ASTM C1040/C1040M-16a
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for In-Place Density of Unhardened and Hardened Concrete, Including Roller Compacted Concrete, By Nuclear Methods
Standard Test Methods for In-Place Density of Unhardened and Hardened Concrete, Including Roller Compacted Concrete, By Nuclear Methods
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are useful as rapid, nondestructive techniques for the in-place determination of the density of unhardened concrete. The backscatter test method is also useful for the same purpose on hardened concrete. The fundamental assumptions inherent in the test methods are that Compton scattering is the dominant interaction and that the material under test is homogeneous.
4.2 These test methods are suitable for control and for assisting in acceptance testing during construction, for evaluation of concrete quality subsequent to construction, and for research and development.
Note 1: Care must be taken when using these test methods in monitoring the degree of consolidation, which is the ratio of the actual density achieved to the maximum density attainable with a particular concrete. The test methods presented here are used to determine the actual density. A density measurement, by any test method, is a function of the components of the concrete and may vary, to some extent, in response to the normal, acceptable variability of those components.
4.3 Test results may be affected by reinforcing steel, by the chemical composition of concrete constituents, and by sample heterogeneity. The variations resulting from these influences are minimized by instrument design and by the user's compliance with appropriate sections of the test procedure. Results of tests by the backscatter test method may also be affected by the density of underlying material. The backscatter test method exhibits spatial bias in that the apparatus's sensitivity to the material under it decreases with distance from the surface of the concrete.
Note 2: Typically, backscatter gauge readings represent the density in the top 75 to 100 mm [3 to 4 in.] of material.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the in-place density of unhardened and hardened concrete, including roller compacted concrete, by gamma radiation. For notes on the nuclear test see Appendix X1.
1.2 Two test methods are described, as follows:
Section
Test Method A—Direct Transmission
Test Method B—Backscatter
8
9
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1040/C1040M − 16a
Standard Test Methods for
In-Place Density of Unhardened and Hardened Concrete,
1
Including Roller Compacted Concrete, By Nuclear Methods
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1040/C1040M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 3. Terminology
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the 3.1 Definitions:
in-place density of unhardened and hardened concrete, includ- 3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in these test methods,
ing roller compacted concrete, by gamma radiation. For notes
refer to Terminology C125.
on the nuclear test see Appendix X1.
4. Significance and Use
1.2 Two test methods are described, as follows:
4.1 These test methods are useful as rapid, nondestructive
Section
techniques for the in-place determination of the density of
Test MethodA—Direct Transmission 8
unhardened concrete. The backscatter test method is also
Test Method B—Backscatter 9
useful for the same purpose on hardened concrete. The
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
fundamental assumptions inherent in the test methods are that
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Compton scattering is the dominant interaction and that the
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
material under test is homogeneous.
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
4.2 These test methods are suitable for control and for
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
assisting in acceptance testing during construction, for evalu-
with the standard.
ation of concrete quality subsequent to construction, and for
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
research and development.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- NOTE 1—Care must be taken when using these test methods in
monitoring the degree of consolidation, which is the ratio of the actual
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
density achieved to the maximum density attainable with a particular
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
concrete.The test methods presented here are used to determine the actual
density. A density measurement, by any test method, is a function of the
2. Referenced Documents
components of the concrete and may vary, to some extent, in response to
2
the normal, acceptable variability of those components.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C29/C29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”) 4.3 Test results may be affected by reinforcing steel, by the
and Voids in Aggregate
chemical composition of concrete constituents, and by sample
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag- heterogeneity. The variations resulting from these influences
gregates are minimized by instrument design and by the user’s compli-
C138/C138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight),Yield, ance with appropriate sections of the test procedure. Results of
and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete tests by the backscatter test method may also be affected by the
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements density of underlying material. The backscatter test method
for Test Methods for Construction Materials exhibits spatial bias in that the apparatus’s sensitivity to the
material under it decreases with distance from the surface of
the concrete.
1
NOTE 2—Typically, backscatter gauge readings represent the density in
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
Concrete and ConcreteAggregatesand are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee the top 75 to 100 mm [3 to 4 in.] of material.
C09.45 on Roller-Compacted Concrete.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2016. Published January 2017. Originally
5. Apparatus
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as C1040/C1040M – 16.
DOI: 10.1520/C1040_C1040M-16A.
5.1 The exact details of construction of the apparatus may
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
vary,buttheapparatusasawholeshallsatisfytherequirements
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
for system precision stated in Annex A1. The system shall
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. consist of the following:
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1040/C1040M − 16 C1040/C1040M − 16a
Standard Test Methods for
In-Place Density of Unhardened and Hardened Concrete,
1
Including Roller Compacted Concrete, By Nuclear Methods
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1040/C1040M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the in-place density of unhardened and hardened concrete, including roller
compacted concrete, by gamma radiation. For notes on the nuclear test see Appendix X1.
1.2 Two test methods are described, as follows:
Section
Test Method A—Direct Transmission 8
Test Method B—Backscatter 9
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C29/C29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in Aggregate
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
C138/C138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in these test methods, refer to Terminology C125.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 These test methods are useful as rapid, nondestructive techniques for the in-place determination of the density of unhardened
concrete. The backscatter test method is also useful for the same purpose on hardened concrete. The fundamental assumptions
inherent in the test methods are that Compton scattering is the dominant interaction and that the material under test is
homogeneous.
4.2 These test methods are suitable for control and for assisting in acceptance testing during construction, for evaluation of
concrete quality subsequent to construction, and for research and development.
NOTE 1—Care must be taken when using these test methods in monitoring the degree of consolidation, which is the ratio of the actual density achieved
to the maximum density attainable with a particular concrete. The test methods presented here are used to determine the actual density. A density
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregatesand are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.45
on Roller-Compacted Concrete.
Current edition approved July 1, 2016Dec. 15, 2016. Published August 2016January 2017. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 20132016 as
C1040/C1040M – 08C1040/C1040M – 16.(2013). DOI: 10.1520/C1040_C1040M-16.10.1520/C1040_C1040M-16A.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1040/C1040M − 16a
measurement, by any test method, is a function of the components of the concrete and may vary, to some extent, in response to the normal, acceptable
variability of those components.
4.3 Test results may be affected by reinforcing steel, by the chemical composition of concrete constituents, and by sample
heterogeneity. The variations resulting from these influences are minimized by instrument design and by the user’s compliance
with appropriate sections of the test procedure. Results of tests by the backscatter test method may also be affected by the density
of underlying material. The backscatter test method exhibits spatial bias in that the apparatus’s sensitivity to the ma
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.