ASTM F2454-05(2016)e1
(Practice)Standard Practice for Sealing Lateral Connections and lines from the mainline Sewer Systems by the Lateral Packer Method, Using Chemical Grouting
Standard Practice for Sealing Lateral Connections and lines from the mainline Sewer Systems by the Lateral Packer Method, Using Chemical Grouting
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The inspection, testing, and repair of lateral connections for sanitary sewers are regular practice necessary for the maintenance and optimal performance of the system. It is important to identify methods that use the most current compounds and technology to ensure the reduction of infiltration and exfiltration. It is important to minimize disruption to traffic and lessen the environmental impacts for both the municipal and private owners.
3.2 This practice serves as a means to inspect, test, and seal sewer lateral connections and a predetermined portion of the lateral lines from the mainline sewer, having selected the appropriate chemical grouts using the lateral packer method. Television (or optical) inspection and sewer lateral connection testing are used to assess the condition and document any repairs.
3.3 This practice should not be used where mainline and lateral connections are found with longitudinally cracked pipe, structurally unsound pipe, or flattened or out of round pipe.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for testing and sealing sewer lateral connections and lateral lines from the mainline sewer with appropriate chemical grouts using the lateral packer method. Chemical grouting is used to stop infiltration of ground water and exfiltration of sewage in gravity flow sewer systems that are structurally sound.
1.2 This practice applies to mainline sewer diameters of 6 to 24 in. with 4, 5, or 6 in. diameter laterals. Larger diameter pipes with lateral connections and lines can be grouted with special packers or man-entry methods. The mainline and lateral pipes must be structurally adequate to create an effective seal.
1.3 Worker safety training should include reviewing the biohazards and gases from sewage, confined spaces, pumping equipment, and related apparatus. Additional safety considerations including proper handling, mixing, and transporting of chemical grouts should be provided by the chemical grout manufacturer or supplier, or both. Their safe operating practices and procedures should describe in detail appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) for the various grouting operations. Operations covered should include the proper storage, transportation, mixing, and disposal of chemical grouts, additives, and their associated containers.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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´1
Designation: F2454 − 05 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Practice for
Sealing Lateral Connections and lines from the mainline
Sewer Systems by the Lateral Packer Method, Using
Chemical Grouting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2454; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in May 2016.
INTRODUCTION
The infiltration of water in sanitary sewer systems through the lateral service connection and the
first few joints of the lateral below the groundwater table is a major problem for collection system
owners. The combined length of the lateral services often exceeds the length of the mainline sewers.
Often, the lateral services have been built with little or no supervision and little or no above-ground
access for monitoring and inspection.
1. Scope conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for testing and
sealing sewer lateral connections and lateral lines from the 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
mainline sewer with appropriate chemical grouts using the
lateral packer method. Chemical grouting is used to stop responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and to determine the
infiltration of ground water and exfiltration of sewage in
gravity flow sewer systems that are structurally sound. applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2 Thispracticeappliestomainlinesewerdiametersof6to
2. Referenced Documents
24in.with4,5,or6in.diameterlaterals.Largerdiameterpipes
with lateral connections and lines can be grouted with special 2.1 ASTM Standards:
packers or man-entry methods. The mainline and lateral pipes F2304 Practice for Sealing of Sewers Using Chemical
must be structurally adequate to create an effective seal. Grouting
1.3 Worker safety training should include reviewing the 2.2 NASSCO Standard:
NASSCO Specification Guidelines Wastewater Collection
biohazards and gases from sewage, confined spaces, pumping
equipment, and related apparatus. Additional safety consider- System Maintenance and Rehabilitation, 2003
ations including proper handling, mixing, and transporting of
3. Significance and Use
chemical grouts should be provided by the chemical grout
manufacturer or supplier, or both. Their safe operating prac-
3.1 The inspection, testing, and repair of lateral connections
tices and procedures should describe in detail appropriate
for sanitary sewers are regular practice necessary for the
personal protective equipment (PPE) for the various grouting
maintenance and optimal performance of the system. It is
operations. Operations covered should include the proper
important to identify methods that use the most current
storage, transportation, mixing, and disposal of chemical
compounds and technology to ensure the reduction of infiltra-
grouts, additives, and their associated containers.
tion and exfiltration. It is important to minimize disruption to
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F36 on Technology contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and Underground Utilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F36.20 Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
on Inspection and Renewal of Water and Wastewater Infrastructure. the ASTM website.
Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Published May 2016. Originally Available from NationalAssociation of Sewer Service Companies (NASSCO),
approved 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F2454 – 05(2010). DOI: Inc., 2470 Longstone Lane, Suite M, Marriottsville, MD 21104, http://
10.1520/F2454-05R16E01. www.nassco.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
F2454 − 05 (2016)
traffic and lessen the environmental impacts for both the 4.1.11 Notice to Third Parties, (such as utilities) of the
municipal and private owners. contractor’s intent to perform work in an area where such
parties may have rights to underground property or facilities.
3.2 This practice serves as a means to inspect, test, and seal
Request for maps or other descriptive information as to the
sewer lateral connections and a predetermined portion of the
nature and location of such underground facilities or property
lateral lines from the mainline sewer, having selected the
and assurance of the contractor’s ability to enter any public or
appropriate chemical grouts using the lateral packer method.
privatelandstowhichaccessisrequiredforperformanceofthe
Television (or optical) inspection and sewer lateral connection
work under the contract.
testing are used to assess the condition and document any
4.1.12 Information Pertinent to the Site, including reports
repairs.
preparedunderpreviouslyaccomplishedstudiesorsurveysand
3.3 This practice should not be used where mainline and
other data relative to the project, such as, maps, drawings,
lateral connections are found with longitudinally cracked pipe,
construction specifications sewer system records, and so forth.
structurally unsound pipe, or flattened or out of round pipe.
4.1.13 Authorization, to perform work that must be per-
formed during nighttime hours, on weekends, or on holidays.
4. Contract Responsibilities
4.1.14 Traffıc Control, by uniformed officers when the
safety of workers or the public requires such protection, or as
4.1 The lateral connection sealing contracts should define or
may be specified.
affix responsibility for, or make provisions for, the following
4.1.15 The contractor shall certify that backup equipment is
items:
available and can be delivered to the site within 48 hours.
4.1.1 Notice of Client/Owner Requirements, which are rel-
4.1.16 Submitequipmentutilizationscheduletotheowner’s
evant to, and within the scope of, work to be performed under
representative for review and approval prior to commencement
the contract.
of the project.
4.1.2 Municipal and Other Licenses and Permits, (see
4.1.17 Submitequipmentoperatingproceduresandsystems
Practice F2304) and assistance in obtaining approvals or
to the owner’s representative for review and approval prior to
consent from utilities or carriers or other persons or organiza-
commencement of the project.
tions upon whose property or authority might be impinged by
the performance of work under the contract; or a written
5. Chemical Grouts (Chemical Sealing Materials)
release from responsibility for the performance of work under
the contract if and to the extent that such work is precluded by
5.1 Intent—The intent of this section is to define the
the inability to obtain approvals or consent. If working on
properties that a chemical sealing material must have to
private property permission from the owner’s representative,
perform effectively in the intended application and under
the sewer line owner and the building department.
expected field conditions. The intended application is remotely
4.1.3 AccesstoSiteofWork,tobeprovidedtotheextentthat sealing sewer lateral connections and a predetermined portion
the owner is legally able to do so, if unable to, a written release of the lateral from the connection to the mainline sewer with a
from responsibility for the performance of work at sites where lateral packer as specified in Section 12.
access cannot be made available.
5.1.1 Generic chemical sealing materials currently in use
4.1.4 Clearances of Blockages or Obstructions, in the sewer are listed in 5.3 with the basic properties, performance
standards, and mix ratios, which are known to give acceptable
system, if any, if such clearance is required for performance of
work under the contract and if such clearance is not otherwise performance.
provided for within the contract. 5.1.2 It is recognized that new and improved chemical
sealing materials will become available from time to time.
4.1.5 Location and Exposure of All Manholes, unless other-
Sources, manufacturers, and product names of chemical seal-
wiseprovidedforinthetechnicalspecificationsofthecontract.
ing materials will thus change, and therefore; specific sources,
4.1.6 A Manhole Numbering System, for all areas of the
manufacturers, and product names are not given.
project, and accurate manhole invert elevations when required
5.1.3 In every case, mixing and handling of chemical
for performance of the work.
sealing materials shall be in accordance with the manufactur-
4.1.7 The Shutdown or Manual Operation of Certain Pump
er’s or supplier’s, or both, recommendations.
