C13 - Concrete Pipe

ABSTRACT
This specification covers performance-based manufacture and corresponding test methods for reinforced concrete pipe to be used in the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water, and in the construction of culverts. Pipe furnished under this specification shall be designated as Class I, II, III, IV, or V. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admixtures, if used; fibers; and water in which steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steel and concrete act together. Cementitious materials include cement, slag cement, fly ash, and allowable combinations of cementitious materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This performance based specification covers reinforced concrete pipe intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water, and for the construction of culverts.  
1.2 It is not the intention of this standard to dictate the material quantities and properties required for a pipe to conform to this standard except those in Section 6. Specific product formulations shall be considered proprietary and allowed to remain confidential to the manufacturer.
Note 1: This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specification only, and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or the relationship between field load condition and the strength classification of pipe. However, experience has shown that the successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the class of pipe, type of bedding and backfill, and care that installation conforms to the construction specifications. The owner of the reinforced concrete pipe specified herein is cautioned that he must correlate the field requirements with the class of pipe specified and provide inspection at the construction site.
Note 2: Attention is called to the specification for Reinforced Concrete D-load Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe (Specification C655). The distinction between this specification and C655 is in the D-Load specified and the practice for sampling pipe for conformance to the specification. This specification relies on standard classes of pipe (Class I-V), and sampling in accordance with Section 11.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for steel fiber reinforced concrete pipe (SFRCP) of internal diameters 12-48 in., to be used in the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water as well as the construction of culverts. Pipe furnished under this specification shall be designated as Class I, II, III, IV, or V. The standard covers the basis of acceptance of the pipe design, design and manufacturing, materials and manufacture, proof of design testing, physical requirements, compression tests for determining th compressive strength of steel fiber concrete, dimensions and permissible variations, repairs, inspection and rejection, disposition of a rejected lot, certification, and product marking. Definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe are provided, including D-load, the load the pipe is required to support in the three-edge bearing test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers steel fiber reinforced concrete pipe (SFRCP) intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.  
Note 1: Experience has shown that the successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the pipe strength, the type of bedding and backfill, the care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications, and provision for adequate inspection at the construction site. This specification does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, the relation ship between field load conditions and the strength designation of pipe, or durability under unusual environmental conditions. These requirements should be included in the project specification.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers joints for precast concrete pipe and box and other sections using preformed flexible joint sealants for use in storm sewers and culverts which are not intended to operate under internal pressure, or are not subject to infiltration or exfiltration limits. Joint material used in horizontal applications is intended to prevent the flow of solids through the joint. The acceptability of the pipe joint and sealant shall be determined by the results of the physical tests prescribed. Bitumen sealants shall be produced from asphalts, hydrocarbon resins and plasticizing compounds reinforced with inert mineral filler and shall contain no solvents. Butyl rubber sealants shall be produced from blends of butyl rubber and refined hydrocarbon resins and plasticizing compounds reinforced with inert mineral filler and shall contain no solvents. The joint design shall consist of a bell or groove on one end of the section and a spigot or tongue on the adjacent end of the joining section. The different test methods for the determination of the composition and physical properties of bitumen or butyl sealants are presented in details. The sections shall be tested hydrostatically in vertical alignment and a sufficient number of sections shall be assembled in straight alignment.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers joints for precast concrete pipe and box, and other sections using preformed flexible joint sealants for use in storm sewers and culverts which are not intended to operate under internal pressure, or are not subject to infiltration or exfiltration limits. Joint material used in horizontal applications is intended to prevent the flow of solids through the joint.  
1.2 For precast concrete manhole sections and other vertical structures, which are subject to internal or external pressure, infiltration or exfiltration limits are not prohibited from being specified. Joints in vertical structures covered by this specification are intended mainly to prevent the flow of solids or fluids through the joint.  
1.3 This specification is to be used with pipe and structures conforming in all respects to Specifications C14, C14M, C76, C76M, C478/C478M, C506, C506M, C507, C507M, C655, C655M, C985, C985M, C1433, C1433M, C1504, C1504M, and C1577, provided that if there is a conflict in permissible variations in dimensions, the requirements of this specification shall govern.  
1.4 The values stated in either inch pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The value stated in each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
Note 1: This specification covers the material and performance of the joint and sealant only. Infiltration and exfiltration quantities for installed sections are dependent on factors other than the joints which must be covered by other specifications and suitable testing of the installed pipeline.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design of buried precast concrete low head pressure pipe having a circular shape and manufactured in accordance with Specification C361/C361M subject to internal pressure not exceeding a pressure head of 125 ft (54 psi), or as otherwise limited herein.  
1.2 When buried, concrete pipe is part of a composite system comprised of the pipe and the surrounding soil envelope. Both the pipe and soil envelope contribute to the strength and structural behavior of the system.  
1.3 This practice presents the method for evaluating the effects of external loads combined with internal pressure on buried precast concrete low-head pressure pipe manufactured per Specification C361/C361M. This method includes an analysis that accounts for the interaction between the pipe and soil envelope in determining external loads, earth pressure distributions, and the moments, thrusts, and shears for the pipe. It also includes a detailed procedure for designing reinforcement for these installations.  
1.4 Construction requirements for precast concrete low-head pressure pipe are in accordance with Specification C361/C361M.  
1.5 This practice may be used as a reference by the owner and the owner's engineer in preparing project specifications for low head pressure pipe.  
1.6 The design procedures given in this standard are intended for use by engineers who are familiar with the installation and pipe characteristics that affect the structural behavior of buried concrete pipe installations and the significance of the installation requirements.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacturing requirements for precast reinforced concrete monolithic box sections that are intended to be installed using jacking techniques. The typical use of this type of product is for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of storm water, industrial wastes and sewage.  
1.2 The requirements of this specification are intended to supplement the existing manufacturing standards for precast reinforced concrete box sections and provide the additional manufacturing details required for box sections that will be installed using jacking techniques. The parent manufacturing standard for the precast reinforced concrete box sections is denoted as the “designated precast reinforced concrete box section manufacturing standard” throughout this document. The requirements included within shall supplement and supersede the designated precast reinforced concrete box section manufacturing standard when the box sections are to be used for jacking.
Note 1: This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specification for precast reinforced concrete box sections installed using jacking techniques, to be utilized in conjunction with the designated precast reinforced concrete box section manufacturing standard. It is possible that such box sections will require a special design to withstand the anticipated longitudinal loading. Additional calculations and information beyond what are required for a non-jacked installed box section are required to establish maximum jacking forces. For calculating allowable jacking forces, ASCE 28 may be referenced.
Note 2: This standard may be used to supplement existing standards for precast reinforced concrete box sections when the box sections will be installed using trenchless methods. Such “designated precast reinforced concrete box section manufacturing standards” include, but are not limited, to ASTM C1433, ASTM C1577, and AASHTO M259.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers flexible leak resistant joints for concrete gravity flow sewer pipes using rubber gaskets for sealing the joints, where measurable or defined infiltration or exfiltration is a factor of the design. The gasket shall be fabricated from a rubber compound, the basic polymer of which shall be natural rubber, synthetic rubber, or a blend of both. Gaskets shall be manufactured in the specified design sizes and dimensions, conforming to both circular cross-section or "O-ring" gaskets, and non-circular cross-sections or "profile" gaskets. The joints shall also be made to meet design requirements as to confined circular cross-section and non-circular cross-section gasket joint designs. Volume, non-circular shape stretch height, and length of the manufactured gaskets shall be determined, while, the joints shall be evaluated according to their performances in hydrostatic and structural tests. The finished products shall be handled, stored, inspected, and marked appropriately.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers flexible leak resistant joints for concrete gravity flow sewer pipe using rubber gaskets for sealing the joints, where measurable or defined infiltration or exfiltration is a factor of the design. The specification covers the design of joints and the requirements for rubber gaskets to be used therewith, for pipe conforming in all other respects to Specifications C14, C76, C655, C985, and C1417, provided that, if there is conflict in permissible variations in dimension, the requirements of this specification shall govern for joints.
