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ASTM D7136/D7136M-05e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measuring the Damage Resistance of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite to a Drop-Weight Impact Event

Standard Test Method for Measuring the Damage Resistance of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite to a Drop-Weight Impact Event

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the damage resistance of multidirectional polymer matrix composite laminated plates subjected to a drop-weight impact event. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites, with the range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses defined in 8.2.
1.2 A flat, rectangular composite plate is subjected to an out-of-plane, concentrated impact using a drop-weight device with a hemispherical impactor. The potential energy of the drop-weight, as defined by the mass and drop height of the impactor, is specified prior to test. Equipment and procedures are provided for optional measurement of contact force and velocity during the impact event. The damage resistance is quantified in terms of the resulting size and type of damage in the specimen.
1.3 The test method may be used to screen materials for damage resistance, or to inflict damage into a specimen for subsequent damage tolerance testing. When the impacted plate is tested in accordance with Test Method D 7137/D 7137M, the overall test sequence is commonly referred to as the Compression After Impact (CAI) method. Quasi-static indentation per Test Method D 6264 may be used as an alternate method of creating damage from an out-of-plane force and measuring damage resistance properties.
1.4 The damage resistance properties generated by this test method are highly dependent upon several factors, which include specimen geometry, layup, impactor geometry, impactor mass, impact force, impact energy, and boundary conditions. Thus, results are generally not scalable to other configurations, and are particular to the combination of geometric and physical conditions tested.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.6This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2005
ICS
83.120 - Reinforced plastics
Technical Committee
D30 - Composite Materials
Drafting Committee
D30.05 - Structural Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D7136/D7136M-05 - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Damage Resistance of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite to a Drop-Weight Impact Event
Effective Date
01-Apr-2005
Replaced By
ASTM D7136/D7136M-07 - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Damage Resistance of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite to a Drop-Weight Impact Event
Effective Date
01-Oct-2007
Referred By
ASTM D7745-19 - Standard Practice for Testing Pultruded Composites
Effective Date
01-Apr-2005
Referred By
ASTM D4762-18 - Standard Guide for Testing Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
Effective Date
01-Apr-2005
Referred By
ASTM D7766/D7766M-23 - Standard Practice for Damage Resistance Testing of Sandwich Constructions
Effective Date
01-Apr-2005
Referred By
ASTM D6264/D6264M-23 - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Damage Resistance of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composite to a Concentrated Quasi-Static Indentation Force
Effective Date
01-Apr-2005
Referred By
ASTM D7956/D7956M-16 - Standard Practice for Compressive Testing of Thin Damaged Laminates Using a Sandwich Long Beam Flexure Specimen
Effective Date
01-Apr-2005
Referred By
ASTM D7137/D7137M-23 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Residual Strength Properties of Damaged Polymer Matrix Composite Plates
Effective Date
01-Apr-2005

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ASTM D7136/D7136M-05e1 - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Damage Resistance of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite to a Drop-Weight Impact EventASTM D7136/D7136M-05e1 - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Damage Resistance of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite to a Drop-Weight Impact Event
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ASTM D7136/D7136M-05e1 - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Damage Resistance of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite to a Drop-Weight Impact Event
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
e1
Designation:D7136/D7136M–05
Standard Test Method for
Measuring the Damage Resistance of a Fiber-Reinforced
1
Polymer Matrix Composite to a Drop-Weight Impact Event
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7136/D 7136M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
e NOTE—Fig. 8 was editorially corrected in May 2005.
1. Scope must be used independently of the other. Combining values
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
1.1 This test method covers the damage resistance of
standard.
multidirectional polymer matrix composite laminated plates
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
subjected to a drop-weight impact event. The composite
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
material forms are limited to continuous-fiber reinforced poly-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
mer matrix composites, with the range of acceptable test
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
laminates and thicknesses defined in 8.2.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2 A flat, rectangular composite plate is subjected to an
out-of-plane, concentrated impact using a drop-weight device
2. Referenced Documents
with a hemispherical impactor. The potential energy of the
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
drop-weight, as defined by the mass and drop height of the
D 792 TestMethodsforDensityandSpecificGravity(Rela-
impactor, is specified prior to test. Equipment and procedures
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
are provided for optional measurement of contact force and
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
velocity during the impact event. The damage resistance is
D 3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite
quantified in terms of the resulting size and type of damage in
Materials
the specimen.
D 3763 Test Method for High Speed Puncture Properties of
1.3 The test method may be used to screen materials for
Plastics using Load and Displacement Sensors
damage resistance, or to inflict damage into a specimen for
D 3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
subsequent damage tolerance testing. When the impacted plate
D 5229/D 5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption
istestedinaccordancewithTestMethodD 7137/D 7137M,the
Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Ma-
overall test sequence is commonly referred to as the Compres-
trix Composite Laminates
sion After Impact (CAI) method. Quasi-static indentation per
D 5687/D 5687M Guide for Preparation of Flat Composite
Test Method D 6264 may be used as an alternate method of
Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Prepara-
creating damage from an out-of-plane force and measuring
tion
damage resistance properties.
D 6264 Test Method for Measuring the Damage Resistance
1.4 The damage resistance properties generated by this test
of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composite to a
method are highly dependent upon several factors, which
Concentrated Quasi-Static Indentation Force
include specimen geometry, layup, impactor geometry, impac-
D 7137/D 7137M Test Method for Compressive Residual
tor mass, impact force, impact energy, and boundary condi-
Strength Properties of Damaged Polymer Matrix Compos-
tions. Thus, results are generally not scalable to other configu-
ite Plates
rations, and are particular to the combination of geometric and
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
physical conditions tested.
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
ing
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in
Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.05 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Structural Test Methods. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved April 1, 2005. Published April 2005. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
e1
D7136/D7136M–05
E 122 Practice for Calculation of Sample Size to Estimate, to the face o
...