Stations, if such becomes necessary for performance of the
work.
5.2 General—All chemical-sealing materials used in the
4.1.8 Water, necessary for performance of work under the
performance of the work specified must have the following
contract, with permission to use water from fire hydrants at the
characteristics:
site of work, or other suitable designated sources within a
5.2.1 While being injected, the chemical sealant must be
reasonable distance from work areas.
able to react/perform in the presence of water (groundwater).
4.1.9 Disposal Area, for all materials removed from the 5.2.2 The cured material must withstand submergence in
sewers during the performance of the work and the unencum-
water without degradation.
bered right of the contractor to transport and expeditiously 5.2.3 The resultant chemical grout formation must prevent
disposeofsuchmaterialsatalocationdesignatedbytheowner.
the passage of groundwater (infiltration) through the surround-
4.1.10 A Secure Storage Area, of a size adequate to accom- ing soil ring, the sewer lateral connection, and the joints within
modate the required vehicles, equipment, and materials for the the predetermined portion of the lateral from the lateral
period of the contract. connection to the mainline sewer.
´1
F2454 − 05 (2016)
TABLE 1 Maximum Depth of Flow-Television (or Optical) TABLE 2 Maximum Depth of Flow-Joint Testing/Sealing
Inspection
6- to 10-in. pipe 25 % of pipe diameter
12- to 24-in. pipe 30 % of pipe diameter
6- to 10-in. pipe 20 % of pipe diameter
12- to 24-in. pipe 25 % of pipe diameter
5.2.4 The sealant material, after curing, must be flexible as
5.3.3.1 One part urethane prepolymer thoroughly mixed
opposed to brittle.
with between 5 and 10 parts of water weight. The recom-
5.2.5 The cured sealant must not be biodegradable.
mended mix ratio is 1 part urethane prepolymer to 8 parts of
5.2.6 The cured sealant should be chemically stable and
water (11 % prepolymer). When high flow rates from leaks are
resistant to the mild concentrations of acids, alkalis, and
encountered, the ratio of water being pumped may be lowered.
organics found in normal sewage.
5.3.3.2 Aliquid prepolymer having a solids content of 75 to
5.2.7 Packaging of component materials must be compat-
95 %, and a specific gravity of greater than 1.00.
ible with field storage and handling requirements. Packaging
5.3.3.3 A liquid prepolymer having a viscosity of between
must provide for worker safety and proper clean up procedures
100 and 1500 centipoise at 70°F that can be pumped through
should spillage occur.
500 ft of ⁄2-in. hose with a 1000-psi head at a flow rate of
5.2.8 Measurement of the component materials being mixed
1oz⁄s.
must be compatible with field operations not requiring precise
5.3.3.4 The water used to react the prepolymer should have
measurements of the ingredients by field personnel.
apHof5to9.
5.2.9 Cleanup must be done without inordinate use of 5.3.3.5 A cure time appropriate for the conditions encoun-
flammable or hazardous chemicals.
tered.
5.2.10 Residual sealing materials must be easily removable
5.3.3.6 A relatively rapid viscosity increase of
from the sewer line to correct conditions that affect the sewage
theprepolymer/water mix. Viscosity should increase rapidly in
flow.
the first minute for 1 to 8 prepolymer/water ratio at 50°F.
5.3.3.7 Areaction(curing)thatproducesachemicallystable
5.3 Chemical Sealing Materials—Thefollowingisageneric
and non-biodegradable, tough, flexible gel.
listing of chemical sealing materials currently in use and the
5.3.3.8 The ability to increase mix viscosity, density, gel
basic requirements, properties, and characteristics of each:
strength, and resistance and shrinkage by the use of additives.
5.3.1 Acrylamide Base Gel:
5.3.1.1 A minimum of 10 % acrylamide base material by
6. Optional Additives
weight in total sealant mix. A higher concentration of acryl-
6.1 Additives enhance the performance of the chemical
amide base material may be used to increase strength or offset
sealing materials and can be used for specific applications.
dilution during injection.
Owner’s Representative should consult with grout manufactur-
5.3.1.2 The ability to tolerate some dilution and react in
ers to determine appropriate additives.
moving water during injection.