Note 1: Infiltration or exfiltration quantities for an installed pipeline are dependent upon many factors other than the joints, and allowable quantities must be covered by other specifications and suitable testing of the installed pipeline and system. This specification covers the design, material, and performance of the rubber gasket joint only. Joints covered by this specification are for hydrostatic pressures up to 13 psi without leakage, when plant tested in accordance with Section 10.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification includes the manufacturing requirements and installation guidelines of a precast duct bank system including polyvinyl chloride (PVC) duct enclosed in a concrete envelope. This specification also includes information relating to trenching, backfilling, plugging, and other incidentals necessary for a complete installation.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers flexible joints for concrete box sections, using rubber gaskets for leak resistant joints. The specification covers the design of joints and the requirements for rubber gaskets to be used. The gasket shall be fabricated from a rubber compound. The basic polymer shall be natural rubber, synthetic rubber, or a blend of both meeting the physical requirements prescribed. Gasket volume determination, non-circular shape gasket stretch height, and gasket length test methods shall be performed to determine the physical properties of the gastket in accordance with specified requirements. These test methods cover procedures for the mechanical testing of wrought and cast steels, stainless steels, and related alloys. Tension, bend, Rockwell hardness, portable hardness, brinell, and charpy impact tests shall be performed in accordance to specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers flexible joints for concrete box sections, using rubber gaskets for leak resistant joints. The specification covers the design of joints and the requirements for rubber gaskets to be used therewith, for boxes conforming in all other respects to Specification C1433 or C1577, provided that if there is conflict in permissible variations in dimensions the requirements of this specification for joints shall govern.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The inspection of installed reinforced concrete pipe verifies proper installation of the product and establishes thresholds for comparison further evaluation.  
4.2 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner in preparing project specifications and to identify, evaluate and interpret observations during post installation inspections of pipe.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for inspection and acceptance of installed reinforced concrete pipe by either person-entry, or remote inspection as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively.
FIG. 1 Person Entry Inspection  
FIG. 2 Remote Inspection Camera  
1.2 The scope of this specification is intended for installation related observations and assumes that pre-installation inspection has been completed.  
1.3 The reinforced concrete culvert, storm drain and storm sewer pipe shall be manufactured in accordance with Specification C76, C506, C507, C655, C1417, or C1846/C1846M and accepted in accordance with AASHTO R 73. This specification shall only be used for gravity, non-pressure storm drainage applications.  
1.4 Person Entry shall be used unless extenuating circumstances preclude this type inspection. Remote inspection is acceptable for use for pipe diameters of 30 in. [750 mm] and smaller unless otherwise specified by owner or engineer.  
1.5 Access of installed pipe for manual inspection shall follow OSHA 29 CFR PART 1926 SUBPART AA regulations for confined space entry. However, this standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This practice does not cover deformation or deflection assessment. Concrete pipe is classified as a rigid structure because they do not bend or deflect appreciably under load before cracking. Due to these facts shape evaluation are of little or no value when evaluating concrete pipe.  
1.7 The values stated in either Imperial/US or [SI units] are to be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the specification for the nonreinforced concrete pipe to be used for the conveyance of irrigation water with working pressures, including hydraulic transients, and for use in drainage. The design, joint, and concrete mixture of the pipe is detailed. The acceptability of the pipe shall be determined by the results of the tests prescribed in this specification, such as external load test, absorption test, and hydrostatic test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nonreinforced concrete pipe to be used for the conveyance of irrigation water with working pressures, including hydraulic transients, as shown in Table 1 and for use in drainage.  
1.2 The values stated in either imperial or metric units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the metric units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values may result in nonconformance with the specification.
Note 1: This specification is for manufacturing and purchase only and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, installation, or field repairs. The owner is cautioned that he must correlate field conditions with the characteristics of the pipe specified and provide inspection during installation.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacturing requirements for circular concrete pipe that is intended to be installed using pipe jacking techniques. The typical use of this type of pipe is for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, storm water, utilities, or personnel.  
1.2 The requirements of this specification are intended to supplement the existing manufacturing standards for precast concrete pipe and provide the additional manufacturing details required for pipe that will be installed using jacking techniques. The parent manufacturing standard for the concrete pipe is denoted as the “designated concrete pipe manufacturing standard” throughout this document. The requirements included within shall supplement the designated concrete pipe manufacturing standard when the concrete pipe is to be used for jacking.
Note 1: This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specification for concrete pipe installed using jacking techniques, to be utilized in conjunction with the designated concrete pipe manufacturing standard. It is possible that such pipe will require a special design to withstand the anticipated longitudinal loading. Additional calculations and information beyond what is required for a direct bury pipe are required to establish maximum jacking forces. For calculating allowable jacking forces, ASCE 27 may be referenced.
Note 2: This standard may be used to supplement existing standards for precast concrete pipe when the pipe will be installed using trenchless methods. Such “designated concrete pipe standards” include, but are not limited to: C14, C76, C361, C655, C985, C1417, C1765, and C1846/C1846M.  
1.3 There are many forms of pipe jacking. The most advanced of these, and in a category all its own, is microtunneling pipe. With the highly accurate guidance systems used in microtunneling, the pipes are utilized in longer push lengths and more challenging configurations and soil conditions. This standard does not address concrete pipe used for microtunneling. For concrete pipe used in microtunneling, the engineer, producer, and installer are encouraged to work together in establishing the specific needs of each project.  
1.4 There are applications where concrete pipe is utilized as a carrier pipe and is pushed through a casing after the soil has already been removed. These applications are not specifically addressed by this standard since the requirements for these types of installations differ from those for a typical jacking installation.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the physical property requirements of elastomeric seals (gaskets) used to seal the joints of precast concrete structures used in gravity and low head pressure applications. The seals shall be classified as: Class A; Class B; Class C; Class D; and Class E. All gaskets shall be extruded or molded in such a manner that any cross-section will be dense, homogeneous, and free of porosity, blisters, pitting, or other imperfections. The gaskets shall be fabricated from an elastomeric material meeting the appropriate classification physical property requirements. The following test methods shall be performed to conform to the specified requirements: tensile strength and elongation; hardness; compression set; accelerated aging; water absorption; ozone resistance; oil immersion testing; and splice strength classification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the physical property requirements of elastomeric seals (gaskets) used to seal the joints of precast concrete structures conforming to Specifications C14, C14M, C118, C118M, C361, C361M, C443, C443M, C505, C505M, or C1628 used in gravity and low head pressure applications.  
1.2 Requirements are given for natural or synthetic rubber gaskets, or a combination of both.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 8, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of reinforced precast concrete end sections for pipe, herein referred to as “end section(s),” to conform to the owner's requirements.
