ASTM C1196-14
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for In Situ Compressive Stress Within Solid Unit Masonry Estimated Using Flatjack Measurements
Standard Test Method for In Situ Compressive Stress Within Solid Unit Masonry Estimated Using Flatjack Measurements
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Stress is applied as pressure over the area of the flatjack. In the case of multi-wythe masonry, stress is estimated only in the wythe in which the flatjack is inserted. Stress in other wythes may be different.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the average compressive stress in existing unreinforced solid-unit masonry (see Note 1). This test method concerns the measurement of in-situ compressive stress in existing masonry by use of thin, bladder-like flatjack devices that are installed in cut mortar joints in the masonry wall. This test method provides a relatively non-destructive means of determining masonry properties in place.
Note 1: Solid-unit masonry is that built with stone, concrete, or clay units whose net area is equal to or greater than 75 % of the gross area.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:C1196 −14
StandardTest Method for
In Situ Compressive Stress Within Solid Unit Masonry
1
Estimated Using Flatjack Measurements
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1196; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* above and below the slot is restored. The state of compressive
stress in the masonry is approximately equal to the flatjack
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheaverage
pressure multiplied by factors which account for the physical
compressive stress in existing unreinforced solid-unit masonry
characteristics of the jack and the ratio of (a) the bearing area
(see Note 1). This test method concerns the measurement of
of the jack in contact with the masonry to (b) the bearing area
in-situ compressive stress in existing masonry by use of thin,
of the slot.
bladder-like flatjack devices that are installed in cut mortar
joints in the masonry wall. This test method provides a
4. Significance and Use
relativelynon-destructivemeansofdeterminingmasonryprop-
4.1 Stress is applied as pressure over the area of the flatjack.
erties in place.
In the case of multi-wythe masonry, stress is estimated only in
NOTE 1—Solid-unit masonry is that built with stone, concrete, or clay
the wythe in which the flatjack is inserted. Stress in other
units whose net area is equal to or greater than 75 % of the gross area.
wythes may be different.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
5. Apparatus
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
5.1 Flatjack:
and are not considered standard.
5.1.1 Aflatjackisathinenvelope-likebladderwithinletand
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the outlet ports which may be pressurized with hydraulic fluid.
Flatjacks may be of any shape in plan, and are designed to be
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- compatible with the masonry being tested. Typical configura-
tions are shown in Fig. 1.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 5.1.2 For determination of the state of compressive stress,
dimension A should be equal to or greater than the length of a
2. Referenced Documents
single masonry unit, but not less than 8 in. (200 mm).
2
Dimension B should be equal to or greater than the thickness
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ofonewytheandnotlessthan3in.(75mm).Theradius, R,for
E74 Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments
circular and semi-rectangular flatjacks shall be equal to the
for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines
radius of the circular saw blade used to cut the slot.
3. Summary of Test Method
5.1.3 Flatjacksshallbemadeofmetalorothermaterialsuch
thattheflatjackinaslotinmasonrywillbecapableofapplying
3.1 When a slot is formed in the masonry, compressive
operating pressures up to the expected maximum flatjack
stress at that point will cause the masonry above and below the
pressure. See Note 2. Metal flatjacks suitable for this purpose
slot to move together. Compressive stress in the masonry may
shall be made of type 304 stainless steel sheet of 0.024 in.
be measured by inserting a flatjack into the slot and increasing
(0.6 mm)to0.048 in.(1.2 mm)inthicknesswithweldedseams
its internal pressure until the original distance between points
along the edges and incorporating hydraulic inlet or outlet
ports.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on
NOTE 2—Amaximum operating pressure of 1000 psi (6.9 MPa) or less
Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
is often adequate for older existing masonry, but flatjacks with higher
C15.04 on Research.
Current edition approved July 1, 2014. Published August 2014. Originally operating pressures may be required for more recently constructed
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C1196 – 09. DOI: buildings. Flatjacks manufactured with flexible polymers that have oper-
10.1520/C1196-14.
ating pressure ranges of less than 1000 psi (6.9 MPa) may be useful for
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
stress measurements in some historic masonry.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1.4 Calibrate all flatjacks as described in Section 7 to
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. determine their pressure-applied load characteristics.
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1196 − 09 C1196 − 14
Standard Test Method for
In Situ Compressive Stress Within Solid Unit Masonry
1
Estimated Using Flatjack Measurements
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1196; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the average compressive stress in existing unreinforced solid-unit masonry (see
Note 1). This test method concerns the measurement of in-situ compressive stress in existing masonry by use of thin, bladder-like
flatjack devices that are installed in saw cut mortar joints in the masonry wall. This test method provides a relatively
non-destructive means of determining masonry properties in place.
NOTE 1—Solid-unit masonry is that built with stone, concrete, or clay units whose net area is equal to or greater than 75 % of the gross area.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E74 Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 When a slot is formed in the masonry, compressive stress at that point will cause the masonry above and below the slot to
move together. Compressive stress in the masonry may be measured by inserting a flatjack into the slot and increasing its internal
pressure until the original distance between points above and below the slot is restored. The state of compressive stress in the
masonry is approximately equal to the flatjack pressure multiplied by factors which account for the physical characteristics of the
jack and the ratio of (a) the bearing area of the jack in contact with the masonry to (b) the bearing area of the slot.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Stress is applied as pressure over the area of the flatjack. In the case of multi-wythe masonry, stress is estimated only in the
wythe in which the flatjack is inserted. Stress in other wythes may be different.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Flatjack:
5.1.1 A flatjack is a thin envelope-like bladder with inlet and outlet ports which may be pressurized with hydraulic oil.fluid.
Flatjacks may be of any shape in plan, and are designed to be compatible with the masonry being tested. Typical configurations
are shown in Fig. 1.
5.1.2 For determination of the state of compressive stress, dimension A should be equal to or greater than the length of a single
masonry unit, but not less than 8 in. (200 mm). Dimension B should be equal to or greater than the thickness of one wythe and
not less than 3 in. (75 mm). The radius, R, for circular and semi-rectangular flatjacks shall be equal to the radius of the circular
saw blade used to cut the slot.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.04 on Research.
Current edition approved June 1, 2009July 1, 2014. Published July 2009August 2014. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 as
C1196 – 04.C1196 – 09. DOI: 10.1520/C1196-09.10.1520/C1196-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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C1196 − 14
FIG. 1 Flatjack Configurations (Plan View)
5.1.3 Flatjacks shall be made of metal or other material such that the flatjack in a slot in masonry will be capable of applying
operating pressures up to the expected maximum flatjack pressure. See Note 2. Metal flatjacks suitable for th
...
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