iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM C311/C311M-24

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Concrete

Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Concrete

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are used to develop data for comparison with the requirements of Specification C618 or Specification C1697. These test methods are based on standardized testing in the laboratory and are not intended to simulate job conditions.  
4.1.1 Strength Activity Index—The test for strength activity index is used to determine whether coal ash or natural pozzolan results in an acceptable level of strength development when used in concrete. Since the test is performed with mortar, the results may not provide a direct correlation of how the coal ash or natural pozzolan will contribute to strength in concrete.  
4.1.2 Chemical Tests—The chemical component determinations and the limits placed on each do not predict the performance of a coal ash or natural pozzolan in concrete, but collectively help describe composition and uniformity of the material.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and testing coal ash and raw or calcined pozzolans for use in concrete.  
1.2 The procedures appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Sampling  
7  
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS  
Reagents and apparatus  
10  
Moisture content  
11 and 12  
Loss on ignition  
13 and 14  
Silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide,
calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, sulfur
trioxide, sodium oxide and potassium
oxide  
15  
Available alkali  
16 and 17  
Ammonia  
18  
PHYSICAL TESTS  
Density  
19  
Fineness  
20  
Increase of drying shrinkage of mortar bars  
21 – 23  
Soundness  
24  
Air-entrainment of mortar  
25 and 26  
Strength activity index  
27 – 30  
Water requirement  
31  
Effectiveness of Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
Controlling Alkali-Silica Reactions  
32  
Effectiveness of Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
Contributing to Sulfate Resistance  
34  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
Note 1: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Dec-2023
ICS
91.100.30 - Concrete and concrete products
Technical Committee
C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Drafting Committee
C09.24 - Supplementary Cementitious Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C311/C311M-22 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
Effective Date
01-Jan-2024
Referred By
ASTM C1797-23a - Standard Specification for Ground Calcium Carbonate and Aggregate Mineral Fillers for use in Hydraulic Cement Concrete
Effective Date
01-Jan-2024
Referred By
ASTM C802-14(2022) - Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Test Program to Determine the Precision of Test Methods for Construction Materials
Effective Date
01-Jan-2024
Referred By
ASTM C618-23e1 - Standard Specification for Coal Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
Effective Date
01-Jan-2024
Referred By
ASTM C595/C595M-23 - Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
Effective Date
01-Jan-2024
Referred By
ASTM C1240-20 - Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
Effective Date
01-Jan-2024
Referred By
ASTM E3355-23 - Standard Guide for Characterization of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) in Storage Area(s) for Beneficial Use
Effective Date
01-Jan-2024
Referred By
ASTM D242/D242M-19 - Standard Specification for Mineral Filler for Asphalt Mixtures
Effective Date
01-Jan-2024
Referred By
ASTM C1709-22 - Standard Guide for Evaluation of Alternative Supplementary Cementitious Materials (ASCM) for Use in Concrete
Effective Date
01-Jan-2024
Referred By
ASTM C1697-21 - Standard Specification for Blended Supplementary Cementitious Materials
Effective Date
01-Jan-2024
Referred By
ASTM C1897-20 - Standard Test Methods for Measuring the Reactivity of Supplementary Cementitious Materials by Isothermal Calorimetry and Bound Water Measurements
Effective Date
01-Jan-2024
Referred By
ASTM D5759-12(2020) - Standard Guide for Characterization of Coal Fly Ash and Clean Coal Combustion Fly Ash for Potential Uses
Effective Date
01-Jan-2024
Referred By
ASTM C1866/C1866M-22 - Standard Specification for Ground-Glass Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
Effective Date
01-Jan-2024
Referred By
ASTM C1778-23 - Standard Guide for Reducing the Risk of Deleterious Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete
Effective Date
01-Jan-2024
Referred By
ASTM C593-19 - Standard Specification for Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans for Use With Lime for Soil Stabilization
Effective Date
01-Jan-2024

Buy Standard

ASTM C311/C311M-24 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in ConcreteASTM C311/C311M-24 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Concrete
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM C311/C311M-24 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Concrete
English language
11 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview
REDLINE ASTM C311/C311M-24 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in ConcreteREDLINE ASTM C311/C311M-24 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Concrete
PreviousNext
Standard
REDLINE ASTM C311/C311M-24 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Concrete
English language
11 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C311/C311M − 24
Standard Test Methods for
Sampling and Testing Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolans for
1
Use in Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C311/C311M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
Effectiveness of Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
32
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and
Controlling Alkali-Silica Reactions
testing coal ash and raw or calcined pozzolans for use in
Effectiveness of Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
concrete.