Note 1: End sections include but are not limited to; flared end sections; sloped end sections; parallel end sections, precast end walls; precast headwalls; etc. (see Fig. 1 for examples); or as designated by the owner.
FIG. 1 Examples of Various Precast End Sections for Pipe
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
Note 2: This specification is a purchasing, manufacturing and acceptance specification and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill or installation. Care should be taken in assuring that the installation conforms to the project construction specifications.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner’s engineer in preparing project specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast reinforced concrete box sections cast monolithically and intended to be used for the conveyance of storm water, industrial wastes and sewage, and for passageways.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This is not a routine test. The values recorded are applicable only to the sewer being tested and at the time of testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for testing the joints of installed precast concrete pipe sewer lines, when using either air or water under low pressure to demonstrate the integrity of the joint and the construction procedures. This practice is used for testing precast concrete sewer lines utilizing rubber gasket sealed joints.
Note 1: The user of this practice is advised that methods described herein may also be used as a preliminary test to enable the manufacturer or installer to demonstrate the condition of sewer pipe prior to delivery.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
Note 2: The owner shall specify the following: who will conduct, observe, and furnish labor, material, and measuring devices and pay for the tests; who is responsible for determining local ground conditions; and whether an air or water test is to be used.
Note 3: The user of this practice is advised that test criteria presented in this practice are similar to those in general use. Pipe shall be accepted by infiltration or exfiltration testing utilizing Practice C969 (C969M).
Note 4: Test times tabulated and the rate of air loss in this practice are based on successful testing of installed pipelines. However, since air and water have different physical properties, retests of some pipelines not meeting field air tests have been successful when tested with water.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautions are given in Section 6.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers reinforced arch-shaped concrete pipe to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, storm water, and for the construction of culverts. Pipe manufactured according to this specification shall be of three classes identified as Class A-II, A-III, and A-IV. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, and water, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steel and concrete act together. The pipe shall be designed to meet both the 0.01 in. crack and ultimate strength requirements determined by conducting plant load bearing tests, material tests, and inspection of manufactured pipe for visual defects and imperfections. The reinforcement, joint, and manufacture are detailed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers reinforced arch-shaped concrete pipe to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, storm water, and for the construction of culverts.  
1.2 This specification is the inch-pound companion to C506M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in the specification. Reinforced concrete pipe that conform to the requirements of C506M are acceptable under this Specification C506 unless prohibited by the owner.
Note 1: This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specification only, and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or the relationship between field load condition and the strength classification of pipe. However, experience has shown that the successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the class of pipe, type of bedding and backfill, and care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications. The owner of the reinforced concrete pipe specified herein is cautioned that he must correlate the field requirements with the class of pipe specified and provide inspection at the construction site.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers reinforced arch-shaped concrete pipe to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, storm water, and for the construction of culverts. Pipe manufactured according to this specification shall be of three classes identified as Class A-II, A-III, and A-IV. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, and water, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steel and concrete act together. The pipe shall be designed to meet both the 0.01 in. crack and ultimate strength requirements determined by conducting plant load bearing tests, material tests, and inspection of manufactured pipe for visual defects and imperfections. The reinforcement, joint, and manufacture are detailed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers reinforced arch-shaped concrete pipe to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, storm water, and for the construction of culverts.  
1.2 This specification is the SI companion to Specification C506; therefore, no inch-pound equivalents are presented in this specification. Reinforced concrete pipe that conform to the requirements of Specification C506 are acceptable under this Specification C506M unless prohibited by the owner.  
Note 1: This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specification only, and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or the relationship between field load condition and the strength classification of pipe. However, experience has shown that the successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the class of pipe, type of bedding and backfill, and care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications. The owner of the reinforced concrete pipe specified herein is cautioned that he must correlate the field requirements with the class of pipe specified and provide inspection at the construction site.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the manufacture and purchase requirements of products used for the assembly and construction of circular vertical precast reinforced concrete manholes and structures used in sewer and water works. Reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, and water, in which steel reinforcement has been embedded in such a manner so that the steel reinforcement and concrete act together. Aggregates shall conform to the specification , except that the requirements for gradation shall not apply. Minimum compressive strength of concrete manhole products covered must meet the requirement. The aggregates shall be sized, graded, proportioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitious materials and water as will produce as homogeneous concrete mixture of such quality that the products will conform to the test and design requirements. Concrete products shall be subjected to either steam or water curing. Test methods such as compression and absorption testing shall be performed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and purchase requirements of products used for the assembly and construction of circular vertical precast reinforced concrete manholes and structures used in sewer, drainage, and water works.  
1.2 Part I, Sections 1 – 11, of this specification presents general requirements and requirements that are common to each precast concrete product covered by this specification.  
1.3 Part II of this specification presents specific requirements for each manhole product in the following sections:    
Product  
Section  
Grade Rings  
12  
Flat Slab Tops  
13  
Risers and Conical Tops  
14  
Base Sections  
15  
Steps and Ladders  
16  
Note 1: Future products will be included in Part II in a future revision of this specification.  
1.4 The values stated in either inch pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
Note 2: This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specification only and does not include requirements for backfill, or the relationship between field load conditions and the strength requirements of the manhole products and appurtenances. Experience has shown, however, that the successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the product strength, type of foundation and backfill, and care in the field installation of the manhole products and connecting pipes. The owner of the project for which these products are specified herein is cautioned to require inspection at the construction site.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers nonreinforced concrete pipe designed for specified strengths and intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts. Strength test and load test shall be made in accordance with the specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nonreinforced concrete pipe designed for specified strengths and intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.  
1.2 A complete companion to Specification C985 has been developed, C985M; therefore, no metric equivalents are presented in this specification.  
Note 1: This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specification only and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or the relationship between field load conditions and the designated strength of the pipe. However, experience has shown that the successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the pipe strength, type of bedding and backfill, and care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications. The owner of the concrete pipe specified herein is cautioned that he must correlate the field requirements with the pipe strength specified and provide inspection at the construction site.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with the standards for single-cell precast reinforced concrete box sections cast monolithically and proposed for use in the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of storm water industrial sewage. The reinforced concrete shall be composed of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates and water, in which steel has been embedded. The aggregates shall be sized, graded, and mixed to the proportion that will produce a homogeneous mixture. The box sections shall also undergo steam curing, water curing, and membrane curing.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers single-cell precast reinforced concrete box sections cast monolithically and intended to be used for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of storm water industrial wastes and sewage.  
1.2 This specification is the SI companion to Specification C1433.
Note 1: This specification is primarily a manufacturing and purchasing specification. However, standard designs are included and the criteria used to develop these designs are given in Appendix X1. The successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the box section, bedding, backfill, and care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications. The purchaser of the precast reinforced concrete box sections specified herein is cautioned that he must properly correlate the loading conditions and the field requirements with the box section specified and provide for inspection at the construction site.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 As described in Guide C1894, the MIC of concrete is considered to be a three-stage process with the reduction in pH (Stage I) (for example, 12.5 > pH > 9-10), the establishment of biofilms which further lowers the pH (Stage II) (for example, 9-10 > pH > 4-6) and eventual deterioration due to biogenic acid exposure (Stage III) (for example,  
4.2 The tests are performed in simulated exposure solutions containing well-controlled bacterial strains that are grown in the laboratory. These tests do not require an environmental chamber and are intended to be performed as benchtop tests in biosafety level 1 laboratory conditions. These tests are suitable for simulation of the Stage II and III of MIC because the pH range of the solution can be controlled within the ranges of each stage.  
