ASTM E1181-02
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Characterizing Duplex Grain Sizes
Standard Test Methods for Characterizing Duplex Grain Sizes
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods provide simple guidelines for deciding whether a duplex grain size exists. The test methods separate duplex grain sizes into one of two distinct classes, then into specific types within those classes, and provide systems for grain size characterization of each type.
1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to its use.
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Designation: E 1181 – 02
Standard Test Methods for
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Characterizing Duplex Grain Sizes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1181; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Test methods are well established for the determination of average grain size, and estimation of
largest grain size, in products assumed to contain a single log-normal distribution of grain sizes. The
test methods in this standard are set forth to characterize grain size in products with any other
distributions of grain size.
The term “duplex grain size” is chosen to describe any of these other distributions of grain size,
because of its common usage and familiarity. However, the use of that term does not imply that only
two grain size distributions exist.
These test methods are equally aimed at describing the nature of the deviation from a single
log-normal distribution of grain sizes, and at describing with reasonable accuracy the distributions of
sizes that actually exist.
1. Scope 2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
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Comparison Chart for Estimation of Area Fractions
1.1 These test methods provide simple guidelines for decid-
ing whether a duplex grain size exists. The test methods
3. Terminology
separate duplex grain sizes into one of two distinct classes,
3.1 Definitions:
then into specific types within those classes, and provide
3.1.1 All terms used in these test methods are either defined
systems for grain size characterization of each type.
in TerminologyE7, or are discussed in 3.2.
1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
3.2.1 bands or banding—in grain size, alternating areas of
address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is
significantly different grain sizes. These areas are usually
the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult
elongated in a direction parallel to the direction of working.
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
3.2.2 grain size—equivalent in meaning to the average of a
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to its use.
distribution of grain sizes.
2. Referenced Documents 3.2.3 necklace or necklace structure—individual coarse
grains surrounded by rings of significantly finer grains.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
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3.2.4 topologically varying—varyingnonrandomly,insome
E3 Methods of Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
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definablepattern;thatpatternmayberelatedtotheshapeofthe
E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
specimen or product being examined.
E112 Test Methods for Determining the Average Grain
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Size
4. Summary of Test Method
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E 407 Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys
4.1 These test methods provide means for recognizing the
E 562 Practice for Determining Volume Fraction by Sys-
2 presenceofduplexgrainsize.Thetestmethodsseparateduplex
tematic Manual Point Count
2 grain sizes into two classes (randomly varying, and topologi-
E 883 Guide for Metallographic Photomicrography
cally varying), and define specific types of duplex grain sizes
E 930 Test Methods for Estimating the Largest Grain Ob-
2 within these classes. The test methods provide means for
served in a Metallographic Section (ALA Grain Size)
estimating area fractions occupied by distinct grain sizes, and
offer existing standard methods (Methods E112, Methods
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E 930) for determining grain size in specific identified areas.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on
Metallography and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.08 on Grain
Size.
Current edition approved April 10, 2002. Published June 2002. Originally
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published as E 1181–94. Last previous edition E 1181–94(1998). This comparison chart shows different area percentages of light grains among
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Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01. dark grains. Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order Adjunct: ADJE1181.
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E1181–02
The test methods provide for reporting of specific, distinctive sizes include: isolated coarse grains in a matrix of much finer
information for each type of duplex grain size. And, as an grains,extremelywidedistributionsofgrainsizes,andbimodal
alternative, the test methods offer a procedure for statistically distributions of grain size.
determining the distribution of all the grain sizes present in a 5.3 These test methods may also be applied to specimens or
duplex grain size
...
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