al. 2017 (5)); and 0.4 – 280 metric tons of NAPL/year (CRC CARE 2020 (4)).  
4.3 The intent of this guide is to provide a standardized approach for the estimation of natural attenuation rates for NAPL in the subsurface. The rates can be used for establishing a baseline metric for those involved in the remedial decision-making process. There is a need for a systematic approach and refinement in data collection and interpretation for quantifying the spatially and temporally variable rates. Providing quality assurance in estimation of this metric will enable the assessment of relatively more engineered remedies as compared to natural remedies or MNA (Fig. 1), as well as estimation of the remediation timeframe. This comparison, when performed through a standardized approach, can lead to actionable metrics for transition to sustainable remedies through well-defined and transparent criteria. In the context of a spectrum of remediation options in terms of engineered and natural remedies (Fig. 1), the transition is from a relatively more engineered (or active remediation) to a relatively more nature-based remedy. When considered in the remedial decision-making process, estimates of natural attenuation rates can be used:  
4.3.1 Before active remediation (as baseline to assess whether active remediation is needed);  
4.3.2 During active remediation (as performance/optimization metric); and  
4.3.3 At the end of active remediation (support transition to MNA or site closure).  
4.4 Since natural ...
SCOPE
1.1 This is a guide for determining the appropriate method or combination of methods for the estimation of natural attenuation or depletion rates at sites with non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) contamination in the subsurface. This guide builds on a number of existing guidance documents worldwide and incorporates the advances in methods for estimating the natural attenuation rates.  
1.2 The guide is focused on hydrocarbon chemicals of concern (COCs) that include petroleum hydrocarbons derived from crude oil (for example, motor fuels, jet oils, lubricants, petroleum solvents, and used oils) and other hydrocarbon NAPLs (for example, creosote and coal tars). While much of what is discussed may be relevant to other organic chemicals, the applicability of the standard to other NAPLs, like chlorinated solvents or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), is not included in this guide.  
1.3 This guide is intended to evaluate the role of NAPL natural attenuation towards reaching the remedial objectives and/or performance goals at a specific site; and the selection of an appropriate remedy, including remediation through monitoring of natural or enhanced attenuation, or the remedy transition to natural mechanisms. While the evaluation can support some aspects of site characterization, the development of the conceptual site model and risk assessment, it is not intended to replace risk assessment and mitigation, such as addressing potential impact to human health or environment, or need for source control.  
1.4 Estimation of NAPL natural attenuation rates in the subsurface relies on indirect measurements of environmental indicators and their variation in time and space. Available methods described in this standard are based on evaluation of biogeochemical reactions and physical transport processes combined with data analysis to infer and quantify the natural attenuation rates for NAPL present in the vadose and/or saturated zones.  
1.5...

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ASTM
ASTM D7521-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Asbestos in Soil

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This analysis method is used for the testing of soil samples for asbestos. The emphasis is on detection and analysis of sieved particles for asbestos in the soil. Debris identifiable as bulk building material that is readily separable from the soil is to be analyzed and reported separately.  
5.2 The coarse fraction of the sample (>2 mm to  
5.3 This test method does not describe procedures or techniques required to evaluate the safety or habitability of buildings or outdoor areas potentially contaminated with asbestos-containing materials or compliance with federal, state, or local regulations or statutes. It is the investigator's responsibility to make these determinations.  
5.4 Whereas this test method produces results that may be used for evaluation of sites contaminated by construction, mine, and manufacturing wastes; deposits of natural occurrences of asbestos; and other sources of interest to the investigator, the application of the results to such evaluations and the conclusions drawn there from, including any assessment of risk or liability, is beyond the scope of this test method and is the responsibility of the investigator.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to: (1) identify asbestos in soil, (2) provide an estimate of the concentration of asbestos in the sampled soil (dried), and (3) optionally to provide a concentration of asbestos reported as the number of asbestos structures per gram of sample.  
1.2 In this test method, results are produced that may be used for evaluation of sites contaminated by construction, mine and manufacturing wastes, deposits of natural occurrences of asbestos (NOA), and other sources of interest to the investigator.  
1.3 This test method describes the gravimetric, sieve, and other laboratory procedures for preparing the soil for analysis as well as the identification and quantification of any asbestos detected. Pieces of collected soil and material embedded therein that pass through a 19-mm sieve will become part of the sample that is analyzed and for which results are reported.  
1.3.1 Asbestos is identified and quantified by polarized light microscopy (PLM) techniques including analysis of morphology and optical properties. Optional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) identification and quantification of asbestos is based on morphology, selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). Some information about fiber size may also be determined. The PLM and TEM methods use different definitions and size criteria for fibers and structures. Separate data sets may be produced.  
1.4 This test method has an analytical sensitivity of 0.25 % by weight with optional procedures to allow for an analytical sensitivity of 0.1 % by weight.  
1.5 This test method does not purport to address sampling strategies or variables associated with soil environments. Such considerations are the responsibility of the investigator collecting and submitting the sample. Appendix X2 covering elements of soil sampling and good field practices is attached.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other units may be cited in the method for informational purposes only.  
1.7 Hazards—Asbestos fibers are acknowledged carcinogens. Breathing asbestos fibers can result in disease of the lungs including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. Precautions should be taken to avoid creating and breathing airborne asbestos particles when sampling and analyzing materials suspected of containing asbestos.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally ...