4.3 This standard provides three test methods.  
4.3.1 Test Method A is suitable for assessing the efficacy of antimicrobial admixtures in delaying or preventing biogenic acidification in a nutrient-rich simulated wastewater exposure solution.  
4.3.2 Test Method B is suitable for assessing the effectiveness of antimicrobial admixtures in a prescribed cementitious system (Option B1) or assessing the performance of different cementitious systems (Option B2) in delaying or preventing microbially-induced corrosion of concrete in the Stage II of MIC.  
4.3.3 Test Method C is suitable for assessing the suitability of cementitious systems in delaying or preventing microbially-induced corrosion of concrete in the Stage III of MIC.  
4.4 The results obtained by these test methods should serve as information to be used with Guide C1894 in, but not as the sole basis for, selection of a biologically-resistant material for a particular application. No attempt has been made to incorporate into these test methods all the various factors that may affect the performance of a material when subjected to actual service.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard presents test methods for the determination of the effects of biogenic acidification on concrete products and/or efficacy of antimicrobial products to resist microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) of concrete. In these tests, the biogenic acidification is achieved by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) that can convert elemental sulfur or thiosulfate to sulfuric acid without the use of H2S gas.  
1.2 This standard is referenced in the guideline document for MIC of concrete products. Guide C1894 provides guidance for microbially-induced corrosion of concrete products and an overview of where this test, and its options, can and should be used. This document is not intended to be a guideline document for MIC of concrete products.  
1.3 This standard does not cover controlled breeding chamber tests, in which H2S gas is produced by bacterial activity and acidification is the result of the conversion of this H2S gas to sulfuric acid.  
1.4 This standard does not cover chemical acid immersion tests, in which acidification is achieved by chemical sulfuric acid addition, not by bacterial activity. Testing protocols for chemical acid immersion are described in Test Methods C267 and C1898.  
1.5 This standard does not cover tests that assess field exposure conditions or sewage pipe, concrete tank, or concrete riser network design.  
1.6 This standard does not cover live trial tests where concrete coupons or other specimens are monitored in sewers.  
1.7 The tests described in this standard should not be performed on concrete samples that have already been exposed to MIC conditions.  
1.8 This standard does not cover concrete deterioration due to chemical sulfate attack, which is caused by the reaction of sulfate compounds that exist in wastewater with the hydration products of cement. Test methods for assessing sulfate attack are provided by Test Methods C452 and C1012/C1012M.  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this ...

ABSTRACT
This specification covers reinforced elliptically shaped concrete pipe to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, storm water, and for the construction of culverts. Pipe design based on its major axis shall be designated as horizontal and vertical elliptical pipe. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, and water, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steel and concrete act together. The combination of cementitious materials used in the concrete shall only be one of the following: Portland cement, Portland blast furnace slag cement, slag modified Portland cement, Portland pozzolan cement, a combination of Portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag, a combination of Portland cement and fly ash, a combination of Portland cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and fly ash. Collated fibrillated virgin polypropylene fibers may be used. Design of pipe such as size, shape, special designs, and area, shall be as listed in the specification. Circumferential, longitudinal, and joint reinforcements shall meet the requirements of this specification. Mixture and curing of pipe shall conform to the requirements of this specification. Compression tests determining concrete compressive strength may be made on either standard rodded concrete cylinders or concrete cylinders compacted and cured in like manner as the pipe, or on cores drilled from the pipe. Pipe may be repaired because of imperfections in manufacture or damage during handling and shall be acceptable if the repaired pipe conforms to the requirements of this specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers reinforced elliptically shaped concrete pipe to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, storm water, and for the construction of culverts.  
1.2 Pipe designed for placement with the major axis horizontal shall be designated as “Horizontal Elliptical Pipe.” Pipe designed for placement with the major axis vertical shall be designated as “Vertical Elliptical Pipe.”  
1.3 This specification is the SI companion to Specification C507; therefore, no inch-pound equivalents are presented in this specification. Reinforced concrete pipe that conforms to the requirements of C507 are acceptable under this Specification C507M unless prohibited by the owner.
Note 1: This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specification only, and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or the relationship between field load condition and the strength classification of pipe. However, experience has shown that the successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the class of pipe, type of bedding and backfill, and care that the installation conforms to construction specifications. The owner of the reinforced concrete pipe specified herein is cautioned that he must correlate the field requirements with the class of pipe specified and provide inspection at the construction site.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers reinforced concrete low-head pressure pipe. Acceptability of the pipe in all diameters and classes shall be determined by the results of such material tests. The reinforced concrete shall consist of Portland cement, mineral aggregates, and water, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steel and concrete act together. Portland cement shall conform to the requirements specified. Aggregates shall conform to the requirements specified, except that the requirements for grading are waived. Admixtures, except for air-entraining agents, shall not be added to the concrete unless permitted by the owner. Reinforcement shall consist of wire conforming to the requirements prescribed. Steel castings for fittings shall conform to grade 70-36. Steel plates for specials and fittings shall conform to requirements specified. All rubber gaskets shall be extruded or molded and cured in such a manner that any cross section will be dense, homogeneous, and free of porosity, blisters, pitting, and other imperfections. Joints shall utilize steel joint rings, steel bells and concrete spigots, or be formed entirely of concrete. The aggregates shall be graded, proportioned, and thoroughly mixed with the proportions of cementitious material and water that will produce a workable, uniform, homogeneous concrete mixture. Compression tests of cylinders and hydrostatic tests of pipes shall be performed to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers reinforced concrete pipe intended to be used for the construction of pressure pipelines with low internal hydrostatic heads generally not exceeding 125 ft.  
1.2 This specification is the inch-pound companion to Specification C361; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in the specification.
Note 1: Field tests on completed portions of the pipeline are not covered by this specification for the manufacture of the pipe but should be included in specifications for pipe laying.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers nonreinforced concrete pipe designed for specified strengths and intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts. Strength test and load test shall be made in accordance with the specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nonreinforced concrete pipe designed for specified strengths and intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.  
1.2 This specification is the metric counterpart of Specification C985.  
Note 1: This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specification only and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or the relationship between field load conditions and the designated strength of the pipe. However, experience has shown that the successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the pipe strength, type of bedding and backfill, and care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications. The owner of the concrete pipe specified herein is cautioned that he must correlate the field requirements with the pipe strength specified and provide inspection at the construction site.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers reinforced concrete culvert, storm drain, and sewer pipe. The pipe manufactured with this specification shall be of five classes: Class I, Class II, Class III, Class IV, and Class V. The strength requirements for each class are specified. The reinforced concrete shall consists of: cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, and water. Cementitious materials are the following: cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, fly ash, and allowable combinations of cementitious materials. Other materials include: admixtures and blends, steel reinforcement, and synthetic fibers. Design tables and modified of special designs are given. Reinforcements are the following: circumferential reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and joint reinforcement for rubber and non-rubber gasket joints. The physical properties shall conform to the required test for external load crushing strength. The following concrete tests shall be done: compression testing of cylinders, compression testing of cores, absorption test, and equipment test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers reinforced concrete pipe intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water, and for the construction of culverts.  