34
Contributing to Sulfate Resistance
1.2 The procedures appear in the following order:
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Sections
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
Sampling 7
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
used independently of the other, and values from the two
systems shall not be combined.
Reagents and apparatus 10
NOTE 1—Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Speci-
Moisture content 11 and 12
fication E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for
Loss on ignition 13 and 14 information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide,
calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, sulfur safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
15
trioxide, sodium oxide and potassium
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
oxide
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Available alkali 16 and 17 mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
Ammonia 18
that provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-
PHYSICAL TESTS notes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as
requirements of this standard.
Density 19
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
Fineness 20
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Increase of drying shrinkage of mortar bars 21 – 23
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Soundness 24
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Air-entrainment of mortar 25 and 26
Strength activity index 27 – 30
2. Referenced Documents
2
Water requirement 31
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and are the direct responsibility of Subcommit-
2
tee C09.24 on Supplementary Cementitious Materials. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2024. Published February 2024. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as C311/C311M – 22. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/C0311_C0311M-24. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C311/C311M − 24
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 50 mm [2 in.] Cube 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Specimens) 3.2.1 bottom ash, n—ash that results from the process of
C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic combustion of ground or powdered coal that is not transported
Cement by 24 flue gases.
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag- 3.2.1.1 Discussion—This definition of bottom ash does not
gregates include the residue resulting from: (1) fluidized bed
C150/C150M Specification for Portland Cement combustion, (2) the burning of municipal solid waste or any
C151/C151M Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of Hy- other refuse with coal, or (3) the burning of industrial or
draulic Cement municipal solid waste in incinerators.
C157/C157M Test Method for Length Change of Hardened
3.2.2 coal ash, n—fly ash and bottom ash resulting from the
Hydraulic-
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C311/C311M − 22 C311/C311M − 24
Standard Test Methods for
Sampling and Testing FlyCoal Ash or Natural Pozzolans for
1
Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C311/C311M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and testing flycoal ash and raw or calcined pozzolans for use in
portland-cement concrete.
1.2 The procedures appear in the following order:
Sections
Sampling 7
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Reagents and apparatus 10
Moisture content 11 and 12
Loss on ignition 13 and 14
Silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide,
calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, sulfur
15
trioxide, sodium oxide and potassium
oxide
Available alkali 16 and 17
Ammonia 18
PHYSICAL TESTS
Density 19
Fineness 20
Increase of drying shrinkage of mortar bars 21 – 23
Soundness 24
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.24
on Supplementary Cementitious Materials.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2022Jan. 1, 2024. Published February 2022February 2024. Originally approved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 20182022
as C311/C311M – 18.C311/C311M – 22. DOI: 10.1520/C0311_C0311M-22.10.1520/C0311_C0311M-24.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C311/C311M − 24
Air-entrainment of mortar 25 and 26
Strength activity index with portland cement 27 – 30
Strength activity index 27 – 30
Water requirement 31
Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
32
Controlling Alkali-Silica Reactions
Effectiveness of Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
32
Controlling Alkali-Silica Reactions
Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
34
Contributing to Sulfate Resistance
Effectiveness of Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolan in
34
Contributing to Sulfate Resistance
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used
independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
NOTE 1—Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only
and does not represent a different standard sieve size.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 50 mm [2 in.] Cube Specimens)
C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
C150/C150M Specification for Portland Cement
C151/C151M Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of Hydraulic Cement
C157/C157M Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete
C185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
C188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
C204 Test Methods for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by Air-Permeability Apparatus
C219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic and Other Inorganic Cements
C226 Specification for Air-
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM C88/C88M-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a procedure for making a preliminary estimate of the soundness of aggregates for use in concrete and other purposes. The values obtained may be compared with specifications, for example Specification C33/C33M, that are designed to indicate the suitability of aggregate proposed for use. Since the precision of this test method is poor (Section 13), it may not be suitable for outright rejection of aggregates without confirmation from other tests more closely related to the specific service intended.  
