ASTM D4186-06
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Saturated Cohesive Soils Using Controlled-Strain Loading
Standard Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Saturated Cohesive Soils Using Controlled-Strain Loading
SCOPE
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1.1 This test method is for the determination of the magnitude and rate-of-consolidation of saturated cohesive soils using continuous controlled-strain axial compression. The specimen is restrained laterally and drained axially to one surface. The axial force and base excess pressure are measured during the deformation process. Controlled strain compression is typically referred to as constant rate-of-strain (CRS) testing.
1.2 This test method provides for the calculation of total and effective axial stresses, and axial strain from the measurement of axial force, axial deformation, and base excess pressure. The effective stress is computed using steady state equations.
1.3 This test method provides for the calculation of the coefficient of consolidation and the hydraulic conductivity throughout the loading process. These values are also based on steady state equations.
1.4 This test method makes use of steady state equations resulting from a theory formulated under particular assumptions. Section presents these assumptions.
1.5 The behavior of cohesive soils is strain rate dependent and hence the results of a CRS test are sensitive to the imposed rate of strain. This test method imposes limits on the strain rate to provide comparable results to the incremental consolidation test.
1.6 The determination of the rate and magnitude of consolidation of soil when it is subjected to incremental loading is covered by Test Method D 2435.
1.7 This test method applies to intact (Group C and Group D of Practice D 4220), remolded, or laboratory reconstituted samples or specimens.
1.8 This test method is most often used for materials of relatively low hydraulic conductivity that generate measurable excess base pressures. It may be used to measure the compression behavior of essentially free draining soils but will not provide a measure of the hydraulic conductivity or coefficient of consolidation.
1.9 All recorded and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D 6026.
1.9.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.9.2 Measurements made to more significant digits or better sensitivity than specified in this standard shall not be regarded a non-conformance with this standard.
1.10 This standard is written using SI units. Inch-pound units are provided for convenience. The values stated in inch-pound units may not be exact equivalents; therefore, they shall be used independently of the SI system. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the this standard.
1.10.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F = ma) calculations are involved.
1.10.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present t...
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Designation: D4186 − 06
StandardTest Method for
One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Saturated
1
Cohesive Soils Using Controlled-Strain Loading
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4186; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* sion behavior of essentially free draining soils but will not
provide a measure of the hydraulic conductivity or coefficient
1.1 This test method is for the determination of the magni-
of consolidation.
tude and rate-of-consolidation of saturated cohesive soils using
continuous controlled-strain axial compression. The specimen
1.9 All recorded and calculated values shall conform to the
is restrained laterally and drained axially to one surface. The guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
axial force and base excess pressure are measured during the
D6026.
deformationprocess.Controlledstraincompressionistypically
1.9.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
referred to as constant rate-of-strain (CRS) testing.
recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
1.2 Thistestmethodprovidesforthecalculationoftotaland
significant digits that should generally be retained. The proce-
effective axial stresses, and axial strain from the measurement
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
ofaxialforce,axialdeformation,andbaseexcesspressure.The
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
effective stress is computed using steady state equations.
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
1.3 This test method provides for the calculation of the
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
coefficient of consolidation and the hydraulic conductivity
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
throughout the loading process. These values are also based on
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis
steady state equations.
methods for engineering design.
1.4 This test method makes use of steady state equations 1.9.2 Measurements made to more significant digits or
resulting from a theory formulated under particular assump-
better sensitivity than specified in this standard shall not be
tions. Section 5.4 presents these assumptions. regarded a non-conformance with this standard.
1.5 The behavior of cohesive soils is strain rate dependent
1.10 This standard is written using SI units. Inch-pound
and hence the results of a CRS test are sensitive to the imposed
units are provided for convenience. The values stated in
rate of strain.This test method imposes limits on the strain rate
inch-pound units may not be exact equivalents; therefore, they
to provide comparable results to the incremental consolidation
shall be used independently of the SI system. Combining
test.
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
with the this standard.
1.6 The determination of the rate and magnitude of consoli-
1.10.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used
dation of soil when it is subjected to incremental loading is
when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound
covered by Test Method D2435.
(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass
1.7 This test method applies to intact (Group C and Group
is slugs.The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic
D of Practice D4220), remolded, or laboratory reconstituted
(F = ma) calculations are involved.
samples or specimens.
1.10.2 Itiscommonpracticeintheengineering/construction
1.8 This test method is most often used for materials of
profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit
relatively low hydraulic conductivity that generate measurable
of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two
excess base pressures. It may be used to measure the compres-
separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the
gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine
the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single
1
standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.05 on Strength and
system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug
Compressibility of Soils.
unit for mass. However, the use of balances or scales recording
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2006. Published December 2006. Originally
3
ϵ1
pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft sh
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
ϵ1
Designation:D 4186–89 (Reapproved 1998) Designation: D4186 – 06
Standard Test Method for
One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Saturated
1
Cohesive Soils Using Controlled-Strain Loading
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4186; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
1
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. ϵ NOTE—Sections 1.3 and 13, and a Summary
of Changes were added editorially in January 1999.
1. Scope*
1.1This test method covers the determination of the rate and magnitude of consolidation of soil when it is restrained laterally
and drained axially and subjected to controlled-strain loading.
NOTE1—The determination of the rate and magnitude of consolidation of soil when it is subjected to incremental loading is covered by Test Method
D 2435D 2435
1.1 This test method is for the determination of the magnitude and rate-of-consolidation of saturated cohesive soils using
continuous controlled-strain axial compression. The specimen is restrained laterally and drained axially to one surface. The axial
force and base excess pressure are measured during the deformation process. Controlled strain compression is typically referred
to as constant rate-of-strain (CRS) testing.
1.2 This test method provides for the calculation of total and effective axial stresses, and axial strain from the measurement of
axial force, axial deformation, and base excess pressure. The effective stress is computed using steady state equations.
1.3 This test method provides for the calculation of the coefficient of consolidation and the hydraulic conductivity throughout
the loading process. These values are also based on steady state equations.
1.4 This test method makes use of steady state equations resulting from a theory formulated under particular assumptions.
Section 5.4 presents these assumptions.
1.5 The behavior of cohesive soils is strain rate dependent and hence the results of a CRS test are sensitive to the imposed rate
of strain. This test method imposes limits on the strain rate to provide comparable results to the incremental consolidation test.
1.6 The determination of the rate and magnitude of consolidation of soil when it is subjected to incremental loading is covered
by Test Method D2435.
1.2The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are approximate.
1.3This test method is currently undergoing extensive review.
1.4This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all
of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety
and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 Thistestmethodappliestointact(GroupCandGroupDofPracticeD4220),remolded,orlaboratoryreconstitutedsamples
or specimens.
1.8 This test method is most often used for materials of relatively low hydraulic conductivity that generate measurable excess
basepressures.Itmaybeusedtomeasurethecompressionbehaviorofessentiallyfreedrainingsoilsbutwillnotprovideameasure
of the hydraulic conductivity or coefficient of consolidation.
1.9 All recorded and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.9.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/recordedandcalculatedinthisstandardareregardedastheindustry
standard.Inaddition,theyarerepresentativeofthesignificantdigitsthatshouldgenerallyberetained.Theproceduresuseddonot
considermaterialvariation,purposeforobtainingthedata,specialpurposestudies,oranyconsiderationsfortheuser’sobjectives;
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-18 D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.05 on Structural
Properties of Soils.
Current edition approved June 30, 1989. Published October 1989. Originally published as D4186–82. Last previous edition D4186–82.on Strength and Compressibility
of Soils.
ϵ1
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2006. Published December
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