5.3.1.3 A viscosity of approximately 2 centipoise, which
7. Sewer Line Cleaning Procedures
can be increased with additives.
5.3.1.4 Maintains a constant viscosity during the reaction
7.1 The intent of sewer line cleaning is to remove foreign
period.
materials from the lines to obtain proper seating of the packer.
5.3.1.5 A controllable reaction time from 10 s to 1 h.
Refer to NASSCO Specification Guidelines.
5.3.1.6 Areaction(curing),whichproducesahomogeneous,
8. Sewer Flow Control
chemically stable, non-biodegradable, firm, flexible gel.
5.3.1.7 Theabilitytoincreasemixviscosity,density,andgel
8.1 When sewer line depth of flow at the upstream manhole
strength by the use of additives.
of the section being worked on is above the maximum
5.3.2 Acrylic Base Gel:
allowable for televisioinspection, joint testing or sealing, or
5.3.2.1 Aminimum of 10 % acrylic base material by weight
combination thereof, the flow shall be reduced to the level
in the total sealant mix.Ahigher concentration of acrylic base
shown below by operation of pump stations, plugging, or
material may be used to increase strength or offset dilution
blocking of the flow, or by pumping and bypassing of the flow
during injection.
as specified in Table 1.
5.3.2.2 The ability to tolerate some dilution and react in
8.2 Depth of flow
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: F2454 − 05 (Reapproved 2010) F2454 − 05 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Practice for
Sealing Lateral Connections and lines from the mainline
Sewer Systems by the Lateral Packer Method, Using
Chemical Grouting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2454; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in May 2016.
INTRODUCTION
The infiltration of water in sanitary sewer systems through the lateral service connection and the
first few joints of the lateral below the groundwater table is a major problem for collection system
owners. The combined length of the lateral services often exceeds the length of the mainline sewers.
Often, the lateral services have been built with little or no supervision and little or no above-ground
access for monitoring and inspection.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for testing and sealing sewer lateral connections and lateral lines from the mainline
sewer with appropriate chemical grouts using the lateral packer method. Chemical grouting is used to stop infiltration of ground
water and exfiltration of sewage in gravity flow sewer systems that are structurally sound.
1.2 This practice applies to mainline sewer diameters of 6 to 24 in. with 4, 5, or 6 in. diameter laterals. Larger diameter pipes
with lateral connections and lines can be grouted with special packers or man-entry methods. The mainline and lateral pipes must
be structurally adequate to create an effective seal.
1.3 Worker safety training should include reviewing the biohazards and gases from sewage, confined spaces, pumping
equipment, and related apparatus. Additional safety considerations including proper handling, mixing, and transporting of chemical
grouts should be provided by the chemical grout manufacturer or supplier, or both. Their safe operating practices and procedures
should describe in detail appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) for the various grouting operations. Operations covered
should include the proper storage, transportation, mixing, and disposal of chemical grouts, additives, and their associated
containers.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
F2304 Practice for Sealing of Sewers Using Chemical Grouting
2.2 National Association of Sewer Service Companies (NASSCO) Documents:NASSCO Standard:
NASSCO Specification Guidelines Wastewater Collection System Maintenance and Rehabilitation, 2003
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F36 on Technology and Underground Utilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F36.20 on
Inspection and Renewal of Water and Wastewater Infrastructure.
Current edition approved May 1, 2010April 1, 2016. Published June 2010May 2016. Originally approved 2005. Last previous edition approved in 20052010 as
F2454 – 05.F2454 – 05(2010). DOI: 10.1520/F2454-05R10.10.1520/F2454-05R16E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from National Association of Sewer Service Companies (NASSCO), Inc. 11521 Cronridge Drive, Suite J, Owings Mills, MD 21117,Inc., 2470 Longstone Lane,
Suite M, Marriottsville, MD 21104, http://www.nassco.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
F2454 − 05 (2016)
3. Significance and Use
3.1 The inspection, testing, and repair of lateral connections for sanitary sewers are regular practice necessary for the
maintenance and optimal performance of the system. It is important to identify methods that use the most current compounds and
technology to ensure the reduction of infiltration and exfiltration. It is important to minimize disruption to traffic and lessen the
environmental impacts for both the municipal and private owners.