1.2 This specification is the inch-pound companion to Specification C76M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in this specification. Reinforced concrete pipe that conform to the requirements of C76M, are acceptable under this Specification C76 unless prohibited by the Owner.
Note 1: This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specification only, and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or the relationship between field load condition and the strength classification of pipe. However, experience has shown that the successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the class of pipe, type of bedding and backfill, and care that installation conforms to the construction specifications. The owner of the reinforced concrete pipe specified herein is cautioned that he must correlate the field requirements with the class of pipe specified and provide inspection at the construction site.
Note 2: Attention is called to the specification for reinforced concrete D-load culvert, storm drain, and sewer pipe (Specification C655).  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers reinforced elliptically shaped concrete pipe to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, storm water, and for the construction of culverts. Pipe design based on its major axis shall be designated as horizontal and vertical elliptical pipe. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, and water, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steel and concrete act together. The combination of cementitious materials used in the concrete shall only be one of the following: Portland cement, Portland blast furnace slag cement, slag modified Portland cement, Portland pozzolan cement, a combination of Portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag, a combination of Portland cement and fly ash, a combination of Portland cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and fly ash. Collated fibrillated virgin polypropylene fibers may be used. Design of pipe such as size, shape, special designs, and area, shall be as listed in the specification. Circumferential, longitudinal, and joint reinforcements shall meet the requirements of this specification. Mixture and curing of pipe shall conform to the requirements of this specification. Compression tests determining concrete compressive strength may be made on either standard rodded concrete cylinders or concrete cylinders compacted and cured in like manner as the pipe, or on cores drilled from the pipe. Pipe may be repaired because of imperfections in manufacture or damage during handling and shall be acceptable if the repaired pipe conforms to the requirements of this specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers reinforced elliptically shaped concrete pipe to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water, and for the construction of culverts.  
1.2 Pipe designed for placement with the major axis horizontal shall be designated as “Horizontal Elliptical Pipe.” Pipe designed for placement with the major axis vertical shall be designated as “Vertical Elliptical Pipe.”  
1.3 This specification is the inch-pound companion to Specification C507M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in the specification. Reinforced concrete pipe that conforms to the requirements of C507M are acceptable under this Specification C507 unless prohibited by the owner.
Note 1: This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specification only, and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or the relationship between field load condition and the strength classification of pipe. However, experience has shown that the successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the class of pipe, type of bedding and backfill, and care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications. The owner of the reinforced concrete pipe specified herein is cautioned that he must correlate the field requirements with the class of pipe specified and provide inspection at the construction site.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers reinforced concrete low-head pressure pipe. Acceptability of the pipe in all diameters and classes shall be determined by the results of such material tests. The reinforced concrete shall consist of Portland cement, mineral aggregates, and water, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steel and concrete act together. Portland cement shall conform to the requirements specified. Aggregates shall conform to the requirements specified, except that the requirements for grading are waived. Admixtures, except for air-entraining agents, shall not be added to the concrete unless permitted by the owner. Reinforcement shall consist of wire conforming to the requirements prescribed. Steel castings for fittings shall conform to grade 70-36. Steel plates for specials and fittings shall conform to requirements specified. All rubber gaskets shall be extruded or molded and cured in such a manner that any cross section will be dense, homogeneous, and free of porosity, blisters, pitting, and other imperfections. Joints shall utilize steel joint rings, steel bells and concrete spigots, or be formed entirely of concrete. The aggregates shall be graded, proportioned, and thoroughly mixed with the proportions of cementitious material and water that will produce a workable, uniform, homogeneous concrete mixture. Compression tests of cylinders and hydrostatic tests of pipes shall be performed to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers reinforced concrete pipe intended to be used for the construction of pressure pipelines with low internal hydrostatic heads generally not exceeding 375 kPa.  
1.2 This specification is the SI companion to Specification C361. It is compatible in technical content.
Note 1: Field tests on completed portions of the pipeline are not covered by this specification for the manufacture of the pipe but should be included in specifications for pipe laying.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers reinforced concrete culvert, storm drain, and sewer pipe. The pipe manufactured with this specification shall be of five classes: Class I, Class II, Class III, Class IV, and Class V. The strength requirements for each class are specified. The reinforced concrete shall consists of: cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, and water. Cementitious materials are the following: cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, fly ash, and allowable combinations of cementitious materials. Other materials include: admixtures and blends, steel reinforcement, and synthetic fibers. Design tables and modified of special designs are given. Reinforcements are the following: circumferential reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and joint reinforcement for rubber and non-rubber gasket joints. The physical properties shall conform to the required test for external load crushing strength. The following concrete tests shall be done: compression testing of cylinders, compression testing of cores, absorption test, and equipment test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers reinforced concrete pipe intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water, and for the construction of culverts.  
1.2 This specification is the SI companion to Specification C76; therefore, no inch-pound equivalents are presented in this specification. Reinforced concrete pipe that conform to the requirements of C76 are acceptable under this Specification C76M unless prohibited by the Owner.
Note 1: This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specification only, and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or the relationship between field load condition and the strength classification of pipe. However, experience has shown that the successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the class of pipe, type of bedding and backfill, controlled manufacture in the plant, and care and installation conforms to the construction specifications. The owner of the reinforced concrete pipe specified herein is cautioned that he must correlate the field requirements with the class of pipe specified and provide inspection at the construction site.
Note 2: Attention is called to the specification for reinforced concrete D-load culvert, storm drain, and sewer pipe (ASTM Designation C655M).  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers synthetic fiber reinforced concrete pipe (Syn-FRCP) of internal diameters 12-48 in., intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts. Pipe furnished under this specification shall be designated as Class I, II, III, IV, or V. The corresponding strength requirements are prescribed, along with the criteria for the acceptability of the pipe design.
This specification also covers the requirements for pipe design and manufacturing data to be provided by the manufacturer, as well as the corresponding test methods; material, design, and manufacturing practice requirements; physical requirements; repairs; inspection; certification; and product marking.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers synthetic fiber reinforced concrete pipe (Syn-FRCP), intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.  
Note 1: Experience has shown that the successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the pipe strength, the type of bedding and backfill, the care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications, and provision for adequate inspection at the construction site. This specification does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, the relationship between field load conditions and the strength designation of pipe, or durability under unusual environmental conditions. These requirements should be included in the project specification.
Note 2: This product is a rigid pipe and it does not depend upon deflection (pipe stiffness) for additional support from the soil.
Note 3: This standard requires long-term testing of Syn-FRCP in accordance with Section 9 that goes above and beyond what is typically required for steel reinforced concrete pipe, in order to evaluate the long-term material strength of the fiber-concrete matrix.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner's engineer in preparing project specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast concrete pipe intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.  
1.2 The values stated in either Imperial/US or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the procedures and test methods for the production of dry cast concrete, defined as very low slump or zero-slump concrete that requires continuous and intense vibration, or mechanical means, or a combination of vibration and mechanical means to consolidate the concrete, enabling immediate removal of the forms from the product. The placement, consolidation, curing, or protection of the concrete are not covered by this specification. The aggregates shall be sized, graded, proportioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitious material, water, and admixtures, if any, to produce a thoroughly mixed concrete of such quality that the precast product will conform to the test and design requirements of the relevant specification. Materials covered by this specification are the following: cementitious materials (cement, slag cement, fly ash), allowable combinations of cementitious materials, aggregates, and admixtures and blends.