4.2 Values for the permitted-loss percentage by this test method are usually different for fine and coarse aggregates, and attention is called to the fact that test results by use of the two salts differ considerably and care must be exercised in fixing proper limits in any specifications that include requirements for these tests. The test is usually more severe when magnesium sulfate is used; accordingly, limits for percent loss allowed when magnesium sulfate is used are normally higher than limits when sodium sulfate is used.
Note 2: Refer to the appropriate sections in Specification C33/C33M establishing conditions for acceptance of coarse and fine aggregates which fail to meet requirements based on this test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the testing of aggregates to estimate their soundness when subjected to weathering action in concrete or other applications. This is accomplished by repeated immersion in saturated solutions of sodium or magnesium sulfate followed by oven drying to partially or completely dehydrate the salt precipitated in permeable pore spaces. The internal expansive force, derived from the rehydration of the salt upon re-immersion, simulates the expansion of water on freezing. This test method furnishes information helpful in judging the soundness of aggregates when adequate information is not available from service records of the material exposed to actual weathering conditions.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.  
1.4 If the results obtained from another standard are not reported in the same system of units as used by this test method, it is permitted to convert those results using the conversion factors found in the SI Quick Reference Guide.2
Note 1: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternate designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C1077-24(Practice)
Standard Practice for Agencies Testing Concrete and Concrete Aggregates for Use in Construction and Criteria for Testing Agency Evaluation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The testing and inspection of concrete and concrete aggregates are important elements in obtaining quality construction. A testing agency providing these services shall be selected with care.  
4.2 A testing agency shall be deemed qualified to perform and report the results of its tests if the agency meets the requirements of this practice. The testing agency services shall be provided under the technical direction of a registered professional engineer.  
4.3 This practice establishes essential characteristics pertaining to the organization, personnel, facilities, and quality systems of the testing agency. This practice may be supplemented by more specific criteria and requirements for particular projects.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice identifies and defines the duties, responsibilities, and minimum technical requirements of testing agency personnel and the minimum technical requirements for equipment utilized in testing concrete and concrete aggregates for use in construction.  
1.2 This practice provides criteria for the evaluation of the capability of a testing agency to perform designated ASTM test methods on concrete and concrete aggregates. It can be used by an evaluation authority in the inspection or accreditation of a testing agency or by other parties to determine if the agency is qualified to conduct the specified tests.
Note 1: Specification E329 provides criteria for the evaluation of agencies that perform the inspection of concrete during placement.  
1.3 This practice provides criteria for Inspection Bodies and Accreditation Bodies that provide services for evaluation of testing agencies in accordance with this practice.  
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes, which provide explanatory material and shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C31/C31M-24(Practice)
Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides standardized requirements for making, and curing test specimens in the field. This practice also provides requirements for transporting test specimens to the laboratory, and for curing test specimens in the laboratory. Depending on their purpose, test specimens are either standard-cured, or field-cured.  
4.2 Uses of the test results of standard-cured test specimens include the following purposes:  
4.2.1 Acceptance testing for specified concrete strength,  
Note 2: Specification C94/C94M requires compressive-strength test specimens for acceptance to be standard-cured.  
4.2.2 Checking adequacy of mixture proportions for concrete strength, and  
4.2.3 Quality control.  
4.3 Uses of test results of field-cured test specimens include:  
4.3.1 Estimation of the in place concrete strength,  
4.3.2 Comparison with test results of standard cured specimens or with test results from various in-place test methods,  
4.3.3 Adequacy of curing and protection of concrete in the structure,  
4.3.4 Form or shoring removal time requirements, or  
4.3.5 Post-tensioning.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for making and curing cylinder and beam specimens from representative samples of fresh concrete for a construction project.  
1.2 This practice is not intended for making specimens from concrete not having measurable slump or requiring other sizes or shapes of specimens.  
