ASTM D5784-95(2006)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
Standard Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Hollow-stem auger drilling may be used in support of geoenvironmental exploration (Practice D3550, Test Method D4428/D4428M) and for installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices in unconsolidated materials. Hollow-stem auger drilling may be selected over other methods based on the advantages over other methods. These advantages include: the ability to drill without the addition of drilling fluid(s) to the subsurface, and hole stability for sampling purposes (see Test Methods D1586, D1587, D2487, and D2488) and monitor-well construction in unconsolidated to poorly indurated materials. This drilling method is generally restricted to the drilling of shallow, unconsolidated materials or softer rocks. The hollow-stem drilling method is a favorable method to be used for obtaining cores and samples and for the installation of monitoring devices in many, but not all geologic environments.
Note 2—In many geologic environments the hollow-stem auger drilling method can be used for drilling, sampling, and monitoring-device installations without the addition of fluids to the borehole. However, in cases where heaving water-bearing sands or silts are encountered, the addition of water or drilling mud to the hollow-auger column may become necessary to inhibit the piping of these fluid-like materials into the augers. These drilling conditions, if encountered, should be documented.
The application of hollow-stem augers to geoenvironmental exploration may involve groundwater and soil sampling, in-situ or pore-fluid testing, or utilization of the hollow-auger column as a casing for subsequent drilling activities in unconsolidated or consolidated materials (Test Method D2113).
Note 3—The user may install a monitoring device within the same auger borehole wherein sampling or in-situ or pore-fluid testing was performed.
The hollow-stem auger column may be used as a temporary casing for installation of a subsurface water-quality monitoring device. The monitoring d...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers how hollow-stem auger-drilling systems may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.
1.2 Hollow-stem auger drilling for geoenvironmental exploration and monitoring device installations often involves safety planning, administration, and documentation. This guide does not purport to specifically address exploration and site safety.
Note 1—This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical site that are addressed in a separate Guide.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5784 − 95(Reapproved 2006)
Standard Guide for
Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoenvironmental
Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality
Monitoring Devices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5784; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This guide covers how hollow-stem auger-drilling sys- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
tems may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices. Fluids
D1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling byAuger
1.2 Hollow-stemaugerdrillingforgeoenvironmentalexplo-
Borings
ration and monitoring device installations often involves safety
D1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-
planning, administration, and documentation. This guide does
Barrel Sampling of Soils
not purport to specifically address exploration and site safety.
D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for
NOTE 1—This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical
Geotechnical Purposes
site that are addressed in a separate Guide.
D2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Rock for Site Investigation
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
information only.
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(Visual-Manual Procedure)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Drive Sampling of Soils
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D4428/D4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Test-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ing
1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information
D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
Used at Waste Sites
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
D5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water
experience and should be used in conjunction with professional
Monitoring Wells
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
D5099 Test Methods for Rubber—Measurement of Process-
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
ing Properties Using Capillary Rheometry
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
D5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
of Soil and Rock
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
3. Terminology
document means only that the document has been approved
3.1 Definitions:
through the ASTM consensus process.
3.1.1 Terminology used within this guide is in accordance
with Terminology D653. Definitions of additional terms may
be found in Terminology D653.
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoilandRock
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and
Vadose Zone Investigations. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published July 2006. Originally approved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 1995. Last previous edition approved ni 2000 as D5784 – 95 (2000). DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D5784-95R06. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5784 − 95 (2006)
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: pushed, rotated, or driven below the bottom of a borehole
3.2.1 bentonite—the common name for drilling fluid addi- following completion of an increment of drilling. However,
some in situ testing devices (such as electronic pressure
tives and well-construction products consisting mostly of
naturally occurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite products transducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and and so forth)
may require lowering and setting of the device(s) in a preex-
have chemical additives that may affect water-quality analyses.
isting borehole by means of a suspension line or a string of
3.2.2 bentonite granules and chips—irregularly shaped par-
lowering rods or pipe. Centralizers may be required to cor-
ticles of bentonite (free from additives) that have been dried
rectly position the device(s) in the borehole.
and separated into a specific size range.
