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ASTM A940/A940M-06(2016)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differentially Heat Treated, for Turbine Rotors (Withdrawn 2017)

Standard Specification for Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differentially Heat Treated, for Turbine Rotors (Withdrawn 2017)

ABSTRACT
This specification covers vacuum treated and differentially heat treated alloy steel forgings for turbine rotors. Materials shall be manufactured by melting process, heat treatment (consisting of normalizing and tempering to achieve creep resistance in the high pressure portion, and quenching and tempering to achieve high toughness in the low pressure portion), rough machining, and boring. Heat and product analyses shall be performed to evaluate conformance of the steel to required chemical compositions. Tension and impact tests shall also be executed to make sure that forgings adhere to tensile and notch toughness requirements, including tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Final products shall be free of cracks, seams, laps, shrinkage, and other injurious imperfections. To evaluate such imperfections, nondestructive tests, such as ultrasonic and internal inspection procedures, may be conducted at the preference of the purchaser. Forgings that do not meet the requirements specified, may be retreated one or more times, but not more than three additional times.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers vacuum treated, alloy steel forgings, differentially heat treated for turbine rotors.  
1.2 Differential heat treatment of a rotor forging involves subjecting two portions of the forging concurrently to two different austenitizing temperatures followed by two different cooling rates for normalizing and quenching, and then tempering, to achieve creep resistance in the high pressure (HP) portion and high toughness in the low pressure (LP) portion.2  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This specification covers vacuum treated, alloy steel forgings, differentially heat treated for turbine rotors.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys, this specification was withdrawn in November 2017. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement due to its limited use by industry.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
29-Feb-2016
Withdrawal Date
14-Nov-2017
ICS
77.140.85 - Iron and steel forgings
Technical Committee
A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
Drafting Committee
A01.06 - Steel Forgings and Billets
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A940/A940M-06(2011) - Standard Specification for Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differentially Heat Treated, for Turbine Rotors
Effective Date
01-Mar-2016
Referred By
ASTM A418/A418M-15(2020) - Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Turbine and Generator Steel Rotor Forgings
Effective Date
01-Mar-2016

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ASTM A940/A940M-06(2016) - Standard Specification for Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differentially Heat Treated, for Turbine Rotors (Withdrawn 2017)ASTM A940/A940M-06(2016) - Standard Specification for Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differentially Heat Treated, for Turbine Rotors (Withdrawn 2017)
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ASTM A940/A940M-06(2016) - Standard Specification for Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differentially Heat Treated, for Turbine Rotors (Withdrawn 2017)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:A940/A940M −06 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Specification for
Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differentially Heat
Treated, for Turbine Rotors
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA940/A940M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E139 Test Methods for Conducting Creep, Creep-Rupture,
and Stress-Rupture Tests of Metallic Materials
1.1 This specification covers vacuum treated, alloy steel
forgings, differentially heat treated for turbine rotors.
3. Ordering Information
1.2 Differential heat treatment of a rotor forging involves
3.1 In addition to the ordering information required by
subjecting two portions of the forging concurrently to two
Specification A788/A788M, the purchaser shall include with
different austenitizing temperatures followed by two different
the inquiry and order a detailed drawing, sketch, or written
cooling rates for normalizing and quenching, and then
description of the forging, including the mechanical test
tempering, to achieve creep resistance in the high pressure
locations, the portion of the forging to be included in the
(HP) portion and high toughness in the low pressure (LP)
heating chamber during the stability test, and the minimum
portion.
stability test temperature.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3.2 The purchaser shall specify if check tests for mechanical
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
properties are required after stress relief or heat stability tests.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3.3 Supplementary Requirements—Supplementary require-
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
ments are provided. These requirements shall apply only when
with the standard.
specified in the purchase order.
2. Referenced Documents
4. General Requirements
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 Material supplied to this specification shall conform to
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of
the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, which out-
Steel Forgings
lines additional ordering information, manufacturing
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
requirements, testing and retesting methods and procedures,
of Steel Products
marking, certification, product analysis variations, and addi-
A418/A418M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Tur-
tional supplementary requirements.
bine and Generator Steel Rotor Forgings
A470/A470M Specification for Vacuum-Treated Carbon and
4.2 If the requirements of this specification are in conflict
Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts
with the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, the
A472/A472M Specification for Heat Stability of Steam Tur-
requirements of this specification shall prevail.
bine Shafts and Rotor Forgings
A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re-
5. Manufacture
quirements
5.1 Melting processes of Specification A788/A788M shall
be applicable, except that the open hearth or basic oxygen
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
methods of primary melting shall not be used and the molten
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets. steel shall be vacuum treated during processing. Except for
Current edition approved March 1, 2016. Published April 2016. Originally
vacuum stream degassed ingots, the hydrogen content shall be
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as A940/A940M – 06
determined. The acceptable hydrogen limit as well as the stage
(2011). DOI: 10.1520/A0940_A0940M-06R16.