1.3 This practice is not applicable to lightweight insulating concrete or controlled low strength material (CLSM).
Note 1: Test Method C495/C495M covers the preparation of specimens and the determination of the compressive strength of lightweight insulating concrete. Test Method D4832 covers procedures for the preparation, curing, transporting and testing of cylindrical test specimens of CLSM.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to exposed skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.6 The text of this standard references notes which provide explanatory material. These notes shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C512/C512M-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Creep of Concrete in Compression

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method measures the load-induced time-dependent compressive strain at selected ages for concrete under an arbitrary set of controlled environmental conditions.  
4.2 This test method can be used to compare creep potentials of different concretes. A procedure is available, using the developed equation (or graphical plot), for calculating stress from strain data within massive non-reinforced concrete structures. For most specific design applications, the test conditions set forth herein must be modified to more closely simulate the anticipated curing, thermal, exposure, and loading age conditions for the prototype structure. Current theories and effects of material and environmental parameters are presented in ACI SP-135, Symposium on Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete: Effect of Materials and Environment.3  
4.3 In the absence of a satisfactory hypothesis governing creep phenomena, a number of assumptions have been developed that have been generally substantiated by test and experience.  
4.3.1 Creep is proportional to stress from 0 to 40 % of concrete compressive strength.  
4.3.2 Creep has been conclusively shown to be directly proportional to paste content throughout the range of paste contents normally used in concrete. Thus, the creep characteristics of concrete mixtures containing aggregate of maximum size greater than 50 mm [2 in.] may be determined from the creep characteristics of the minus 50-mm [minus 2-in.] fraction obtained by wet-sieving. Multiply the value of the characteristic by the ratio of the cement paste content (proportion by volume) in the full concrete mixture to the paste content of the sieved sample.  
4.4 The use of the logarithmic expression (Section 9) does not imply that the creep strain-time relationship is necessarily an exact logarithmic function; however, for the period of one year, the expression approximates normal creep behavior with sufficient accuracy to make possible the calculation of parameters that are useful...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the creep of molded concrete cylinders subjected to sustained longitudinal compressive load. This test method is limited to concrete in which the maximum aggregate size does not exceed 50 mm [2 in.].  
1.2 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C94/C94M-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete

ABSTRACT
This specification covers ready-mixed concrete manufactured and delivered to a purchaser in freshly mixed and unhardened state as hereinafter specified. Requirements for quality of concrete shall be either as hereinafter specified or as specified by the purchase. In any case where the requirements of the purchaser differ from these in this specification, the purchaser's specification shall govern. In the absence of designated applicable materials specifications, materials specifications specified shall be used for cementitious materials, hydraulic cement, supplementary cementitious materials, cementitious concrete mixtures, aggregates, air-entraining admixtures, and chemical admixtures. Except as otherwise specifically permitted, cement, aggregate, and admixtures shall be measured by mass. Mixers will be stationary mixers or truck mixers. Agitators will be truck mixers or truck agitators. Test methods for compression, air content, slump, temperature shall be performed. For s strength test, at least two standard test specimens shall be made.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers ready-mixed concrete as defined in 3.2.2 (Note 1). Requirements for quality of ready-mixed concrete shall be either as stated in this specification or as ordered by the purchaser. When the purchaser’s requirements, as stated in the order, differ from those in this specification, the purchaser’s requirements shall govern. This specification does not cover the placement, consolidation, curing, or protection of the concrete after delivery to the purchaser.
Note 1: Concrete produced by volumetric batching and continuous mixing is covered in Specification C685/C685M. Fiber-reinforced concrete is covered in Specification C1116/C1116M.  