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5.1 It is well known that the prepreg impregnation level affects handling characteristics, tack and drape, and final part quality. Resin impregnation level is the dominant factor in the ability of removing air and volatiles from the layup during processing. Partially impregnated prepreg materials can in some applications provide higher quality, lower void content composite parts, and are becoming increasingly more common due to the desire to cure out-of-autoclave, using vacuum bag-only processes. This test can identify small changes in the material impregnation level which can assist in definition of production processes or shipping and handling procedures. The value of permeability can be used for specifying ranges as acceptance requirements for prepreg materials, thus enabling the prepreg manufacturer and user greater confidence in the ability to produce repeatable and high quality parts. This test directly determines the actual air flow propensity of the material tested without any applied compaction pressure during testing.  
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1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
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Standard Test Method for Bearing Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Refer to Guide D8509.
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1.1 This test method covers the bearing response of pinned or fastened joints using multi-directional polymer matrix composite laminates reinforced by high-modulus fibers by double-shear tensile loading (Procedure A), single-shear tensile or compressive loading of a two-piece specimen (Procedure B), single-shear tensile loading of a one-piece specimen (Procedure C), or double-shear compressive loading (Procedure D). Standard specimen configurations using fixed values of test parameters are described for each procedure. However, when fully documented in the test report, a number of test parameters may be optionally varied. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber (tape or fabric, or both) reinforced composites for which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.1.  
1.2 This test method is consistent with the recommendations of MIL-HDBK-17, which describes the desirable attributes of a bearing response test method.  
1.3 The multi-fastener test configurations described in this test method are similar to those used by industry to investigate the bypass portion of the bearing bypass interaction response for bolted joints, where the specimen may produce either a bearing failure mode or a bypass failure mode. Note that the scope of this test method is limited to bearing and fastener failure modes. Use Test Method D7248/D7248M for by-pass testing.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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ASTM D7766/D7766M-23(Practice)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides supplemental instructions that allow Test Methods D6264/D6264M (for quasi-static indentation testing) and D7136/D7136M (for drop-weight impact testing) to determine damage resistance properties of sandwich constructions. Susceptibility to damage from concentrated out-of-plane forces is one of the major design concerns of many structures made using sandwich constructions. Knowledge of the damage resistance properties of a sandwich panel is useful for product development and material selection.  
5.2 Sandwich damage resistance testing can serve the following purposes:  
5.2.1 To establish quantitatively the effects of facing geometry, facing stacking sequence, facing-to-core interface, core geometry (cell size, cell wall thickness, core thickness, etc.), core density, core strength, processing and environmental variables on the damage resistance of a particular sandwich panel to a concentrated quasi-static indentation force, drop-weight impact force, or impact energy.  
5.2.2 To compare quantitatively the relative values of the damage resistance parameters for sandwich constructions with different facing, core or adhesive materials. The damage response parameters can include dent depth, damage dimensions and location(s), indentation or impact force magnitudes, impact energy magnitudes, as well as the force versus time curve.  
5.2.3 To impart damage in a specimen for subsequent damage tolerance tests, such as Test Method D8287/D8287M and Practice D8388/D8388M.  
5.2.4 Quasi-static indentation tests can also be used to identify a specific sequence of damage events (only the final damage state is identifiable after a drop-weight impact test).  
5.3 The properties obtained using these practices can provide guidance in regard to the anticipated damage resistance capability of sandwich structures with similar materials, geometry, stacking sequence, and so forth. However, it must be understood that the damage resistance of a sandwich structu...
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1.1 This practice provides instructions for modifying laminate quasi-static indentation and drop-weight impact test methods to determine damage resistance properties of sandwich constructions. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb, truss cores and fiber-reinforced cores).  
1.2 This practice supplements Test Methods D6264/D6264M (for quasi-static indentation testing) and D7136/D7136M (for drop-weight impact testing) with provisions for testing sandwich specimens. Several important test specimen parameters (for example, facing thickness, core thickness and core density) are not mandated by this practice; however, repeatable results require that these parameters be specified and reported.  
1.3 Three test procedures are provided. Procedures A and B correspond to D6264/D6264M test procedures for rigidlybacked and edge-supported test conditions, respectively. Procedure C corresponds to D7136/D7136M test procedures. All three procedures are suitable for imparting damage to a sandwich specimen in preparation for subsequent damage tolerance testing in accordance with Test Method D8287/D8287M (compressive loading) and Practice D8388/D8388M (flexural loading).  
1.4 In general, Procedure A is considered to be the most suitable procedure for comparative damage resistance assessments, due to reduced influence of flexural stiffness and support fixture characteristics upon damage formation. However, the selection of a test procedure and associated support conditions should be done in consideration of the intended structural application, and as such Procedures B and C may be more appropriate for comparative purposes for some applications.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not ...

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