This specification also covers weigh batching and mixing, volumetric batching and continuous mixing, reporting, and strength of the specimen.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the production of dry cast concrete as defined in 3.2.1. Requirements for quality of concrete shall be as hereinafter specified. This specification does not cover the placement, consolidation, curing, or protection of the concrete.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide discusses microbially induced corrosion (MIC) of concrete products and laboratory test methods for determining the resistance of concrete to MIC. Although the guide is intended for concrete products, it also covers cementitious mortar and paste that are used in specialized applications or laboratory investigations.  
1.2 While this guide discusses concrete materials and admixtures, the document is not intended to specifically address field exposure conditions or sewage pipe, concrete tank, or concrete riser network design.  
1.3 This guide does not cover live trial tests where concrete coupons or other specimens are monitored in sewers.  
1.4 This guide does not cover concrete deterioration due to chemical sulfate attack, which is caused by the reaction of sulfate compounds that exist in wastewater with the hydration products of cement. Test methods for assessing sulfate attack are provided by Test Methods C452 and C1012/C1012M.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 The text of this guide references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers flexible watertight joints for concrete pipe and precast manhole sections, using rubber gaskets for sealing the joints, where infiltration or exfiltration is a factor in the design. The numerical values in this specification are not presented in inch-pound units, but rather, in metric or SI units only. All rubber gaskets shall meet the dimensions, tolerances, and physical requirements of both standard gasket and oil resistant gasket requirements. Assembled joints should pass the following performance test without leakage at the joints: pipes in straight alignment, and pipes in maximum deflected position.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers flexible leak-resistant joints for concrete pipe and precast manhole sections, using rubber gaskets for sealing the joints, where infiltration or exfiltration is a factor in the design. The specification covers the design of joints and the requirements for rubber gaskets to be used therewith, for pipe conforming in all other respects to Specification C14, Specification C76, or Specification C507 and precast manhole section conforming in all other respects to Specification C478/C478M, provided that if there is conflict in permissible variations in dimensions the requirements of this specification for joints shall govern.  
1.2 A complete metric companion to Specification C443 has been developed—C443M; therefore, no metric equivalents are presented in this specification.  
Note 1: This specification covers the design and performance of the rubber gasket joint only. Joints covered by this specification are adequate for hydrostatic pressures up to 13 psi (30 ft), when tested in accordance with Section 9. Infiltration or exfiltration quantities for an installed pipeline are dependent upon many factors other than the joints, and allowable quantities must be covered by other specifications and suitable testing of the installed pipeline and system.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers flexible watertight joints for concrete pipe and precast manhole sections, using rubber gaskets for sealing the joints, where infiltration or exfiltration is a factor in the design. The numerical values in this specification are not presented in inch-pound units, but rather, in metric or SI units only. All rubber gaskets shall meet the dimensions, tolerances, and physical requirements of both standard gasket and oil resistant gasket requirements. Assembled joints should pass the following performance test without leakage at the joints: pipes in straight alignment, and pipes in maximum deflected position.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers flexible leak-resistant joints for concrete pipe and precast manhole sections, using rubber gaskets for sealing the joints, where infiltration or exfiltration is a factor in the design. The specification covers the design of joints and the requirements for rubber gaskets to be used therewith, for pipe conforming in all other respects to Specification C14M, Specification C76M, or Specification C507M and precast manhole section conforming in all other respects to Specification C478M, provided that if there is conflict in permissible variations in dimensions, the requirements of this specification for joints shall govern.  
1.2 This specification is the metric counterpart of Specification C443.  
Note 1: This specification covers the design and performance of the rubber gasket joint only. Joints covered by this specification are adequate for hydrostatic pressures up to 90 kPa (9 m), when tested per Section 9. Infiltration or exfiltration quantities for an installed pipeline are dependent upon many factors other than the joints, and allowable quantities must be covered by other specifications and suitable testing of the installed pipeline and system.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers perforated concrete pipe intended to be used for underdrainage. Pipe manufactured to this specification shall be of two classes, Type 1 and Type 2, describing two arrangements of perforations for pipe manufactured to the standard specifications for plain or reinforced concrete pipe, and their classifications. The acceptability of the pipe shall be determined by the results of all applicable tests prescribed for the type and class of pipe specified. The joints shall be of such design and the ends of the concrete pipe sections so formed that the pipe can be laid together to make a continuous line of pipe.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers perforated concrete pipe intended to be used for underdrainage.  
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values may result in nonconformance with the specification.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with the metric standard for three types of external sealing bands to be used in conjunction with concrete pipe, manholes, and precast box sections. The first type of bands shall be composed of rubber, mastic, and protective film elements, while the second type shall consist of a plastic film, reinforced, rubberized, asphalt, mastic coating with steel straps. The third type shall be composed of a backing band, an applied continuous butyl adhesive coating and an optional release element. All the elements of each type of sealing band shall have physical properties conforming with specified limits as determined through appropriate test methods herein provided.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers external sealing bands to be used in conjunction with concrete pipe as defined in Terminology C822 and conforming to Specifications C14, C76, C412, C478/C478M, C506, C507, C655, C985, C1417, and C1433.  
1.1.1 Type I, Rubber and Mastic Bands.  
1.1.2 Type II, Plastic Film and Mesh Reinforced Mastic Bands.  
1.1.3 Type III, Chemically-Bonded Adhesive Butyl Bands.  
1.2 This specification is the inch-pound companion to Specification C877M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in the specification.  
Note 1: This specification covers only the design and material of the sealing bands. Sealing bands covered by this specification are adequate, when properly installed, for external hydrostatic pressures up to 13 psi, (30 ft) without leakage. The amount of infiltration or exfiltration flow in an installed pipeline is dependent upon many factors other than the sealing bands; allowable quantities and suitable testing of the installed pipeline and system must be covered by other specifications.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with the metric standard for three types of external sealing bands to be used in conjunction with concrete pipe, manholes, and precast box sections. The first type of bands shall be composed of rubber, mastic, and protective film elements, while the second type shall consist of a plastic film, reinforced, rubberized, asphalt, mastic coating with steel straps. The third type shall be composed of a backing band, an applied continuous butyl adhesive coating and an optional release element. All the elements of each type of sealing band shall have physical properties conforming with specified limits as determined through appropriate test methods herein provided.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers external sealing bands to be used in conjunction with concrete pipe as defined in Terminology C822 and conforming to Specifications C14M, C76M, C412M, C478/C478M, C506M, C507M, C655M, C985M, C1417M, and C1433M.  
1.1.1 Type I, Rubber and Mastic Bands.  
1.1.2 Type II, Plastic Film and Mesh Reinforced Mastic Bands.  
1.1.3 Type III, Chemically Bonded Adhesive Butyl Bands.  
1.2 This specification is the metric counterpart of Specification C877.  
Note 1: This specification covers only the design and material of the sealing bands. Sealing bands covered by this specification are adequate, when properly installed, for external hydrostatic pressures up to 90 kPa, (9.14 m) without leakage. The amount of infiltration or exfiltration flow in an installed pipeline is dependent upon many factors other than the sealing bands; allowable quantities and suitable testing of the installed pipeline and system must be covered by other specifications.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and/or the engineer in preparing project specifications.  
