ASTM C1196-20
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for In Situ Compressive Stress Within Solid Unit Masonry Estimated Using Flatjack Measurements
Standard Test Method for In Situ Compressive Stress Within Solid Unit Masonry Estimated Using Flatjack Measurements
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Stress is applied as pressure over the area of the flatjack. In the case of multi-wythe masonry, stress is estimated only in the wythe in which the flatjack is inserted. Stress in other wythes may be different.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the average compressive stress in existing unreinforced solid-unit masonry (see Note 1). This test method concerns the measurement of in-situ compressive stress in existing masonry by use of thin, bladder-like flatjack devices that are installed in cut mortar joints in the masonry wall. This test method provides a relatively non-destructive means of determining masonry properties in place.
Note 1: Solid-unit masonry is that built with stone, concrete, or clay units whose net area is equal to or greater than 75 % of the gross area.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:C1196 −20
Standard Test Method for
In Situ Compressive Stress Within Solid Unit Masonry
1
Estimated Using Flatjack Measurements
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1196; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* E74 Practices for Calibration and Verification for Force-
Measuring Instruments
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheaverage
compressive stress in existing unreinforced solid-unit masonry
3. Terminology
(see Note 1). This test method concerns the measurement of
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
in-situ compressive stress in existing masonry by use of thin,
3.1.1 shim, n—item inserted into a flatjack slot prior to
bladder-like flatjack devices that are installed in cut mortar
testing to minimize the inflation of the test flatjack.
joints in the masonry wall. This test method provides a
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The use of shims may be necessary
relativelynon-destructivemeansofdeterminingmasonryprop-
during testing to achieve a tight fit of the flatjack in the slot and
erties in place.
to ensure uniform transfer of pressure (stress) to the masonry
NOTE 1—Solid-unit masonry is that built with stone, concrete, or clay
overthecompleteareaoftheflatjack.SeeAnnexA1forfurther
units whose net area is equal to or greater than 75 % of the gross area.
discussion on allowable types of shims.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.1.2 spacer—metal plate used in the calibration process to
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
control flatjack thickness.
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method
and are not considered standard.
refer to Terminology C1180 for mortar and grout and Termi-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
nology C1232 for masonry.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Summary of Test Method
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
4.1 When a slot is formed in the masonry, compressive
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
stress at that point will cause the masonry above and below the
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
slot to move together. Compressive stress in the masonry may
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
be measured by inserting a flatjack into the slot and increasing
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
its internal pressure until the original distance between points
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
above and below the slot is restored. The state of compressive
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
stress in the masonry is approximately equal to the flatjack
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
pressure multiplied by factors which account for the physical
characteristics of the jack and the ratio of (a) the bearing area
2. Referenced Documents
of the jack in contact with the masonry to (b) the bearing area
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of the slot.
C1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry
5. Significance and Use
C1232 Terminology for Masonry
5.1 Stress is applied as pressure over the area of the flatjack.
In the case of multi-wythe masonry, stress is estimated only in
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on the wythe in which the flatjack is inserted. Stress in other
Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
wythes may be different.
C15.04 on Research.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2020. Published December 2020. Originally
6. Apparatus
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C1196 – 14a. DOI:
10.1520/C1196-20.
6.1 Flatjack:
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6.1.1 Aflatjackisathinenvelope-likebladderwithinletand
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
outlet ports which may be pressurized with hydraulic fluid.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Flatjacks may be of any shape in plan, and are designed to be
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-295
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1196 − 14a C1196 − 20
Standard Test Method for
In Situ Compressive Stress Within Solid Unit Masonry
1
Estimated Using Flatjack Measurements
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1196; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the average compressive stress in existing unreinforced solid-unit masonry (see
Note 1). This test method concerns the measurement of in-situ compressive stress in existing masonry by use of thin, bladder-like
flatjack devices that are installed in cut mortar joints in the masonry wall. This test method provides a relatively non-destructive
means of determining masonry properties in place.
NOTE 1—Solid-unit masonry is that built with stone, concrete, or clay units whose net area is equal to or greater than 75 % of the gross area.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry
C1232 Terminology for Masonry
E74 Practices for Calibration and Verification for Force-Measuring Instruments
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 shim, n—item inserted into a flatjack slot prior to testing to minimize the inflation of the test flatjack.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
The use of shims may be necessary during testing to achieve a tight fit of the flatjack in the slot and to ensure uniform transfer
of pressure (stress) to the masonry over the complete area of the flatjack. See Annex A1 for further discussion on allowable types
of shims.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.04 on Research.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014Dec. 15, 2020. Published December 2014December 2020. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as
C1196 – 14.C1196 – 14a. DOI: 10.1520/C1196-14A.10.1520/C1196-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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C1196 − 20
3.1.2 spacer—metal plate used in the calibration process to control flatjack thickness.
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method refer to Terminology C1180 for mortar and grout and Terminology
C1232 for masonry.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 When a slot is formed in the masonry, compressive stress at that point will cause the masonry above and below the slot to move
together. Compressive stress in the masonry may be measured by inserting a flatjack into the slot and increasing its internal
pressure until the original distance between points above and below the slot is restored. The state of compressive stress in the
masonry is approximately equal to the flatjack pressure multiplied by factors which account for the physical characteristics of the
jack and the ratio of (a) the bearing area of the jack in contact with the masonry to (b) the bearing area of the slot.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Stress is applied as pressure over the area of the flatjack. In the case of multi-wythe masonry, stress is est
...
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