3.2.14 intermittent-sampling devices—usually barrel-type
3.2.3 bentonite pellets—roughly spherical- or disk-shaped
samplers that may be rotated, driven, or pushed below the
units of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufac-
bottom of a borehole with drill rods or with a wireline system
turers coat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect the
to lower, drive, and retrieve the sampler following completion
water-quality analysis).
ofanincrementofdrilling.Theuserisreferredtothefollowing
3.2.4 coeffıcient of uniformity— C (D), the ratio D /D ,
u 60 10
ASTM standards relating to suggested sampling methods and
where D is the particle diameter corresponding to 60 % finer
procedures: Practice D1452, Test Method D1586, Practice
on the cumulative particle-size distribution curve, and D is
D3550, and Practice D1587.
the particle diameter corresponding to 10 % finer on the
3.2.15 mast—or derrick, on a drilling rig is used for sup-
cumulative particle-size distribution curve.
porting the crown block, top drive, pulldown chains, hoisting
3.2.5 continuous-sampling devices—barrel-type samplers
lines, and so forth. It must be constructed to safely carry the
that fit within the lead auger of the hollow-auger column. The
expected loads encountered in drilling and completion of wells
sampler barrel fills with material as the augers advance.
of the diameter and depth for which the rig manufacturer
3.2.6 drill hole—a cylindrical hole advanced into the sub-
specifies the equipment.
surface by mechanical means. Also known as borehole or
3.2.16 Discussion—To allow for contingencies, it is recom-
boring.
mended that the rated capacity of the mast should be at least
3.2.7 drawworks—a power-driven winch, or several
twice the anticipated weight load or normal pulling load.
winches, usually equipped with a clutch and brake system(s)
3.2.17 piezometer—an instrument for measuring pressure
for hoisting or lowering a drilling string.
head.
3.2.8 filter pack—also known as a gravel pack or a primary
3.2.18 subsurface water-quality monitoring device— an in-
filter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations. The
strument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample for
gravel pack is usually granular material, having specified
analyses of the chemical, biological, or radiological character-
grain-size characteristics, that is placed between a monitoring
istics of subsurface pore water or to make in-situ measure-
device and the borehole wall. The basic purpose of the filter
ments.
pack or gravel envelope is to act as: (1) a nonclogging filter
when the aquifer is not suited to natural development or, ( 2)
4. Significance and Use
act as a formation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for
natural development.
4.1 Hollow-stem auger drilling may be used in support of
3.2.8.1 Discussion—Under most circumstances a clean,
geoenvironmental exploration (Practice D3550, Test Method
quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases a
D4428/D4428M) and for installation of subsurface water-
pre-packed screen may be used.
quality monitoring devices in unconsolidated materials.
Hollow-stem auger drilling may be selected over other meth-
3.2.9 fluid-injection devices—usually consist of various au-
ods based on the advantages over other methods. These
ger components or drill-rig attachments that may be used to
advantages include: the ability to drill without the addition of
inject a fluid within a hollow-auger column during drilling.
drilling fluid(s) to the subsurface, and hole stability for
3.2.10 grout packer—an inflatable or expandable annular
sampling purposes (see Test Methods D1586, D1587, D2487,
plug that is attached to a tremie pipe, usually positioned
and D2488) and monitor-well construction in unconsolidated
immediately above the discharge end of the pipe.
to poorly indurated materials.This drilling method is generally
3.2.11 grout shoe—a drillable plug containing a check valve
restrictedtothedrillingofshallow,unconsolidatedmaterialsor
that is positioned within the lowermost section of a casing
softer rocks. The hollow-stem drilling method is a favorable
column. Grout is injected through the check valve to fill the
method to be used for obtaining cores and samples and for the
annular space between the casing and the borehole wall or
installation of monitoring devices in many, but not all geologic
another casing.
environments.
3.2.11.1 Discussion—The composition of the drillable plug
NOTE 2—In many geologic environments the hollow-stem auger
should be known and documented.
drilling method can be used for drilling, sampling, and monitoring-device
3.2.12 hoisting line—or drilling line, is wire rope used on installations without the addition of fluids to the borehole. However, in
cases where heaving water-bearing sands or silts are encountered, the
the drawworks to hoist and lower the drill string.
additionofwaterordrillingmudtothehollow-augercolumnmaybecome
3.2.13 in situ testing devices—sensors or probes, used to
necessary to inhibit the piping of these fluid-like materials into the augers.
obtain mechanical or chemical-test data, that are typically These drilling conditions, if encountered, should be documented.