4.2 The practice is useful as a reference by an owner, engineer, or installing contractor to properly install precast concrete circular manholes.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures to be followed in the planning, site preparation, installation, testing and backfilling of underground vertical reinforced circular precast concrete manholes and components manufactured in accordance with Specification C478/C478M and used in sewer, drainage, and water works.  
1.2 Concrete pipe and box culverts are not covered under this practice. Also, precast concrete utility structures covered in Specification C858 are excluded from this practice.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers single-cell precast reinforced concrete box sections cast monolithically and intended to be used for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of storm water, industrial wastes and sewage. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates and water, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steel and concrete act together. The precast reinforced concrete box sections shall be produced with tongue and groove ends. The box section shall be cured using any of the following methods or combinations thereof: steam curing; water curing; and membrane curing. Compression tests for determining concrete compressive strength shall be allowed to be made on either standard rodded concrete cylinders or concrete cylinders compacted and cured in like manner as the box sections, or on cores drilled from the box section.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers single-cell precast reinforced concrete box sections cast monolithically and intended to be used for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of storm water, industrial wastes and sewage.
Note 1: This specification is primarily a manufacturing and purchasing specification. However, standard designs per the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications are included and the criteria used to develop these designs are given in Appendix X1. The successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the box section, bedding, backfill, and care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications. The purchaser of the precast reinforced concrete box sections specified herein is cautioned that proper correlation of the loading conditions and the field requirements with the box section specified, and provision for inspection at the construction site, are required.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with the standards for single-cell precast reinforced concrete box sections cast monolithically and proposed for use in the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of storm water industrial sewage. The reinforced concrete shall be composed of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates and water, in which steel has been embedded. The aggregates shall be sized, graded, and mixed to the proportion that will produce a homogeneous mixture. The box sections shall also undergo steam curing, water curing, and membrane curing.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers single-cell precast reinforced concrete box sections cast monolithically and intended to be used for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of storm water industrial wastes and sewage.  
1.2 This specification is the companion to SI Specification C1433M; therefore, no SI equivalents are shown in this specification.  
Note 1: This specification is primarily a manufacturing and purchasing specification. However, standard designs are included and the criteria used to develop these designs are given in Appendix X1. The successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the box section, bedding, backfill, and care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications. The purchaser of the precast reinforced concrete box sections specified herein is cautioned that proper correlation of the loading conditions and the field requirements with the box section specified, and provision for inspection at the construction site, are required.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This is not a routine test. The values recorded are applicable only to the manhole being tested and at the time of testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for testing precast concrete manhole sections when using the vacuum test method to demonstrate the integrity of the installed materials and the construction procedures. This test method is used for testing concrete manhole sections utilizing mortar, mastic, or gasketed joints.  
1.2 This test method is intended to be used as a preliminary test to enable the installer to demonstrate the condition of the concrete manholes prior to backfill. Users are hereby cautioned that misuse or misapplication of the test criteria contained herein can cause permanent damage to the system being tested.
Note 1: Vacuum test criteria presented in this test method are similar to those in general use. The test and criteria have been widely and successfully used in testing manholes.
Note 2: The user of this test method is advised that no correlation has been found between vacuum (air) and hydrostatic tests.  
1.3 The values stated in inch pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers single-cell precast conventionally reinforced concrete three-sided structures intended to be used for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of storm water. Precast reinforced concrete three-sided structures manufactured in accordance with this specification shall be designated by span, rise, and design earth cover. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates and water, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steel and concrete act together. The three-sided section's dimensions and reinforcement details shall be as required by design. Splices in the circumferential reinforcement shall be made by lapping. The precast reinforced concrete three-sided structures shall be produced with tongue and groove ends, flat butt ends or key-way ends. The aggregates shall be sized, graded, proportioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitious materials and water as will produce a homogeneous concrete mixture of such quality that each section will conform to the test and design requirements. The three-sided sections shall be cured for a sufficient length of time so that the concrete will develop the required compressive strength. The forms used in manufacture shall be sufficiently rigid and accurate to maintain the three-sided section dimensions within the permissible variations. Handling devices or holes shall be permitted in each three-sided section for the purpose of handling and laying. Cylinders and cores shall be obtained and tested for compressive strength to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers single-cell precast conventionally reinforced concrete three-sided structures intended to be used for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of storm water.  
1.2 This specification is the metric counterpart of Specification C1504; therefore, no imperial (metric) equivalents are presented in this specification.
Note 1: This specification is primarily a manufacturing and purchasing specification. The successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the geometric section, bedding, backfill, and care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications. The purchaser of the precast reinforced concrete three-sided structure specified herein is cautioned that proper correlation of the loading conditions and the field requirements with the geometric section specified and provisions for inspection at the construction site are required.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers single-cell precast conventionally reinforced concrete three-sided structures intended to be used for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of storm water. Precast reinforced concrete three-sided structures manufactured in accordance with this specification shall be designated by span, rise, and design earth cover. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates and water, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steel and concrete act together. The three-sided section's dimensions and reinforcement details shall be as required by design. Splices in the circumferential reinforcement shall be made by lapping. The precast reinforced concrete three-sided structures shall be produced with tongue and groove ends, flat butt ends or key-way ends. The aggregates shall be sized, graded, proportioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitious materials and water as will produce a homogeneous concrete mixture of such quality that each section will conform to the test and design requirements. The three-sided sections shall be cured for a sufficient length of time so that the concrete will develop the required compressive strength. The forms used in manufacture shall be sufficiently rigid and accurate to maintain the three-sided section dimensions within the permissible variations. Handling devices or holes shall be permitted in each three-sided section for the purpose of handling and laying. Cylinders and cores shall be obtained and tested for compressive strength to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers single-cell precast conventionally reinforced concrete three-sided structures intended to be used for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of storm water.  
1.2 A complete metric companion to Specification C1504 has been developed—C1504M; therefore, no metric equivalents are presented in this specification.
Note 1: This specification is primarily a manufacturing and purchasing specification. The successful performance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the geometric section, bedding, backfill, and care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications. The purchaser of the precast reinforced concrete three-sided structure specified herein is cautioned that proper correlation of the loading conditions and the field requirements with the geometric section specified and provisions for inspection at the construction site are required.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers flexible joints for concrete arch pipe, using rubber gaskets for leak resistant joints. The specification covers the design of joints and the requirements for rubber gaskets to be used therewith, for arch pipe conforming in all other respects to Specification C506 provided that if there is conflict in permissible variations in dimensions the requirements of this specification for joints shall govern.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers resilient connectors between reinforced concrete manhole structures, pipes, and laterals. Resilient materials for connectors and filler rings shall be manufactured from natural or synthetic rubber and shall conform to the prescribed requirements. Mechanical devices shall be made from a material or materials in combination that will ensure durability, strength, resistance to corrosion, and have properties that will ensure continued resistance to leakage. The design of pipe connectors and pipe stubs are specified. The physical properties and chemical composition shall conform to the required tests for chemical resistance, tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness, accelerated oven-aging, compression set, water absorption, ozone resistance, low-temperature brittle point, and tear resistance.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the minimum performance and material requirements for resilient connectors used for connections between reinforced concrete manholes conforming to Specification C478/C478M and pipes, between wastewater structures and pipes, and between precast reinforced concrete pipe and laterals.  
