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ASTM D4044-96(2002)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifiers

Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifiers

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the field procedure for performing an in situ instantaneous change in head (slug) test.
1.2 This test method is used in conjunction with an analytical procedure such as Test Method D 4104 to determine aquifer properties.
1.3 The values stated in the SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Oct-1997
ICS
13.060.10 - Water of natural resources
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.21 - Groundwater and Vadose Zone Investigations
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4044-96 - Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifiers
Effective Date
10-Oct-1997
Replaced By
ASTM D4044-96(2008) - Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifers
Effective Date
15-Sep-2008
Referred By
ASTM D4043-17 - Standard Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques
Effective Date
10-Oct-1997
Referred By
ASTM D6725/D6725M-16 - Standard Practice for Direct Push Installation of Prepacked Screen Monitoring Wells in Unconsolidated Aquifers
Effective Date
10-Oct-1997
Referred By
ASTM D6000/D6000M-15e1 - Standard Guide for Presentation of Water-Level Information from Groundwater Sites (Withdrawn 2024)
Effective Date
10-Oct-1997
Referred By
ASTM D5978/D5978M-16 - Standard Guide for Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Groundwater Monitoring Wells
Effective Date
10-Oct-1997
Referred By
ASTM D6914/D6914M-16 - Standard Practice for Sonic Drilling for Site Characterization and the Installation of Subsurface Monitoring Devices
Effective Date
10-Oct-1997
Referred By
ASTM E3268-21 - Standard Guide for NAPL Mobility and Migration in Sediment—Sample Collection, Field Screening, and Sample Handling
Effective Date
10-Oct-1997
Referred By
ASTM E1943-98(2015) - Standard Guide for Remediation of Ground Water by Natural Attenuation at Petroleum Release Sites
Effective Date
10-Oct-1997

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ASTM D4044-96(2002) - Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining Hydraulic Properties of AquifiersASTM D4044-96(2002) - Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifiers
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ASTM D4044-96(2002) - Standard Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifiers
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 4044 – 96 (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Test Method
(Field Procedure) for Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug)
Tests for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifiers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4044; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 5912 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determin-
ing Hydraulic Conductivity of an Unconfined Aquifer by
1.1 This test method covers the field procedure for perform-
Overdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change In
ing an in situ instantaneous change in head (slug) test.
Head (Slug Test)
1.2 This test method is used in conjunction with an analyti-
calproceduresuchasTestMethodD 4104todetermineaquifer
3. Terminology
properties.
3.1 Definitions: Definitions:
1.3 The values stated in the SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.1 control well—wellbywhichtheaquiferisstressed,for
standard.
example, by pumping, injection, or change of head.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.2 hydraulic conductivity—(field aquifer tests), the vol-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ume of water at the existing kinematic viscosity that will move
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
in a unit time under a unit hydraulic gradient through a unit
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
area measured at right angles to the direction of flow.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.3 observation well—a well open to all or part of an
2. Referenced Documents aquifer.
3.1.4 overdamped-well response—characterized by the wa-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ter level returning to the static level in an approximately
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
exponential manner following a sudden change in water level.
Fluids
(See for comparison underdamped well.)
D 4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer-Test Method in
3.1.5 slug—avolumeofwaterorsolidobjectusedtoinduce
Determination of Hydraulic Properties by Well Tech-
a sudden change of head in a well.
niques
3.1.6 storage coeffıcient—the volume of water an aquifer
D 4104 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determin-
releases from or takes into storage per unit surface area of the
ing Transmissivity of Confined Nonleaky Aquifers by
aquifer per unit change in head. For a confined aquifer, it is
Overdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change in
equal to the product of specific storage and aquifer thickness.
Head (Slug Test)
For an unconfined aquifer, the storage coefficient is approxi-
D 4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid
mately equal to the specific yield.
Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation
3.1.7 transmissivity—the volume of water at the existing
Well)
kinematic viscosity that will move in a unit time under a unit
D 5785 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Deter-
hydraulic gradient through a unit width of the aquifer.
mining Transmissivity of Confined Nonleaky Aquifers by
3.1.8 underdamped-well response—characterized by the
Underdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change In
3 water level oscillating about the static water level following a
Head (Slug Test)
suddenchangeinwaterlevel.(Seeforcomparison overdamped
D 5881 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determin-
well.)
ing Transmissivity of Confined Nonleaky Aquifers by
3.1.9 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,
Critically Damped Well Response to Instantaneous
3 refer to Terminology D 653.
Change In Head (Slug Test)
4. Summary of Test Method
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
4.1 This test method describes the field procedures involved
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on GroundWater and
in conducting an instantaneous head (slug) test. The slug test
Vadose Zone Investigations.
method involves causing a sudden change in head in a control
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1997. Published February 1997. Originally
published as D 4044 – 91. Last previous edition D 4044 – 91.
wellandmeasuringthewaterlevelresponsewithinthatcontrol
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 4044
well. Head change may be induced by suddenly injecting or longer than the duration of the test to determine the pre-test
removing a known quantity or “slug” of water into the well, water level fluctuations and to establish pre-pumping water-
rapid removal of a mechanical “slug” from below the water level trend and to determine a pre-pumping reference water
level, increasing or decreasing the air pressure in the well level.
casing, or emplacement of a mechanical slug into the water
column. 8. Procedure
4.2 The water-level response in the well is a function of the
8.1 Causeachangeinwaterlevel,eitherariseordecline,by
mass of water in the well and the transmissivity and coefficient
one of the following methods:
of storage of the aquifer. One method of analysis of the data
8.1.1 Water Slug—Inject or withdraw water of a known
from this field practice is described in Test Method D 4104.
quantity into or from the control well.
8.1.2 Mechanical Slug—Inject or withdraw a mechanical
5. Significance and Use
slug below or above the water level. The water within the
5.1 Thisslugtestfieldprocedureisusedinconjunctionwith
control well will then rise or decline an amount equal to the
a slug test analytical procedure, such asTest Method D 4104 to
volume of the mechanical slug.
providequickandrelativelyinexpensiveestimatesoftransmis-
8.1.3 Release Vacuum or Pressure—Amethodofsimulating
sivity.
the injection or withdrawal of a slug of water is by the release
5.2 The slug test provides an advantage over pumping tests
of a vacuum or pressure on a tightly capped (shut-in) control
in that it does not require the disposal of the large quantities of
well. Before the release, the vacuum or pressure is held
water that may be produced. This is of special importance
constant.
when testing a potentially contaminated aquifer. However, slug
tests reflect conditions near the well, therefore are influenced NOTE 1—Thereisnofixedrequirementforthemagnitudeofthechange
in water level. Similar results can be achieved with a wide range in
by near-well conditions, such as gravel pack, poor well
induced head change. Some considerations include a magnitude of change
development, and skin effects.
that can be readily measured with the apparatus selected, for example the
5.3 Slug tests may be made in aquifer
...