2 in processing when sampling, the sample preparation proce-
Symposium on Steel Forgings, ASTM STP 903, ASTM International, West
Conshohocken, PA, 1984, pp. 59–86.
dure and the method of analysis shall be established between
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
the manufacturer and the purchaser.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1.1 If the ESR process is used, the electrodes shall have
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. been produced from vacuum treated primary heat(s).
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A940/A940M−06 (2016)
5.2 In addition to the requirements of Specification A788/ testsampletakenpreferablyduringthepouringoftheheat.The
A788M, it is important to maintain the axial center of the steel shall conform to the requirements for chemical composi-
forging in common with the axial center of the original ingot. tion prescribed in Table 1.
5.3 Differential Heat Treatment—The heat treatment for 6.2 ProductAnalysis—The manufacturer shall make a prod-
mechanical properties shall consist of normalizing and temper- uct analysis from each forging. The chemical composition thus
ing of the creep resistant portion, HP portion, and quenching determined shall not vary from the requirements specified in
and tempering of the high toughness portion, LP portion. Table 1 by more than the amounts prescribed in Specification
5.3.1 The preliminary heat treatment shall consist of nor- A788/A788M.
malizing well above the transformation temperature range.
7. Mechanical Properties
5.3.2 The normalizing and quenching treatments shall be
fromabovethetransformationrangebutbelowthenormalizing 7.1 Tension Test:
7.1.1 The steel shall conform to the tensile requirements of
temperature described in 5.3.1. This treatment shall be per-
formed after preliminary machining. Table 2.
7.1.2 The number and location of tension test specimens
5.3.2.1 The heat treatment for the HP portion shall consist
of normalizing, accelerated air cooling, and tempering. shall be as specified on the forging drawings furnished by the
5.3.2.2 For the high toughness LP portion, the heat treat- purchaser.
ment shall consist of water quenching (or water-spray quench- 7.1.3 Final acceptance tests shall be performed after heat
ing) and tempering. treatment of the forging for mechanical properties prior to
5.3.3 The final tempering temperature for all zones shall not stress relief. If the stress relief temperature is within 25°F
be below 1200°F [650°C]. [15°C] of the tempering temperature, or higher, check tests
5.3.4 After heat treatment and subsequent rough machining shall be made after the stress relief treatment and reported to
and boring, the forging shall be stress relieved at a temperature the purchaser. The purchaser may require check tests after the
completion of all heating cycles, including stress relief and the
not more than 100°F [55°C] below the final tempering
temperature, but not below 1100°F [595°C]. heat stability tests.
7.1.4 The yield strength prescribed in Table 2 shall be
5.3.5 With the prior approval of the purchaser, the stress
relieving temperature may approach, equal, or slightly exceed determined by the offset method of Test Methods and Defini-
tions A370.
the final tempering temperature as a means of adjusting final
strength or toughness. If the stress relieving temperature is
7.2 Impact Test:
within 25°F [15°C] of the final tempering temperature, or
7.2.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements for notch
higher, acceptance tests shall be obtained after the stress
toughness (both transition temperature and room temperature
relieving operation.
impact values) prescribed in Table 3.
5.3.6 The method of cooling the HP and LP portions during
7.2.2 The notch toughness specimens shall be machined
the normalizing, quenching, tempering, and stress relieving
from radial bars taken from the main body of the forging, as
heat treating cycles shall be reported.
shown in the forging drawing. The specimens shall be Charpy
5.4 Machining: V-notch, Type A, as shown in Test Methods and Definitions
5.4.1 Preliminary Rough Machining—All exterior surfaces A370. The notch direction of the Charpy bars shall be as
of the forging shall be machined prior to heat treatment for prescribed in Specification A470/A470M.
mechanical properties.