3.2 This practice serves as a means to inspect, test, and seal sewer lateral connections and a predetermined portion of the lateral
lines from the mainline sewer, having selected the appropriate chemical grouts using the lateral packer method. Television (or
optical) inspection and sewer lateral connection testing are used to assess the condition and document any repairs.
3.3 This practice should not be used where mainline and lateral connections are found with longitudinally cracked pipe,
structurally unsound pipe, or flattened or out of round pipe.
4. Contract Responsibilities
4.1 The lateral connection sealing contracts should define or affix responsibility for, or make provisions for, the following items:
4.1.1 Notice of Client/Owner Requirements, which are relevant to, and within the scope of, work to be performed under the
contract.
4.1.2 Municipal and Other Licenses and Permits, (see Practice F2304) and assistance in obtaining approvals or consent from
utilities or carriers or other persons or organizations upon whose property or authority might be impinged by the performance of
work under the contract; or a written release from responsibility for the performance of work under the contract if and to the extent
that such work is precluded by the inability to obtain approvals or consent. If working on private property permission from the
owner’s representative, the sewer line owner and the building department.
4.1.3 Access to Site of Work, to be provided to the extent that the owner is legally able to do so, if unable to, a written release
from responsibility for the performance of work at sites where access cannot be made available.
4.1.4 Clearances of Blockages or Obstructions, in the sewer system, if any, if such clearance is required for performance of
work under the contract and if such clearance is not otherwise provided for within the contract.
4.1.5 Location and Exposure of All Manholes, unless otherwise provided for in the technical specifications of the contract.
4.1.6 A Manhole Numbering System, for all areas of the project, and accurate manhole invert elevations when required for
performance of the work.
4.1.7 The Shutdown or Manual Operation of Certain Pump Stations, if such becomes necessary for performance of the work.
4.1.8 Water, necessary for performance of work under the contract, with permission to use water from fire hydrants at the site
of work, or other suitable designated sources within a reasonable distance from work areas.
4.1.9 Disposal Area, for all materials removed from the sewers during the performance of the work and the unencumbered right
of the contractor to transport and expeditiously dispose of such materials at a location designated by the owner.
4.1.10 A Secure Storage Area, of a size adequate to accommodate the required vehicles, equipment, and materials for the period
of the contract.
4.1.11 Notice to Third Parties, (such as utilities) of the contractor’s intent to perform work in an area where such parties may
have rights to underground property or facilities. Request for maps or other descriptive information as to the nature and location
of such underground facilities or property and assurance of the contractor’s ability to enter any public or private lands to which
access is required for performance of the work under the contract.
4.1.12 Information Pertinent to the Site, including reports prepared under previously accomplished studies or surveys and other
data relative to the project, such as, maps, drawings, construction specifications sewer system records, and so forth.
4.1.13 Authorization, to perform work that must be performed during nighttime hours, on weekends, or on holidays.
4.1.14 Traffıc Control, by uniformed officers when the safety of workers or the public requires such protection, or as may be
specified.
4.1.15 The contractor shall certify that backup equipment is available and can be delivered to the site within 48 hours.
4.1.16 Submit equipment utilization schedule to the owner’s representative for review and approval prior to commencement of
the project.
4.1.17 Submit equipment operating procedures and systems to the owner’s representative for review and approval prior to
commencement of the project.
5. Chemical Grouts (Chemical Sealing Materials)
5.1 Intent—The intent of this section is to define the properties that a chemical sealing material must have to perform effectively
in the intended application and under expected field conditions. The intended application is remotely sealing sewer lateral
connections and a predetermined portion of the lateral from the connection to the mainline sewer with a lateral packer as specified
in Section 12.
5.1.1 Generic chemical sealing materials currently in use are listed in 5.3 with the basic properties, performance standards, and
mix ratios, which are known to give acceptable performance.
´1
F2454 − 05 (2016)
TABLE 1 Maximum Depth of Flow-Television (or Optical)
Inspection
6 in. – 10 in. pipe 20 % of pipe diameter
12 in. – 24 in. pipe 25 % of pipe diameter
TABLE 1 Maximum Depth of Flow-Television (or Optical)
Inspection
6- to 10-in. pipe 20 % of pipe diameter
12- to 24-in. pipe 25 % of pipe diameter
5.1.2 It is recognized that new and improved chemical sealing materials will become available from time to time. Sources,
manufacturers, and product names of chemical sealing materials will thus change, and therefore; specific sources, manufacturers,
and product names are not given.