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4.1 Ground water samples are subject to chemical, physical, and biological change relative to in- situ conditions at the ground surfaces as a result of exposure to ambient conditions during sample collection (for example, pressure, temperature, ultraviolet radiation, atmospheric oxygen, and contaminants) (1) (2).6 Physical and chemical preservation of samples minimize further changes in sample chemistry that can occur from the moment the ground water sample is retrieved, to the time it is removed from the sample container for extraction or analysis, or both. Measures also should be taken to preserve the physical integrity of the sample container.  
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SCOPE
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Standard Guide for Documenting a Groundwater Sampling Event

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This guide covers what and how information should be recorded in the field when sampling a ground-water monitoring well. This guide is limited to written documentation of a ground-water sampling event. When sampling ground-water monitoring wells, it is very important to thoroughly document all field activities. It is important to record procedures used and measurements immediately after they have been accomplished and are fresh in the memory. The format of the documentation is discretionary, but should be consistent from well to well and in accordance with regulatory requirements.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 When sampling groundwater monitoring wells, it is very important to thoroughly document all field activities. Sufficient field data should be retained to allow one to reconstruct the procedures and conditions that may have affected the integrity of a sample. The field data generated are vital to the interpretation of the chemical data obtained from laboratory analyses of samples. Field data and observations may also be useful to analytical laboratory personnel.  
4.2 Due to the changing nature of regulations and other information, users are advised to thoroughly research requirements related to packaging and shipping prior to initiating a sampling event.
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers what and how information should be recorded in the field when sampling a groundwater monitoring well. Following these recommendations will provide adequate documentation in most monitoring programs. In some situations, it may be necessary to record additional or different information, or both, to thoroughly document the sampling event. In other cases, it may not be necessary to record all of the information recommended in this guide. The level of documentation will be based on site-specific conditions and regulatory requirements.  
1.2 This guide is limited to written documentation of a groundwater sampling event. Other methods of documentation (that is, electronic and audiovisual) can be used but are not addressed in this guide. The specific activities addressed in this guide include documentation of static water level measurement, monitoring well purging, monitoring well sampling, field measurements, groundwater sample preparation, and groundwater sample shipment.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be appli...

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ASTM
ASTM D5903-96(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Planning and Preparing for a Groundwater Sampling Event

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The success of a sampling event is influenced by adequate planning and preparation. Use of this guide will help the groundwater sampler to methodically execute the planning and preparation.  
3.2 This guide should be used by a professional or technician that has training or experience in groundwater sampling.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers planning and preparing for a groundwater sampling event. It includes technical and administrative considerations and procedures. Example checklists are also provided as Appendices.  
1.2 This guide may not cover every consideration procedure, or both, that is necessary before all groundwater sampling projects. In karst or fractured rock terranes, it may be appropriate to collect groundwater samples from springs (see Guide D5717). This guide focuses on sampling of groundwater from monitoring wells; however, most of the guidance herein can apply to the sampling of springs as well.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6771-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Low-Flow Purging and Sampling Used for Groundwater Monitoring