8. Nondestructive Tests
5.4.2 Second Rough Machining—After heat treatment for
8.1 General Requirements:
mechanicalproperties,allsurfacesoftheforgingshallberough
machined prior to stress relief and the stability test. 8.1.1 The forgings shall be free of cracks, seams, laps,
shrinkage, and other injurious imperfections.
5.4.3 Boring:
5.4.3.1 Forgings shall be bored to permissible bore size and 8.1.2 The purchaser may request ultrasonic, magnetic
particle, dye penetrant, etch, or other nondestructive inspec-
tolerances when required by the purchaser’s drawing.
5.4.3.2 Forgings may be bored to limits agreed to by the tions necessary to evaluate imperfections and to ensure com-
pliance with this requirement.
purchaser or indicated on the purchaser’s drawing, to remove
objectionable center conditions revealed by ultrasonic inspec-
TABLE 1 Chemical Composition
tion.
Composition, % Grade 1
5.4.3.3 Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, the
Carbon 0.23–0.31
manufacturer may bore the forging at any time after quenching
Manganese 0.50–1.00
and prior to stress relief.
Phosphorus, max 0.012
5.4.4 Machining to Purchaser’s Requirements for
Sulfur, max 0.015
Silicon, max 0.10
Shipment—The forging, as shipped, shall conform to the finish
Nickel 0.80–1.10
and dimensions specified on the purchaser’s drawing or order.
Chromium 0.90–1.50
...

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ABSTRACT
This test method deals with the acceptance criteria for the magnetic particle examination of forged steel crankshafts and forgings having large main bearing journal or crankpin diameters. Covered here are three classes of forgings, which shall be evaluated under two areas of inspection, namely: major critical areas, and minor critical areas. During inspection, magnetic particle indications shall be classified as: surface indications, which include nonmetallic inclusions or stringers, open or twist cracks, flakes, or pipes; open or pinpoint indications; and non-open indications. Procedures for dimpling, depressing, inspection, and product marking are also mentioned.
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Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Turbine and Generator Steel Rotor Forgings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The acceptance criteria shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
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1.1 This practice for ultrasonic examination covers turbine and generator steel rotor forgings covered by Specifications A469/A469M, A470/A470M, A768/A768M, and A940/A940M. This practice shall be used for contact testing only.  
1.2 This practice describes a basic procedure of ultrasonically inspecting turbine and generator rotor forgings. It does not restrict the use of other ultrasonic methods such as reference block calibrations when required by the applicable procurement documents nor is it intended to restrict the use of new and improved ultrasonic test equipment and methods as they are developed.  
1.3 This practice is intended to provide a means of inspecting cylindrical forgings so that the inspection sensitivity at the forging center line or bore surface is constant, independent of the forging or bore diameter. To this end, inspection sensitivity multiplication factors have been computed from theoretical analysis, with experimental verification. These are plotted in Fig. 1 (bored rotors) and Fig. 2 (solid rotors), for a true inspection frequency of 2.25 MHz, and an acoustic velocity of 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s]. Means of converting to other sensitivity levels are provided in Fig. 3. (Sensitivity multiplication factors for other frequencies may be derived in accordance with X1.1 and X1.2 of Appendix X1.)  
FIG. 1 Bored Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging bore surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 2 Solid Forgings
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FIG. 3 Conversion Factors to Be Used in Conjunction with Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 if a Change in the Reference Reflector Diameter is Required
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This specification covers vacuum-treated alloy steel forgings intended for use as turbine rotor disks and wheels. The steel shall be made by the basic electric-furnace process. The molten steel shall be vacuum treated using either the vacuum stream degassing process, vacuum-lift process or ladle degassing process prior to or during the pouring of the ingot in order to remove objectionable gases, particularly hydrogen. The forgings shall receive their hot mechanical work under a press, hammer, or mill of sufficient power to work the metal throughout its section. Before reheating for heat treatment, the forging shall be allowed to cool in a manner to prevent damage and to accomplish transformation. The forgings shall be heated to a suitable temperature for a sufficient length of time for complete austenitization and shall be tempered to develop the specified properties. The forgings shall be preliminarily machined on all surfaces prior to heat treatment and shall be stress relieved after machining. To measure some mechanical properties, the specimens shall be subjected to tension test, impact test, and hardness test. A non-destructive test like an ultrasonic inspection shall be made on all available surfaces to demonstrate freedom from detrimental internal indications.