1.2 As used throughout this specification the producer manufactures ready-mixed concrete and the purchaser buys ready-mixed concrete.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units, shown in brackets, or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the specification.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged use.2)  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    16 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Technical specification
    16 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C882/C882M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Bond Strength of Bonding Systems Used With Concrete By Slant Shear

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of the bond strength of epoxy-resin-base bonding systems for use with Portland-cement concrete. The test method covers bonding hardened concrete to hardened or freshly-mixed concrete. The bond strength is determined by using the epoxy system to bond together two equal sections of Portland-cement mortar cylinder. After suitable curing of the bonding agent, the test is performed by determining the compressive strength of the composite cylinder. Apparatus to mix Portland-cement mortar shall be as described, except for the sections on specimen molds, tamper, and testing machine. The molds shall be constructed in the form of right cylinders. A dummy section shall be machined of a hard material that is not attacked by Portland-cement mortar. The testing machine shall be as described. Laboratory conditions, materials, proportions, and procedures for mixing the Portland-cement mortar shall be tested to meet the requirements specified.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The strength developed by a bonding system that joins two regions of concrete is its most important property.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bond strength of bonding systems for use with portland-cement concrete. This test method covers bonding hardened concrete to hardened or freshly-mixed concrete.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in Section 9. (Warning —Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to exposed skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C900-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pullout Strength of Hardened Concrete

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 For a given test apparatus, pullout strengths can be related to compressive strength test results. Such strength relationships are affected by the configuration of the embedded insert, bearing ring dimensions, depth of embedment, and the type of aggregate (lightweight or normal weight). Before use, the relationship must be established experimentally for each test system using a range of concrete mixtures or the specific concrete mixtures to be used in the project. Such relationships are more reliable if both pullout test specimens and compressive strength test specimens are of similar size, consolidated to similar density, and cured under similar conditions.
Note 1: Published reports (1-19)4 by different researchers present their experiences in the use of pullout test equipment. Refer to ACI PRC-228.1 (14) for guidance on establishing a strength relationship and interpreting test results.  
5.2 If a strength relationship has been accepted by the specifier of tests, pullout tests are used to estimate the in-place strength of concrete to establish whether it has reached a specified level so that, for example:
(1) post-tensioning may proceed;  
(2) forms and shores may be removed;
(3) structure may be placed into service; or
(4) winter protection and curing may be terminated.  
In addition, post-installed pullout tests may be used to estimate the strength of concrete in existing construction.  
5.3 In planning pullout tests and analyzing test results, consideration should be given to the normally expected decrease of concrete strength with increasing height within a given concrete placement in a structural element.  
5.4 The measured pullout strength is indicative of the strength of concrete within the region represented by the conic frustum defined by the insert head and bearing ring. For typical surface installations, pullout strengths are indicative of the quality of the outer zone of concrete members and can be of benefit in evaluating the cover zo...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the pullout strength of hardened concrete by measuring the force required to pull an embedded metal insert and the attached concrete fragment from a concrete test specimen or structure. The insert is either cast into fresh concrete or installed in hardened concrete. This test method does not provide statistical procedures to estimate other strength properties.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this test method.  
1.3 The text of this test method refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this test method.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C1383-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the P-Wave Speed and the Thickness of Concrete Plates Using the Impact-Echo Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used as a substitute for, or in conjunction with, coring to determine the thickness of slabs, pavements, decks, walls, or other plate structures. There is a certain level of systematic error in the calculated thickness due to the discrete nature of the digital records that are used. The absolute systematic error depends on the plate thickness, the sampling interval, and the sampling period.  
4.2 Because the wave speed can vary from point-to-point in the structure due to differences in concrete age or batch-to-batch variability, the wave speed is measured (Procedure A) at each point where a thickness determination (Procedure B) is required.  
4.3 This test method is a pplicable to plate-like structures with lateral dimensions at least six times the thickness. These minimum lateral dimensions are necessary to prevent other modes3 of vibration from interfering with the identification of the thickness mode frequency in the amplitude spectrum. As explained in Note 12, the minimum lateral dimensions and acceptable sampling period are related.  
4.4 The maximum and minimum thickness that can be measured is limited by the details of the testing apparatus (transducer response characteristics and the specific impactor). The limits shall be specified by manufacturer of the apparatus, and the apparatus shall not be used beyond these limits. If test equipment is assembled by the user, thickness limitations shall be established and documented.  
4.5 This test method is not applicable to plate structures with overlays, such as a concrete bridge deck with an asphalt or portland cement concrete overlay. The method is based on the assumption that the concrete plate has the same P-wave speed throughout its depth.  
4.6 Procedure A is performed on concrete that is air dry as high surface moisture content may affect the results.  
4.7 Procedure B is applicable to a concrete plate resting on a subgrade of soil, gravel, permeable asphalt concrete, or lea...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the thickness of concrete slabs, pavements, bridge decks, walls, or other plate-like structures using the impact-echo method.  