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Method Considerations—The objective of most groundwater sampling programs is to obtain samples that are similar in composition to that of the formation water near the well screen. The low-flow purging and sampling method uses the stabilization of indicator parameters to determine when the pump discharge is considered to represent a flow-weighted average of the formation water. Measurements of operational parameters are used to determine potential sampling bias (for example, artifactual turbidity and increased temperature) that may have been introduced by pumping operations and to ensure that the sample is representative of formation water. The low-flow purge rate minimizes lowering of the ambient groundwater level and thereby minimizes potential entrainment of blank-riser pipe (and potentially stagnant) water above or below the screen into the screened-zone of the well. This sampling method assumes that the well has been properly designed and constructed as described in Practices D5092/D5092M and D6725/D6725M, adequately developed as described in Guide D5521/D5521M, and has received proper well maintenance and rehabilitation as described in Guide D5978/D5978M (see Note 1).
Note 1: This Standard is not intended to replace or supersede any regulatory requirements, standard operating procedure (SOP), quality assurance project plan (QAPP), ground water sampling and analysis plan (GWSAP) or site-specific regulatory permit requirements. The procedures described in this Standard may be used in conjunction with regulatory requirements, SOPs, QAPPs, GWSAPs or permits where allowed by the authority with jurisdiction.  
5.2 Applicability—Low-flow purging and sampling may be used in a monitoring well that can be pumped at a constant low-flow rate without continuously increasing drawdown in the well (2). If a well cannot be purged without continuously increasing drawdown even at very low pumping rates (for example, 50 – 100 mL/min), the well should not be sampled using th...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the method of low-flow purging and sampling used to collect groundwater samples from wells to assess groundwater quality.  
1.2 The purpose of this procedure is to collect groundwater samples that represent a flow-weighted average of solute and colloid concentrations transported through the formation near the well screen under ambient conditions. Samples collected using this method can be analyzed for groundwater contaminants and/or naturally occurring analytes.  
1.3 This practice is generally not suitable for use in wells with very low-yields and cannot be conducted using grab sampling or inertial lift devices. This practice is not suitable for use in wells with non-aqueous phase liquids.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are approximate mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standar...

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ASTM
ASTM D6001/D6001M-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Direct-Push Groundwater Sampling for Environmental Site Characterization

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Direct-push groundwater sampling and profiling are economical methods for obtaining discrete interval groundwater quality samples in many soils and unconsolidated formations without the expense of permanent monitoring well installation (1-10).4 Many of these devices can be used to profile groundwater quality or contamination and/or hydraulic conductivity with depth by performing repetitive sampling and testing events. DP groundwater sampling is often used in expedited site characterization (Practice D6235) and as a means to accomplish high resolution site characterization (HRSC) (11, 12). The formation to be sampled should be sufficiently permeable to allow filling of the sampler in a relatively short time. The zone to be sampled and/or slug tested can be isolated by matching sampler screen length to obtain discrete samples of thin saturated, permeable layers. Use of these sampling and hydraulic testing techniques will result in more detailed characterization of sites containing multiple aquifers. The field conditions, sampler design and data quality objectives should be reviewed to determine if development (Guide D5521/D5521M) of the screened formation is appropriate. The samplers do not have a filter pack designed to retain fines like conventional wells, but only a slotted screen or wire-mesh covered ports. So, obtaining low turbidity samples may be difficult or even impossible in formations with a significant proportion of fine-grained materials. With most systems turbidity will always be high so consult Guide D6564/D6564M if field filtration of samples is required. Discrete water sampling, combined with knowledge of location and thickness of target aquifers, may better define conditions in thin multiple aquifers than monitoring wells with long screened intervals that can intersect and allow for intercommunication of multiple aquifers (4, 6, 11-15). DP sampling performed without knowledge of the location and thickness of target aquifers can result in sampling...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a review of methods for sampling groundwater at discrete points or in increments by insertion of groundwater sampling devices using Direct Push Methods (D6286/D6286M, see 3.3.2). By directly pushing the sampler, the soil is displaced and helps to form an annular seal above the sampling zone. Direct-push water sampling can be one time, or multiple sampling events. Knowledge of site specific geology and hydrogeologic conditions is necessary to successfully obtain groundwater samples with these devices.  
1.2 Direct-push methods of water sampling are used for groundwater quality and geohydrologic studies. Water quality and permeability may vary at different depths below the surface depending on geohydrologic conditions. Incremental sampling or sampling at discrete depths is used to determine the distribution of contaminants and to more completely characterize geohydrologic environments. These explorations are frequently advised in characterization of hazardous and toxic waste sites and for geohydrologic studies.  
1.3 This guide covers several types of groundwater samplers; sealed screen samplers, profiling samplers, dual tube sampling systems, and simple exposed screen samplers. In general, sealed screen samplers driven to discrete depth provide the highest quality water samples. Profiling samplers using an exposed screen(s) which are purged between sampling events allow for more rapid sample collection at multiple depths. Simple exposed screen samplers driven to a test zone with no purging prior to sampling may result in more questionable water quality if exposed to upper contaminated zones, and in that case, would be considered screening devices.  
1.4 Methods for obtaining groundwater samples for water quality analysis and detection of contaminants are presented. These methods include use of related standards such as; selection of purging and sampling devices (Guide D6452 and D6634/D6634M), samp...

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