ASTM D6497-02(2010)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Mechanical Attachment of Geomembrane to Penetrations or Structures
Standard Guide for Mechanical Attachment of Geomembrane to Penetrations or Structures
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide attempts to detail specific areas of concern regarding the attachment of geomembranes to structures. Components of the geomembrane attachment are addressed as to the type and use of each component.
Although this guide does not address all aspects of geomembrane attachments, the user of this guide may note important objectives and design issues of each component of the geomembrane. All these objectives and design issues may or may not be required to obtain an appropriate geomembrane attachment. By describing these areas of concern, it is hoped that the user of this guide will be able to design geomembrane attachments, develop specifications or construct geomembrane attachments, or both, which fulfill the requirements of its design intent.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures that can be employed to mechanically attach fabricated geomembranes to structures, pipes, etc.
1.2 This guide does not address all problems or situations a geomembrane installer or design engineer may face in the attachment of geomembranes to structures, pipes, etc. The sole purpose of this standard guide is to point out typical problems with geomembrane attachments and clearly state objectives of each component of the geomembrane attachment(s).
1.3 This guide has been generated for geomembrane application(s); however, a geomembrane installer or design engineer, or both, may find portions of this guide applicable to other geosynthetics.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D6497 − 02(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Guide for
Mechanical Attachment of Geomembrane to Penetrations or
Structures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6497; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 banding strap, n—a flexible narrow strip of metal,
plastic or other material, which compresses the geomembrane
1.1 This guide covers procedures that can be employed to
around a penetration by acting as a clamp around the penetra-
mechanically attach fabricated geomembranes to structures,
tion.
pipes, etc.
3.1.2 batten, n—a rigid narrow strip of metal, wood, plastic
1.2 This guide does not address all problems or situations a
or other material which distributes the forces to compress the
geomembrane installer or design engineer may face in the
geomembrane against a penetration or structure.
attachment of geomembranes to structures, pipes, etc. The sole
purpose of this standard guide is to point out typical problems
3.1.3 boot, n—a factory or field fabricated geomembrane
with geomembrane attachments and clearly state objectives of
wrap used to seal around a pipe penetration prior to attachment
each component of the geomembrane attachment(s).
(see Fig. 1).
1.3 This guide has been generated for geomembrane appli-
3.1.4 clamp, n—a flexible narrow strip of metal, plastic or
cation(s); however, a geomembrane installer or design
other material, which compresses the geomembrane against a
engineer, or both, may find portions of this guide applicable to
penetration by tightening the bolt(s) or screw(s) of the clamp
other geosynthetics.
(see Fig. 2).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.5 concrete, n—a homogeneous mixture of portland
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
cement, aggregates, and water which may contain admixtures.
standard.
(C822)
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.6 gaskets, n—a material, which may be clamped be-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
tweencontactsurfacesthatactsasastaticseal.Gasketsarecut,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
formed, or molded into the desired configuration. They may
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
consist of any of the following construction: one or more plies
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
of a sheet material; composites of dissimilar materials; and
materials applied as a bead or other form to one or both mating
2. Referenced Documents
faces prior to assembly. (F118)
2.1 EPA Document:
3.1.7 geomembrane, n—anessentiallyimpermeablegeosyn-
Quality Assurance and Quality Control for Waste Contain-
thetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets. (D4439)
ment Facilities, Technical Guidance Document, United
States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/R-93/ 3.1.8 rondel, n—a strip of polymeric material formed to a
182, September 1993
geometry, which is embedded and secured to a penetration or
structure (for example, concrete structure) (see Fig. 3).
3. Terminology
3.1.9 sealant—in building construction, a material that has
3.1 Definitions:
the adhesive and cohesive properties to form a seal. (C717)
3.1.10 torque,n—amovement(offorces)whichproducesor
tends to produce rotation or torsion. (D4848)
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics
3.1.11 void space, n—in engineered structures, space(s)
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2010.PublishedJuly2010.Originallypublished
between the geomembrane and penetration or structure, which
in 1999 as D6497–99. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D6497–02. DOI:
allow liquid or vapor migration, or allow the geomembrane to
10.1520/D6497-02R10.
deform into the space(s) due to overburden pressure. (New, to
Available from Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC 20402. be balloted under Terminology Committee.)