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ASTM
ASTM D7014-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Installation of Double-Twisted Wire Mesh Gabions and Revet Mattresses

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Gabions and Revet Mattresses, as described in Specification A975, are used to achieve soil stability and prevent soil erosion and are also used as retaining wall structures to resist movements due to gravity. Their ability to function properly depends on correct design and installation. This standard practice describes the proper installation of gabions and revet mattresses to ensure the products function as intended by the manufacturers.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers standard practice for foundation preparation, assembly, placement and filling of double-twisted wire mesh gabions and revet mattresses used for various erosion control, soil retention or freestanding structures.  
1.2 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process."  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6907-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Soils and Contaminated Media with Hand-Operated Bucket Augers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Bucket augers (Fig. 1) are relatively inexpensive, readily available, available in different types depending on the media to be sampled, and most can be easily operated by one person. They collect a reasonably cylindrical but disturbed sample of surface or subsurface soil or waste. They are generally not suited for sampling gravelly or coarser soil and are unsuitable for sampling rock. There are other designs of hand augers, such as the Edelman auger, used to retrieve difficult materials such as waste, sands, peat, and mud.
FIG. 1 Bucket Auger  
5.2 Bucket augers are commonly used equipment because they are inexpensive to operate, especially compared to powered equipment (that is, direct push and drill rigs). When evaluated against screw augers (Guide D4700), bucket augers generally collect larger samples with less chance of mixing with soil from shallow depths because the sample is retained within the auger bucket. Bucket augers are commonly used to depths of 3 m but have been used to much greater depths depending upon the soil or waste characteristics. In general, bucket augers can maintain open holes in unsaturated soils and saturated clay soils below the water table. Saturated sands will cave below the water table and perched zones and cohesionless dry sands may also cave. The sampling depth is limited by the force required to rotate the auger and the depth at which the bore hole collapses (unless bore casings or liners are used).  
5.3 Bucket augers may not be suitable for the collection of samples for determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) because the sample is disturbed and exposed to atmosphere during the collection process, which may lead to losses resulting in a chemically unrepresentative sample.  
5.4 If VOC analysis is required, the bucket auger is used to reach the desired sample depth, a planer auger can be used to clean the base of the hole, and a hammered drive tube sampler (Fig. 2) can be used at the bottom of the hole. Drive ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedures and equipment used to collect surface and subsurface soil and contaminated media samples for chemical analysis using a hand-operated bucket auger (sometimes referred to as a barrel auger). Several types of bucket augers exist and are designed for sampling various types of soil. All bucket augers collect disturbed samples. Bucket augers can also be used to auger to the desired sampling depth and then, using a core-type sampler, collect a relatively undisturbed sample suitable for chemical analysis.  
1.2 This practice does not cover the use of large 300 mm or greater diameter bucket augers mechanically operated by large drill rigs or similar equipment, such as those described in Practice D1452/D1452M, paragraph 5.2.4. Practice D1452/D1452M on auger borings refers to this hand auger included in Practice D6907 as a barrel auger.  
1.3 Refer to Guides D4700 and D6232 for information on other hand samplers. The bucket auger is often used for shallow surface soil sampling, but there are many other types of handheld augers, flight, screw, rotary powered, and agricultural push tube samplers. Practice D1452/D1452M addresses larger powered solid stem flight auger systems.  
1.4 This standard does not address soil samples obtained with mechanical drilling, direct push, and sonic machines (refer to Guides D6286/D6286M and D6169/D6169M) or for collecting cores from submerged sediments (Guide D4823).  
1.5 This practice does not address sampling objectives (see Practice D5792), general sample planning (see Guide D4687), and sampling design (for example, where to collect samples and what depth to sample (see Guide D6044)). Sampling for volatile organic compounds (see Guide D4547), equipment cleaning and decontamination (see Practice D5088), sample handling after collection such as compositing and subsampling (see Guide D6051), and sample preservation (Guide D4220/D4220M) are used in this s...

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