Standard Test Method for Measuring Mass Per Unit of Geosynthetic Clay Liners

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the mass per unit area of a sample of a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL). The dry mass of the clay can be found by simply subtracting the manufacturer's reported nominal mass of the geosynthetic component(s) from the total mass of the dry GCL. The moisture content of the GCL can also be determined by subtracting the initial total mass of the GCL from the total mass of the dry GCL.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 for specific precautionary statements.

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Publication Date
31-May-2004
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ASTM D5993-99(2004) - Standard Test Method for Measuring Mass Per Unit of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:D5993–99 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Mass Per Unit of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5993; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of
the mass per unit area of a sample of a geosynthetic clay liner
3. Terminology
(GCL). The dry mass of the clay can be found by simply
3.1 Definitions:
subtracting the manufacturer’s reported nominal mass of the
3.1.1 geosynthetic, n—a planar product manufactured from
geosyntheticcomponent(s)fromthetotalmassofthedryGCL.
polymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geo-
The moisture content of the GCL can also be determined by
technical engineering related material as an integral part of a
subtractingtheinitialtotalmassoftheGCLfromthetotalmass
man-made project, structure, or system. D4439
of the dry GCL.
3.1.2 geosynthetic clay liner, n—a manufactured hydraulic
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
barrier consisting of clay bonded to a layer or layers of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
geosynthetic material(s). (Currently being balloted under D35
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Committee on Terminology.)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.3 moisture content, n—that part of the mass of a
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 for
geosynthetic clay liner that is absorbed water, compared to the
specific precautionary statements.
mass of dry clay.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.4 oven-dried, adj—the condition of a material that has
been heated under prescribed conditions of temperature and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
humidityuntilthereisnofurthersignificantchangeinitsmass.
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D123
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-
ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
4. Summary of Test Method
D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing
4.1 The mass per unit area is determined by weighing
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
(oven-dried) specimens of known initial size after drying in an
D4643 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)
oven over a sufficient time period to remove the moisture from
Content of Soil by Microwave Oven Heating
the GCL.
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying
4.2 The mass per unit area of the clay component of the
Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
GCL can be estimated by subtracting the manufacturer’s
Construction Materials Testing
reported nominal mass per unit area of the synthetic compo-
D5261 Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of
nent(s) from the total GCL mass per unit area.
Geotextiles
E145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-
NOTE 1—The supplier of the geosynthetic clay liner must be able to
Ventilation Ovens verify that the actual mass/unit area of the synthetic component(s) is
within 610% of the reported nominal value.Amore accurate estimation
of the actual dry clay mass per unit area could be obtained by using the
actual average value for the synthetic component(s) (as obtained from the
manufacturer for the actual lots used to make the GCL) rather than the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.04 on Geosyn- nominal value.
thetic Clay Liners.
4.3 The moisture content of the GCLcan be estimated with
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2004.PublishedJuly2004.Originallyapproved
in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D5993–99. DOI: 10.1520/ this test method.
D5993-99R04.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5. Significance and Use
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1 This test method is used to determine if the GCL
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. material meets specifications for mass per unit area at 0%
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5993–99 (2004)
potential for edge loss of clay, which may create problems with accuracy
moisture content, by oven-drying. It can be used as an index
and reproducibility.
test for quality control or quality assurance to determine
specimen conformance.
8.4 Testspecimenstakenfromthelaboratorysampleshould
be free from imperfections or other areas not representative of
6. Apparatus the material samples (such as dirt or labels).
8.5 Cutting of the laboratory specimens with a die or razor
6.1 Drying Oven—Thermostatically-controlled, preferably
may contaminate the work area, die, or razor with particles of
of the forced-draft type, meeting the requirements of Specifi-
clayorgeosyntheticmaterial.Theworkareashouldbecleaned
cation E145 and capable of maintaining a uniform temperature
before cutting the specimen. Therefore, all excess or waste
of 110°C 6 5°C throughout the drying chamber.
material should be cleaned away from the die and cutting area
6.2 Microwave Oven—A microwave oven, preferably with
beforeremovalofthespecimen.Thespecimen,materialonthe
a vented chamber, is suitable. The required size and power
die, and cutting area should be placed into a tared container.
ratingoftheovenisdependentonitsintendeduse.Ovenswith
Wiping of the area should be performed with a nonclinging
variable power controls and input power ratings of about 700
cloth or brush.
Whave been found to be adequate for this use.Variable power
8.6 The loss of clay during the specimen cutting process
controlsareimportantandreducethepotentialforoverheating
could have a significant impact to the accuracy of this test
the test specimen.
method. The technician performing this test method should
NOTE 2—Microwaveovensequippedwithbuilt-inscalesandcomputer
practicecuttingtestspecimensfromthelaboratorysampleuntil
controls have been developed for use in drying soils. Their use is
confidence is gained that a specimen can be cut without
compatible with this test method.
significant loss of clay.
6.3 Balances—All balances must meet the requirements of
8.6.1 Thetechnicianmaychoosetowettheperimeterofthe
Specification D4753 and this section. A Class GP1 balance of
GCLinanefforttobindtheclayparticlestogetherandthereby
0.01 g readability is required for samples having a mass of up
reduce the possibility of clay granule loss during the cutting
to200g(excludingmassofsamplecontainer)andaClassGP2
process. If the sample is wetted, the technician should try to
balance of 0.1 g readability is required for samples having a
limittheamountofclaythatwillattachitselftothedie,cutting
mass over 200 g.
board, template, or cutting instrument, or combination thereof.
6.4 Sample Containers—Suitable containers made of mate-
However, if the technician attempting to determine the mois-
rial resistant to corrosion and change in mass upon repeated
ture content of the GCL, other cutting methods should be used
heating, cooling, exposure to materials of varying pH, and
that do not require the addition of water.
cleaning. Microwave sample containers should be microwave
8.6.2 Ifadieisusedtocutthespecimen,lossofclaycanbe
safe.
reduced by leaving the die in place and removing all the
6.5 Desiccator—Adesiccator cabinet or large desiccator jar
remaining sample outside the edge of the die. This includes
ofsuitablesizecontainingindicatorsilicagel.Itispreferableto
brushing the cutting board clean.All material found within the
use a desiccant that changes color to indicate it needs recon-
edge of the die could then be placed in the sample containers.
stitution.
8.6.3 Any waste clay left on the cutting board and die or
6.6 Container Handling Apparatus—Gloves, tongs, or suit-
razor for which the technician cannot determine if the clay
able holder for moving and handling hot containers after
came from the individual specimen or the original sample
drying.
should be collected and weighed. It should be assumed the
6.7 Die, of known dimensions.
waste clay is edge loss from the individual specimen and the
6.8 Miscellaneous, knives, spatulas, scoops, quartering
original sample. One half the weight of the waste clay should
cloth, sample splitters, and so forth, as required.
be added to the test specimen container and the other one-half
discarded.
7. Hazards/Precautions
8.7 The number of test specimens should be a minimum of
7.1 Handle hot containers with a container holder. five, cut such that they are representative of the entire roll
7.2 Safety precautions supplied by the manufacturer of the width.
microwave oven should be observed.
9. Conditioning
7.3
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