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6497 − 02 (2010)
FIG. 1 Pipe Penetration—Perpendicular Face
4. Significance and Use sufficient torque to compress the geomembrane against the
penetration or structure. The geomembrane is held in place by
4.1 This guide attempts to detail specific areas of concern
the friction generated by the compression effect of the batten
regarding the attachment of geomembranes to structures.
(see Fig. 4).
Components of the geomembrane attachment are addressed as
to the type and use of each component. 5.1.1 A compression sealant or gasket can be used between
the geomembrane and the penetration or structure or batten, or
4.2 Although this guide does not address all aspects of
both. The compression sealant or gasket will limit the migra-
geomembrane attachments, the user of this guide may note
tion of liquid or vapor through the batten connection.
important objectives and design issues of each component of
the geomembrane. All these objectives and design issues may
5.2 Clamp(s) or Banding Strap(s)—Clamps or banding
or may not be required to obtain an appropriate geomembrane
straps are commonly used to attach a geomembrane to a
attachment. By describing these areas of concern, it is hoped
smooth,roundpenetrationorstructure(forexample,pipe).The
that the user of this guide will be able to design geomembrane
geomembrane is placed around the penetration or structure and
attachments, develop specifications or construct geomembrane
welded as close as possible to the circumference of the
attachments, or both, which fulfill the requirements of its
penetration or structure.Agasket is placed around the penetra-
design intent.
tion or structure at the location of the clamp placement to form
a seal between the geomembrane and penetration or structure.
5. Types of Connection
Thegeomembraneisthenputin-placeandoverthegasket.The
5.1 Batten(s)—Battens are commonly used to attach a
clamp or banding strap is commonly tightened by applying a
geomembrane to a smooth, flat surface. Anchor bolts are
torque to a bolt or bolts, a screw or screws, or other mechanical
embedded into the penetration or structure at set locations. A
device, which applies a pulling force that decreases the length
gasket is placed in-line with the bolts to form a seal between
of the clamp, or banding strap, thereby compressing the
the geomembrane and structure. Geomembrane is pushed or
geomembrane and gasket to the penetration or structure. The
forcedovertheboltstoinsureatightfitandthenplacedagainst
geomembrane is held in place by the friction generated by
the penetration or structure. The batten, which has holes in it
that are in alignment with the bolts, is placed over the tightening the clamp or banding strap and compressing the
geomembrane. Nuts are placed on the bolts and tightened with geomembrane against the penetration or structure.
D6497 − 02 (2010)
FIG. 2 Clamp Detail
5.2.1 A compression sealant or gasket can be used between weldingprocess.Thegeomembraneandrondelorpipemustbe
the geomembrane and the penetration or structure or clamp, or clean or prepared, or both, according to the prescribed
both. The compression sealant or gasket will limit the migra- geomembrane manufacturer’s procedure before welding.
tion of liquid or vapor through the clamp connection. 5.3.3 Welding the geomembrane to the penetration or struc-
ture may provide an attachment that has a lower possibility of
5.3 Welded—Welded connections can be either a solvent
leakage. Since the geomembrane is attached directly to the
weld or heat weld. Heat welding of dissimilar materials can be
structure, sealants are usually not required. However, special
accomplished as long as both materials are thermoplastic. It is
attention should be noted for rondels used for attachment of
recommended that welding criteria for dissimilar materials be
geomembranes to concrete structures. If several sections or
reviewed with the material manufacturer before constructing
pieces of rondels are required to construct an attachment,
the attachment.
spaces or gaps between the individual sections or pieces could
5.3.1 The welded connections are commonly made to a
occur during their embedment and during the curing of the
rondel or pipe (see Fig. 5) composed of similar polymeric
concrete. This would especially occur for rondels made of
material as the geomembrane. The rondel is embedded into the
polymeric material that expands and contracts according to the
penetration or structure during its construction. For example,
temperature of the concrete during the curing process. Sealants
rondels are commonly embedded into a concrete structure.The
may be required to fill the spaces or gaps between the rondels
material used for the penetration or structure is allowed to cure
to further limit the migration of liquid or vapor through the
beforeattachmentofthegeomembrane.Thecuringtimeallows
batten connection.
the rondel to become secured in the penetration or structure.
5.3.4 Pre-fabrication of the complete rondel attachment
Once the material used for the penetration or structure has
before placement into the concrete is recommended. The
cured sufficiently to reduce the risk of pulling the rondel from
pre-fabricated rondel is composed of welded sections or pieces
thepenetrationorstructure,thegeomembranecanbeweldedto
of rondels, thereby eliminating the possibility of gaps between
the rondel (see Fig. 3).
sections or pieces on rondels after the concrete cures.