5.1.3 In every case, mixing and handling of chemical sealing materials shall be in accordance with the manufacturer’s or
supplier’s, or both, recommendations.
5.2 General—All chemical-sealing materials used in the performance of the work specified must have the following
characteristics:
5.2.1 While being injected, the chemical sealant must be able to react/perform in the presence of water (groundwater).
5.2.2 The cured material must withstand submergence in water without degradation.
5.2.3 The resultant chemical grout formation must prevent the passage of groundwater (infiltration) through the surrounding soil
ring, the sewer lateral connection, and the joints within the predetermined portion of the lateral from the lateral connection to the
mainline sewer.
5.2.4 The sealant material, after curing, must be flexible as opposed to brittle.
5.2.5 The cured sealant must not be biodegradable.
5.2.6 The cured sealant should be chemically stable and resistant to the mild concentrations of acids, alkalis, and organics found
in normal sewage.
5.2.7 Packaging of component materials must be compatible with field storage and handling requirements. Packaging must
provide for worker safety and proper clean up procedures should spillage occur.
5.2.8 Measurement of the component materials being mixed must be compatible with field operations not requiring precise
measurements of the ingredients by field personnel.
5.2.9 Cleanup must be done without inordinate use of flammable or hazardous chemicals.
5.2.10 Residual sealing materials must be easily removable from the sewer line to correct conditions that affect the sewage flow.
5.3 Chemical Sealing Materials—The following is a generic listing of chemical sealing materials currently in use and the basic
requirements, properties, and characteristics of each:
5.3.1 Acrylamide Base Gel:
5.3.1.1 A minimum of 10 % acrylamide base material by weight in total sealant mix. A higher concentration of acrylamide base
material may be used to increase strength or offset dilution during injection.
5.3.1.2 The ability to tolerate some dilution and react in moving water during injection.
5.3.1.3 A viscosity of approximately 2 centipoise, which can be increased with additives.
5.3.1.4 Maintains a constant viscosity during the reaction period.
5.3.1.5 A controllable reaction time from 10 s to 1 hr.h.
5.3.1.6 A reaction (curing), which produces a homogeneous, chemically stable, non-biodegradable, firm, flexible gel.
5.3.1.7 The ability to increase mix viscosity, density, and gel strength by the use of additives.
5.3.2 Acrylic Base Gel:
5.3.2.1 A minimum of 10 % acrylic base material by weight in the total sealant mix. A higher concentration of acrylic base
material may be used to increase strength or offset dilution during injection.
5.3.2.2 The ability to tolerate some dilution and react in moving water during injection.
5.3.2.3 A viscosity of approximately 2 centipoise, which can be increased with additives.
5.3.2.4 A constant viscosity during the reaction period.
5.3.2.5 A controllable reaction time from 10 s to 1 hr.h.
5.3.2.6 A reaction (curing), which produces a homogenous, chemically stable, non-biodegradable, flexible gel.
5.3.2.7 The ability to increase mix viscosity, density and gel strength by the use of additives.
5.3.3 Urethane Base Gel:
5.3.3.1 One part urethane prepolymer thoroughly mixed with between 5 and 10 parts of water weight. The recommended mix
ratio is 1 part urethane prepolymer to 8 parts of water (11 % prepolymer). When high flow rates from leaks are encountered, the
ratio of water being pumped may be lowered.
5.3.3.2 A liquid prepolymer having a solids content of 75 %75 to 95 %, and a specific gravity of greater than 1.00.
´1
F2454 − 05 (2016)
TABLE 2 Maximum Depth of Flow-Joint Testing/Sealing
6 in. – 10 in. pipe 25 % of pipe diameter
12 in. – 24 in. pipe 30 % of pipe diameter
TABLE 2 Maximum Depth of Flow-Joint Testing/Sealing
6- to 10-in. pipe 25 % of pipe diameter
12- to 24-in. pipe 30 % of pipe diameter
5.3.3.3 A liquid prepolymer having a viscosity of between 100 and 1500 centipoise at 70°F that can be pumped through 500
ft of ⁄2-in. hose with a 1000-psi h
...
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