1.2 The following two procedures are covered in this test method:  
1.2.1 Procedure A: P-Wave Speed Measurement—This procedure measures the time it takes for the P-wave generated by a short-duration, point impact to travel between two transducers positioned a known distance apart along the surface of a structure. The P-wave speed is calculated by dividing the distance between the two transducers by the travel time.  
1.2.2 Procedure B: Impact-Echo Test—This procedure measures the frequency at which the P-wave generated by a short-duration, point impact is reflected between the parallel (opposite) surfaces of a plate. The thickness is calculated from this measured frequency and the P-wave speed obtained from Procedure A.  
1.2.3 Unless specified otherwise, both Procedure A and Procedure B must be performed at each point where a thickness determination is made.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendatio...

  • Standard
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C39/C39M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Care must be exercised in the interpretation of the significance of compressive strength determinations by this test method since strength is not a fundamental or intrinsic property of concrete made from given materials. Values obtained will depend on the size and shape of the specimen, batching, mixing procedures, the methods of sampling, molding, and fabrication and the age, temperature, and moisture conditions during curing.  
5.2 This test method is used to determine compressive strength of cylindrical specimens prepared and cured in accordance with Practices C31/C31M, C192/C192M, C617/C617M, C943, C1176/C1176M, C1231/C1231M, and C1435/C1435M, and Test Methods C42/C42M, C873/C873M, and C1604/C1604M.  
5.3 The results of this test method are used as a basis for quality control of concrete proportioning, mixing, and placing operations; determination of compliance with specifications; control for evaluating effectiveness of admixtures; and similar uses.  
5.4 The individual who tests concrete cylinders for acceptance testing shall meet the concrete laboratory technician requirements of Practice C1077, including an examination requiring performance demonstration that is evaluated by an independent examiner.
Note 1: Certification equivalent to the minimum guidelines for ACI Concrete Laboratory Technician, Level I or ACI Concrete Strength Testing Technician will satisfy this requirement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens such as molded cylinders and drilled cores. It is limited to concrete having a density in excess of 800 kg/m3 [50 lb/ft3].  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.(Warning—Means should be provided to contain concrete fragments during sudden rupture of specimens. Tendency for sudden rupture increases with increasing concrete strength and it is more likely when the testing machine is relatively flexible. The safety precautions given in R0030 are recommended.)  
1.4 The text of this standard references notes which provide explanatory material. These notes shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C1293/C1293M-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Length Change of Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Alkali-silica reaction is a chemical interaction between some siliceous constituents of concrete aggregates and hydroxyl ions (1).5 The concentration of hydroxyl ion within the concrete is predominantly controlled by the concentration of sodium and potassium (2).  
4.2 This test method is intended to evaluate the potential of an aggregate or combination of an aggregate with pozzolan or slag to expand deleteriously due to any form of alkali-silica reactivity (3, 4).  
4.3 If testing an aggregate with pozzolan or slag, the results are used to establish minimum amounts of the specific pozzolan or slag needed to prevent deleterious expansion. Pozzolan or slag from a specific source can be tested individually or in combination with pozzolan or slag from other sources.  
4.4 When selecting a sample or deciding on the number of samples for test, it is important to recognize the variability in lithology of material from a given source, whether a deposit of sand, gravel, or a rock formation of any origin. For specific advice, see Guide C295/C295M.  
4.5 This test method is intended for evaluating the behavior of aggregates in concrete with an alkali (alkali metal oxide) content of 5.25 kg/m3 [8.85 lb/yd3] or in concrete containing pozzolan or slag with an alkali content proportionally reduced from 5.25 kg/m3 [8.85 lb/yd3] Na2O equivalent by the amount of pozzolan or slag replacing portland cement or portland-limestone cement. This test method assesses the potential for deleterious expansion of concrete caused by alkali-silica reaction, of either coarse or fine aggregates, from tests performed under prescribed laboratory curing conditions that will probably differ from field conditions. Thus, actual field performance will not be duplicated due to differences in concrete alkali content, wetting and drying, temperature, other factors, or combinations of these (5).  
4.6 Results of tests conducted on an aggregate as described herein should form a part of the basis for a...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the susceptibility of an aggregate or combination of an aggregate with pozzolan or slag for participation in expansive alkali-silica reaction by measurement of length change of concrete prisms.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
Note 1: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.  
1.3 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off