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4.2 The ultrasonic quality level shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
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ABSTRACT
This measurement method covers the procedures for the standard practice of determining the heat stability of steam turbine and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. Surface and test band preparation, and heating and cooling procedures prior to stability measurements are detailed. Interpretation of the results of cold and hot measurements is also described.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the determination of heat stability of steam turbine shafts and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. This specification is not ordinarily applicable to generator rotor forgings.  
1.2 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the specification, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A336/A336M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with ferritic alloy steel forgings for high-pressure and high-temperature parts, such as boilers, pressure vessels, and associated equipment. The steel grades covered here include the following: Grade F1; Grade F11, Classes 1, 2, and 3; Grade F12; Grade F5; Grade F5A; Grade F9; Grade F6; Grades F21 and F22, Classes 1 and 3; Grade F91, Grade F3V; and Grade F22V. Other steel grades may also be treated under this specification. Alloy steels shall be melted, forged, and rough machined at stipulated conditions. Except as permitted for Grade F22V, steel forgings shall be annealed or normalized and tempered, but may alternatively be liquid quenched and tempered as well. Impact and Charpy V-notch tests shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to specified mechanical requirements such as notch toughness, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Materials shall also undergo heat and product analyses and conform to specified chemical requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers ferritic steel forgings for boilers, pressure vessels, high-temperature parts, and associated equipment.  
1.2 Forgings made of steel grades listed in Specification A335/A335M may also be ordered under this specification. The chemical, tensile, heat treatment, and marking requirements of Specification A335/A335M shall apply, except the forging shall conform to the chemical requirements of Tables 1 and 2 of Specification A335/A335M only with respect to heat analysis. On product analysis they may deviate from these limits to the extent permitted in Table 1 of this specification.  
1.3 Supplementary Requirements S1 to S10 are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.  
1.4 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.  
1.5 Specification A336/A336M formerly included austenitic steel forgings, which are now found in Specification A965/A965M.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A275/A275M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the procedures for the standard practice of performing magnetic particle examination on steel forgings. The inspection medium shall consist of finely divided ferromagnetic particles, whose size, shape and magnetic properties, both individually and collectively, shall be taken into account. Forgings may be magnetized in the longitudinal or circular direction by employing the surge or continuous current flow methods. Magnetization may be applied by passing current through the piece or by inducing a magnetic field by means of a central conductor, such as a prod or yoke, or by coils. While the material is properly magnetized, the magnetic particles may be applied by either the dry method, wet method, or fluorescent method. The parts shall also be sufficiently demagnetized after inspection so that residual or leakage fields will not interfere with future operations to which the steel forgings shall be used for. Indications to be evaluated are grouped into three broad classes, namely: surface defects, which include laminar defects, forging laps and folds, flakes (thermal ruptures caused by entrapped hydrogen), heat-treating cracks, shrinkage cracks, grinding cracks, and etching or plating cracks; subsurface defects, which include stringers of nonmetallic inclusions, large nonmetallics, cracks in underbeads of welds, and forging bursts; and nonrelevant or false indications, which include magnetic writing, changes in section, edge of weld, and flow lines.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 For ferromagnetic materials, magnetic particle examination is widely specified for the detection of surface and near surface discontinuities such as cracks, laps, seams, and linearly oriented nonmetallic inclusions. Such examinations are included as mandatory requirements in some forging standards such as Specification A508/A508M.  
4.2 Use of direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current as the power source for magnetic particle examination allows detection of subsurface discontinuities.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers a procedure for magnetic particle examination of steel forgings. The procedure will produce consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This practice does not contain acceptance standards or recommended quality levels.  
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very limited and therefore unsuitable.  
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.
Note 1: Guide E709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examination in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steel forgings.  
1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination shall conform to practice standards of Practice E1444/E1444M. If the requirements of this practice are in conflict with the requirements of Practice E1444/E1444M, the requirements of this practice shall prevail.  
1.4 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices ...

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ASTM
ASTM A473-23a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service. The different solution heat treatment and annealing treatment received by the steel material are presented in details. The steel shall conform to the specified chemical composition and room temperature mechanical requirements. The forgings shall be produced with prolongations for testing, unless otherwise specified. The number of and procedure for tension test for forgings depending on their weight are presented. The tension test specimens shall be taken from the test prolongations or from the forgings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements from Specification A788/A788M may be specified when additional testing, inspection, or processing is required.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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