ASTM E3281-21a
(Guide)Standard Guide for NAPL Mobility and Migration in Sediments – Screening Process to Categorize Samples for Laboratory NAPL Mobility Testing
Standard Guide for NAPL Mobility and Migration in Sediments – Screening Process to Categorize Samples for Laboratory NAPL Mobility Testing
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 NAPLs (for example, chlorinated solvents, petroleum products, and creosote) can be emplaced in sediments through a variety of mechanisms (Guide E3248). Dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) are more dense than water, whereas light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) are less dense than water.
4.2 Standardized guidance and test methods currently exist for assessing NAPL mobility at upland sites, from organizations such as ASTM (Guides E2531 and E2856), Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council (1)3 and the American Petroleum Institute (2, 3).
4.3 Guide E3248 provides guidance regarding when a NAPL movement evaluation is warranted. After confirming that NAPL is present and evaluating nature and extent as appropriate, the next step in any NAPL movement evaluation is to evaluate if NAPL is mobile or immobile at the pore scale—this is done using tiered or weight of evidence (WOE) approaches. This guide provides a structured process to select samples to submit to the laboratory for NAPL mobility testing that is part of a NAPL movement evaluation.
4.4 This guide may be used by various parties involved in sediment corrective action programs, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants, toxicologists, risk assessors, site remediation professionals, environmental contractors, and other stakeholders.
4.5 This guide should be used in conjunction with other reference material (refer to Section 2 and References) that direct the user in developing and implementing sediment assessment programs.
4.6 This guide is related to Guide E3163, concerning sediment analytical techniques used during sediment programs. This relates to Guide E3248, which discusses generic models for the emplacement and advection of NAPL in sediments. It is related to Guide E3268, which describes sample collection, field screening and sample handling considerations in NAPL movement evaluations. And this is related to Guide E3282, which describes evaluation met...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is designed for general application at a wide range of sediment sites where non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) is present or suspected to be present in the sediment. This guide describes a process to use field screening methods, specifically visual observations, and the results of shake tests, to categorize the relative amount of NAPL present in a sample. This categorization can then be utilized to select co-located sediment samples for laboratory testing to determine if the NAPL in the sample interval is mobile or immobile at the pore scale, or any other chemical or physical testing.
1.1.1 There is no current industry standard methodology to select sediment samples for laboratory NAPL mobility testing; the use of different methodologies is possible. This guide focuses on a selection process that uses visual observations and shake tests. This process has the advantage of being simple to use and, if applied in a disciplined manner, has been demonstrated to provide good results in the field.
1.2 This guide is intended to inform, complement, and support characterization and remedial efforts performed under international, federal, state, and local environmental programs but not supersede local, state, federal, or international regulations. The users of this guide should review existing information and data available for a sediment site to determine applicable regulatory agency requirements and the most appropriate entry point into and use of this guide.
1.3 ASTM International (ASTM) standard guides are not regulations; they are consensus standard guides that may be followed voluntarily to support applicable regulatory requirements. This guide may be used in conjunction with other ASTM guides developed for assessing sediment sites.
1.4 This guide does not address methods and means of sample collection (Guide E3163).
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI or CGS units are to be regarded as the standard. N...
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E3281 − 21a
Standard Guide for
NAPL Mobility and Migration in Sediments – Screening
Process to Categorize Samples for Laboratory NAPL
1
Mobility Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3281; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5 Units—The values stated in SI or CGS units are to be
regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are
1.1 This guide is designed for general application at a wide
included in this standard.
range of sediment sites where non-aqueous phase liquid
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(NAPL) is present or suspected to be present in the sediment.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
This guide describes a process to use field screening methods,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
specifically visual observations, and the results of shake tests,
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
tocategorizetherelativeamountofNAPLpresentinasample.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
This categorization can then be utilized to select co-located
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
sediment samples for laboratory testing to determine if the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
NAPLin the sample interval is mobile or immobile at the pore
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
scale, or any other chemical or physical testing.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1.1 There is no current industry standard methodology to
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
select sediment samples for laboratory NAPLmobility testing;
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
the use of different methodologies is possible. This guide
focusesonaselectionprocessthatusesvisualobservationsand
2. Referenced Documents
shake tests. This process has the advantage of being simple to
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
use and, if applied in a disciplined manner, has been demon-
D2487Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
strated to provide good results in the field.