D5784 − 95 (2006)
4.1.1 The application of hollow-stem augers to geoenviron- for attachment of a hollow-auger head to the bottom end of the
mental exploration may involve groundwater and soil sam- lead auger section and for attachment of additional auger
pling, in-situ or pore-fluid testing, or utilization of the hollow- sections at the top end to make up the articulated hollow-stem
auger column as a casing for subsequent drilling activities in auger column.
unconsolidated or consolidated materials (Test Method
NOTE 5—The inside diameter of the hollow-stem auger column is
D2113).
usually selected to provide an opening large enough for insertion of
monitoring-device components such as the screened intake and filter pack
NOTE 3—The user may install a monitoring device within the same
and installation devices such as a tremie pipe. When media sampling is
auger borehole wherein sampling or in-situ or pore-fluid testing was
required, the optimum opening should permit easy insertion and retraction
performed.
of a sampler or core barrel. When a monitoring device is installed, the
4.1.2 The hollow-stem auger column may be used as a annular opening should provide easy insertion of a pipe with an inside
diameter large enough for placing completion materials adjacent to the
temporary casing for installation of a subsurface water-quality
riser.
monitoring device. The monitoring device is usually installed
as the hollow-auger column is removed from the borehole. 5.1.1 Hollow-Auger Head, attached to the lead auger of the
hollow-auger column and usually contains replaceable,
4.2 The subsurface water-quality monitoring devices that
abrasion-resistant cutters or teeth (see Fig. 1). As the hollow-
are addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened or
auger head is rotated, it cuts and directs the cuttings to the
porous intake device and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed
auger flights which convey the cuttings to the surface.
with a filter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit,
5.1.2 Auger-Drive Assembly, attaches to the uppermost
and with isolation seals and low-permeability backfill to deter
hollow-augersectionandtransfersrotarypowerandaxialforce
the movement of fluids or infiltration of surface water between
from the drill rig to the auger-column assembly.
hydrologic units penetrated by the borehole (see Practice
5.1.3 Pilot Assembly, may consist of: (1) an auger head
D5092). Inasmuch as a piezometer is primarily a device used
aperture-plugging device with or without a center cutting head,
for measuring subsurface hydraulic heads, the conversion of a
or (2) a sampling device that is used to sample simultaneously
piezometer to a water-quality monitoring device should be
with advancement of the auger column.
made only after consideration of the overall quality and
5.1.4 Auxiliary Components of a Hollow-Auger Drilling
integrity of the installation, to include the quality of materials
System, consist of various devices such as auger-connector
that will contact sampled water or gas.
wrenches, auger forks, hoisting hooks, and fluid-injection
NOTE 4—Both water-quality monitoring devices and piezometers
swivels or adapters.
should have adequate casing seals, annular isolation seals, and backfills to
5.2 Drill Rig, used to rotate and advance the auger column.
deter the movement of fluids between hydrologic units.
The drill rig should be capable of applying the rated power at
5. Apparatus
a rotary velocity of 50 to 100 r/min. The drill rig should have
a feed stroke of at least the effective length of the auger
5.1 Each auger section of the hollow-stem auger-column
sections plus the effective length of the auger couplings plus
assembly consists of a cylindrical tube with continuous helical
about 100 mm (4 in.).
flighting rigidly attached to the outer surface of the tube (see
Fig. 1). The hollow-auger section has a coupling at each end
6. Drilling Procedures
6.1 As a prelude to and throughout the drilling process
stabilize the drill rig and raise the drill-rig mast. Attach an
initialassemblyofhollow-augercomponents(seeFig.1)tothe
rotary drive of the drill rig.
NOTE 6—The drill rig, drilling and sampling tools, the rotary gear or
chain case, the spindle, and all components of the rotary drive above the
auger column should be cleaned and decontaminated prior to drilling
according to Practice D5088. All lubricated rotary gear or chain cases
should be monitored for leaks du
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