1.1.1 These connectors are designed to minimize leakage between the pipe and manhole, and between the pipe and lateral.  
1.2 The values stated in inch pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
Note 1: This specification covers the design, material, and performance of the resilient connection only. Connections covered by this specification are adequate for hydrostatic pressures up to 13 psi (30 ft) [90 kPa (9.1 m)] without leakage when tested in accordance with Section 7. Infiltration or exfiltration quantities for an installed system are dependent upon many factors other than the connections between manhole structures and pipe, and allowable quantities must be covered by other specifications and suitable testing of the installed pipeline and system.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 7, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precaution statement, see 7.2.5.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the minimum performance and material requirements for resilient connectors used for connections between precast reinforced concrete storm sewer structures and pipes, and between precast reinforced concrete pipe and laterals for storm drainage systems. These connectors are designed to prevent soil migration between the pipe and storm sewer structure, and between the pipe and lateral. Resilient materials for connectors, filler rings, and mechanical devices shall be tested, and shall conform to the specified values chemical resistance, tensile strength, elongation hardness, accelerated oven-aging, compression set, water absorption, ozone resistance, low-temperature brittle point, and tear resistance. The design of the connector and the pipe stubs are detailed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the minimum performance and material requirements for resilient connectors used for connections between precast reinforced concrete storm sewer structures conforming to Specification C478/C478M and pipes, and between precast reinforced concrete pipe and laterals for storm drainage systems.  
1.1.1 These connectors are designed to prevent soil migration between the pipe and storm sewer structure, and between the pipe and lateral.  
1.2 The values stated in inch pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
Note 1: This specification covers the design, material, and performance of the resilient connection only. Connections covered by this specification are adequate for hydrostatic pressures up to 6 psi (14 ft) [41 kPa (4.3 m)] without leakage when tested in accordance with Section 7. Infiltration quantities for an installed system are dependent upon many factors other than the connections between storm sewer structures and pipe, and allowable quantities must be covered by other specifications and suitable testing of the installed pipeline and system.
Note 2: For installations that exceed 6 psi (14 ft) [41 kPa (4.3 m)], the user is cautioned to verify the amount of hydrostatic head pressure the connector will experience. If the total pressure applied to the connector exceeds the 6 psi [41 kPa] limits of the specification, the user is advised to contact the connector manufacturer for alternative methods of connecting the pipe, or applicable alternative standards.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 7, of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific warning statement, see 7.2.4.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
These test methods cover production and acceptance tests for concrete pipes, manhole sections, and tiles. Tests include procedures for evaluating external load crushing strength, flat slab top, core strength, absorption, hydrostatic, permeability, manhole step, cylinder, gasket lubricant, joint shear, alkalinity, and gasket measurements. Aside from the procedures, this standard also details the significance and use of and the required test apparatus for each test.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover testing of concrete pipe, concrete box sections, manhole sections, and tile. The test methods described are used in production testing and acceptance testing to evaluate the properties provided for in the specifications.  
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:    
Section  
External Load Crushing Strength  
4  
Flat Slab Top  
5  
Base Section Test Method  
6  
Core Strength  
7  
Absorption  
8  
Hydrostatic  
9  
Permeability  
10  
Manhole Step  
11  
Cylinder Strength  
12  
Gasket Lubricant  
13  
Joint Shear  
14  
Alkalinity  
15  
Gasket Measurements  
16  
Off-Center Hydrostatic Joint Test  
17  
Hydrostatic External Joint Test Method  
18  
Welded Splice Pull Test  
19  
1.3 The test specimens shall not have been exposed to a temperature below 40°F for the 24 h immediately preceding the test.  
1.4 If any test specimen fails because of mechanical reasons such as failure of testing equipment or improper specimen preparation, it shall be discarded and another specimen taken.  
1.5 Specimens shall be selected in accordance with the specifications for the type of pipe or tile being tested.  
1.6 A complete metric companion to Test Methods C497 has been developed—C497M; therefore, no metric equivalents are presented in these methods.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 As described in Guide C1894, the MICC is considered to be a three-stage process with the reduction in pH (Stage I) (for example, 12.5 > pH > 9-10), the establishment of biofilms which further lowers the pH (Stage II) (for example, 9-10 > pH > 4-6) and eventual deterioration due to biogenic acid exposure (Stage III) (for example,  
4.2 As described in Guide C1894, acid immersion testing should be used with great caution in specifying concrete as this is a final stage of deterioration and the concrete may not be exposed to the conditions of this test.  
4.3 The results obtained by these test methods should serve as a guide in, but not as the sole basis for, selection of a chemical-resistant material for a particular application. No attempt has been made to incorporate into this test method all the various factors that may affect the performance of a material when subjected to actual service.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are intended to evaluate the chemical resistance of cement paste, mortar and concrete materials. This method is loosely based on Test Methods C267, however the solution is more rigorously defined and flexural strength is used. These test methods provide for the determination of changes in the following properties of the test specimens and test medium after exposure of the specimens to the medium:  
1.1.1 Mass of specimen,  
1.1.2 Appearance of specimen,  
1.1.3 Appearance of test medium, and  
1.1.4 Strength of specimens.  
1.2 Guide C1894 provides a standard guide for Microbially Induced Corrosion of Concrete (MICC) products. This standard is used for assessing the chemical resistance of cementitious products to acid attack caused by MICC; however as described in the guideline document for MICC products the current document only applies for Stage III of corrosion. This document is not intended to be a guideline document for the complete evaluation of MICC or for assessing the efficacy of antimicrobial additives used to reduce MICC.  
1.3 This standard supplements Test Methods C267 to improve the consistency of reported results for acids generated by MICC or other sources.  
1.4 This standard does not cover tests in which acidification is achieved by bacterial activity. Testing protocols for bacterial activity are described in Guide C1894.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to alternative units (typically inch-pound units) that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
These test methods cover production and acceptance tests for concrete pipes, manhole sections, and tiles. Tests include procedures for evaluating external load crushing strength, flat slab top, core strength, absorption, hydrostatic, permeability, manhole step, cylinder, gasket lubricant, joint shear, alkalinity, and gasket measurements. Aside from the procedures, this standard also details the significance and use of and the required test apparatus for each test.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover testing of concrete pipe, concrete box sections, manhole sections, and tile. The test methods described are used in production testing and acceptance testing to evaluate the properties provided for in the specifications.  
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:    
Section  
External Load Crushing Strength  
4  
Flat Slab Top  
5  
Base Section Test  
6  
Core Strength  
7  
Absorption  
8  
Hydrostatic  
9  
Permeability  
10  
Manhole Step  
11  
Cylinder  
12  
Gasket Lubricant  
13  
Joint Shear  
14  
Alkalinity  
15  
Gasket Measurements  
16  
Off-Center Hydrostatic Joint Test  
17  
Hydrostatic External Joint Test Method  
18  
Welded Splice Pull Test  
19  
1.3 The test specimens shall not have been exposed to a temperature below 4°C for the 24 h immediately preceding the test.  
1.4 If any test specimen fails because of mechanical reasons such as failure of testing equipment or improper specimen preparation, it shall be discarded and another specimen taken.  
1.5 Specimens shall be selected in accordance with the specifications for the type of pipe or tile being tested.  
1.6 These methods are the metric companion of Test Methods C497.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.