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
1.2 This guide is intended to inform, complement, and
D2488Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
support characterization and remedial efforts performed under
(Visual-Manual Procedures)
international, federal, state, and local environmental programs
D7203Practice for Screening Trichloroethylene (TCE)-
but not supersede local, state, federal, or international regula-
Contaminated Media Using a Heated Diode Sensor
tions. The users of this guide should review existing informa-
E2531Guide for Development of Conceptual Site Models
tion and data available for a sediment site to determine
and Remediation Strategies for Light Nonaqueous-Phase
applicableregulatoryagencyrequirementsandthemostappro-
Liquids Released to the Subsurface
priate entry point into and use of this guide.
E2856Guide for Estimation of LNAPL Transmissivity
1.3 ASTM International (ASTM) standard guides are not
E3163Guide for Selection and Application of Analytical
regulations; they are consensus standard guides that may be
Methods and Procedures Used during Sediment Correc-
followed voluntarily to support applicable regulatory require-
tive Action
ments. This guide may be used in conjunction with other
E3248GuideforNAPLMobilityandMigrationinSediment
ASTM guides developed for assessing sediment sites.
–Conceptual Models for Emplacement and Advection
E3268 Guide for NAPL Mobility and Migration in
1.4 This guide does not address methods and means of
Sediment—Sample Collection, Field Screening, and
sample collection (Guide E3163).
Sample Handling
E3282Guide for NAPL Mobility and Migration in Sedi-
ments – Evaluation Metrics
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental
Assessment, Risk Management and CorrectiveAction and is the direct responsibil-
2
ity of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2021. Published November 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2021. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as E3281–21. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E3281–21A the ASTM web
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E3281 − 21 E3281 − 21a
Standard Guide for
NAPL Mobility and Migration in Sediments – Screening
Process to Categorize Samples for Laboratory NAPL
1
Mobility Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3281; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide is designed for general application at a wide range of sediment sites where non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) is
present or suspected to be present in the sediment. This guide describes a process to use field screening methods, specifically visual
observations, and the results of shake tests, to categorize the relative amount of NAPL present in a sample. This categorization can
then be utilized to select co-located sediment samples for laboratory testing to determine if the NAPL in the sample interval is
mobile or immobile at the pore scale, or any other chemical or physical testing.
1.1.1 There is no current industry standard methodology to select sediment samples for laboratory NAPL mobility testing; the use
of different methodologies is possible. This guide focuses on a selection process that uses visual observations and shake tests. This
process has the advantage of being simple to use and, if applied in a disciplined manner, has been demonstrated to provide good
results in the field.
1.2 This guide is intended to inform, complement, and support characterization and remedial efforts performed under international,
federal, state, and local environmental programs but not supersede local, state, federal, or international regulations. The users of
this guide should review existing information and data available for a sediment site to determine applicable regulatory agency
requirements and the most appropriate entry point into and use of this guide.
1.3 ASTM International (ASTM) standard guides are not regulations; they are consensus standard guides that may be followed
voluntarily to support applicable regulatory requirements. This guide may be used in conjunction with other ASTM guides
developed for assessing sediment sites.
1.4 This guide does not address methods and means of sample collection (Guide E3163).
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI or CGS units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included
in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 on Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibility
of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.
Current edition approved April 1, 2021Oct. 1, 2021. Published June 2021November 2021. Originally approved in 2021. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as
E3281–21. DOI: 10.1520/E3281–2110.1520/E3281–21A
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E3281 − 21a
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedures)
D7203 Practice for Screening Trichloroethylene (TCE)-Contaminated Media Using a Heated Diode Sensor
E2531 Guide for Development of Conceptual Site Models and Remediation Strategies for Light Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids
Released to the Subsurface
E2856 Guide for Estimation of LNAPL Transmissivity
E3163 Guide for Selection and Application of Analytical Methods and Procedures Used during Sediment Corrective Action
E3248 Guide for NAPL Mobility and Migration in Sediment – Conceptual Models for Emplacement and Advection
E3268 Guide for NAPL Mobility and Migra
...
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