5.3.2 Weldinggeomembranestorondelsandpipesissimilar
to welding geomembrane panels together. The geomembrane 5.4 Bonded—Bonded connections commonly require the
must be placed flush against the rondel or pipe during the use of an adhesive to construct the attachment. The use of an
D6497 − 02 (2010)
FIG. 3 Rondel Connection
FIG. 4 Anchor Bolt Geomembrane Connection
adhesive allows the geomembrane to be attached to dis-similar structure. The application and curing of the adhesive should
material. The adhesive used must be compatible with both the not significantly deteriorate the strength of the geomembrane
geomembrane and the surface material of the penetration or
D6497 − 02 (2010)
FIG. 5 Pipe Boot
or the material surface of the penetration or structure beyond 7. Critical Areas for the Protection of the Geomembrane
the design requirements of the attachment.
7.1 Surface Characteristics—The surface of the structure
5.4.1 The geomembrane and the surface of the penetration
for which the geomembrane is to be attached should be
or structure should be clean and prepared according the
constructed or formed to limit damage to the geomembrane.
adhesive manufacturer’s and geomembrane manufacturer’s
This is particularly important in cases where the geomembrane
recommendation.
will be pressed against the structure. Irregularities in the
5.4.2 Bonding the geomembrane to the penetration or struc-
structuresurfacecouldcausestresspointsinthegeomembrane,
ture may provide an attachment, which has a lower possibility
thereby, allowing portion(s) of the geomembrane to yield at a
of leakage. Since the geomembrane is attached directly to the
lower load than its design application. If a structure cannot be
structure, sealants are usually not required.
constructed or formed without irregularities, then a protective
layer should be placed between the structure and the geomem-
6. Types of Structures
brane (see Fig. 4).
6.1 Concrete—Concrete structures that require attachment
7.2 Edges of Structures—Edges or corners of structures
of geomembranes include, but are not limited to, pads, floors,
should be rounded to limit possible damage to the geomem-
walls, tanks, manholes, and pylons. The use of battens, clamps
brane.Aprotective layer can be constructed or placed over the
or banding strips, or bonding can attach a geomembrane to
edge or corner to protect the geomembrane.
concrete structures. When attaching a geomembrane to any
concrete structure, consider each critical concern detailed in
7.3 Large Voids Under Geomembrane —Large voids under
Section 7.
the geomembrane can cause deformation and stress in the
geomembrane and geomembrane seams if, under pressure or
6.2 Metal—Metal structures that require attachment of
load, the geomembrane is forced into the void(s). Large voids
geomembranes include, but are not limited to, pads, floors,
should be filled or bridged to stop the geomembrane and
walls, pipes, and tanks. The use of battens, clamps or banding
geomembrane seams from becoming overly stressed (see Figs.
strips, can attach a geomembrane to metal structures. When
6 and 7).
attaching a geomembrane to any metal structure, consider each
critical concern detailed in Section 7.
7.4 Settlement Around Structures —If a geomembrane is to
6.3 Pipe—Pipe structures can be composed of concrete, be connected to a structure and placed over an area which may
metalorpolymer.Clamps,bandingstrips,solventweld,orheat settle at a greater or lesser rate than the structure, the design
weld can attach a geomembrane to pipe structures. The engineer or geomembrane installer should take precautions to
attachment of a geomembrane to any pipe structure should limit settlement around the structure. If settlement around the
consider critical concerns detailed in 7.1, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, and 7.6. structure cannot be avoided, then the design engineer should
D6497 − 02 (2010)
FIG. 6 Liner Penetration Detail
FIG. 7 Tank Corner Detail
design a flexible connection to the structure that considers 7.5 In-Plane Attachment—The geomembrane should be
settlement and alleviates the stresses, which could occur due to placedinparallelor“in-plane”withthestructureorpenetration
settlement. to be attached. The geomembrane should lie flat against the
D6497 − 02 (2010)
surface of the structure or penetration for a sufficient distance of the attachment should be the clean geomembrane, structure,
prior to the geomembrane being placed “out of plane” of the and type of connection used to perform the attachment.
structure or penetration. This is to avoid bridging within
8.2 Type of Attachment:
attachment, pulling away from the structure, or stresses within
8.2.1 Battens:
the geomembrane during the pl
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