ASTM D4858-00
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determination of the Tendency of Lubricants to Promote Preignition in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines
Standard Test Method for Determination of the Tendency of Lubricants to Promote Preignition in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines
SCOPE
1.1 This test method evaluates the performance of lubricants intended for use in two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gasoline engines which are prone to preignition.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 4858 – 00 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Determination of the Tendency of Lubricants to Promote
Preignition in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4858; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D 2885 Test Method for Research and Motor Method Oc-
tane Ratings Using On-Line Analyzers
1.1 This test method evaluates the performance of lubri-
D 2896 Test Method for Base Number of Petroleum Prod-
cants intended for use in two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gaso-
ucts by Potentiometric Perchloric Acid Titration
line engines which are prone to preignition.
D 4857 Test Method for Determination of the Ability of
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other than Out-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
boards
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D 4863 Test Method for Determination of Lubricity of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engine Lubricants
1.3 The values stated in SI units are the standard. The values
E 230 Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for
given in parentheses are provided for information only.
Standardized Thermocouples
2. Referenced Documents 2.2 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Stan-
dard:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ANSI MC 96.1 American National Standard for Tempera-
B 152 Specification for Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate, and
ture Measurement Thermocouples
Rolled Bar
D 439 Specification for Automotive Gasoline
3. Terminology
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
3.1 Definitions:
and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic
3.1.1 combustion chamber—in reciprocating internal com-
Viscosity)
bustion engines, the volume bounded by the piston crown and
D 664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products
any portion of the cylinder walls extending above the piston
by Potentiometric Titration
crown when in the top dead center position, and the inner
D 874 Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oils
surface of the cylinder head including any spark plugs and
and Additives
other inserted components.
D 910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines
3.1.2 preignition—in a spark-ignition engine, ignition of
D 2270 Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kine-
4 the mixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber before
matic Viscosity at 40° and 100°C
the passage of the spark.
D 2699 Test Method for Knock Characteristics of Motor
5 3.1.3 scuff, scuffıng—in lubrication, damage caused by
Fuels by the Research Method
instantaneous localized welding between surfaces in relative
D 2700 Test Method for Knock Characteristics of Motor
5 motion that does not result in immobilization of the parts.
and Aviation Fuels by the Motor Method
D 4863
3.1.4 spark plug fouling—deposition of essentially noncon-
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
ducting material onto the electrodes of a spark plug that may,
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
but will not necessarily, prevent the plug from operating.
D02.B on Automotive Lubricants.
D 4857
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2000. Published November 2000. Originally
3.1.5 spark plug whiskering, also spark plug bridging—a
published as D 4858 – 88. Last previous edition D 4858 – 95.
Until the next revision of this test method, the ASTM Test Monitoring Center
deposit of conductive material on the spark plug electrodes
will update changes in this test method by means of Information Letters. These can
be obtained from the ASTM Test Monitoring Center, 6555 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, PA
15206-4489. Attention: Administrator. This edition incorporates revisions in all Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
Information Letters through No. 00–1. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.03.
3 8
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
4 9
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.04. 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 4858
which tends to form a bridge between them, thus shorting out direct shaft drive or a belt drive from the engine crankshaft
the plug. D 4857 may be used. A complete test stand assembly, as shown in Fig.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 1, is available.
3.2.1 major preignition—preignition that causes a tempera- 6.1.3 Cooling Blower—The original internal engine fan
ture increase of 10°C (18°F) or more measured at the inner shall be removed or have its blades machined off. A variable
surface of the cylinder head. delivery blower with a free flow capacity of about 34 m /min
3.2.2 minor preignition—preignition that causes a tempera- (1200 ft /min) of air is recommended. The flow from the
ture increase of more than 7°C (13°F) and less than 10°C blower shall be directed toward the intake side of the engine. A
(18°F) measured at the inner surface of the cylinder head. suitable arrangement is shown in Fig. 1.
6.1.4 Fuel System—Fuel delivery pressure shall be main-
4. Summary of Test Method
tained at 19 to 21 kPa (2.7 to 3.0 lb/in. ). The temperature of
4.1 The test is run in a 49 cm single-cylinder air-cooled the fuel entering the carburetor shall not exceed 25°C (77°F),
engine operated under the conditions required by the specifi- and this may require cooling in hot climates.
cation against which it is being run. These are typically 4000 6.2 Instrumentation:
r/min wide open throttle (WOT) using a 20:1 ratio of gasoline 6.2.1 Tachometer—An electronic tachometer accurate to 6
to oil by volume for a minimum of 50 h. The number of 25 r/min.
incidences of preignition, as indicated by a rapid increase in 6.2.2 Measurement of Ambient Conditions—6.2.2 is written
combustion chamber temperature, is recorded. on the assumption that the engine draws ambient air from the
test room. If it is supplied with air from a controlled source,
NOTE 1—Pass-Fail Criterion—The number of occurrences of preigni-
references to ambient temperature, pressure and humidity
tion during the test of a candidate oil shall not exceed that permitted by the
apply to the air from the controlled source.
specification against which it is run.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Two-stroke-cycle gasoline engines are generally more
Order from Southwest Research Institute, Automotive Products and Emissions
prone to preignition than are four-stroke-cycle engines due to
Research Division, 6220 Culebra Rd., San Antonio, TX 78238.
the absence of the internal cooling that takes place during the
induction stroke of the four-stroke-cycle engines. Preignition
can lead to major piston damage, either directly due to
localized overheating or as the result of preignition-induced
detonation. Some lubricant additives that are widely used in
four-stroke-cycle gasoline engine oils are known to increase
the probability of preignition in gasoline two-stroke-cycle
engines. This procedure is used to determine the tendency of an
oil to induce preignition in both water-cooled and air-cooled
two-stroke-cycle gasoline engines.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Test Engine and Stand:
6.1.1 Test Engine Configuration—A Yamaha CE-50 49 cm
loop-scavenged air-cooled two-stroke-cycle engine is used.
This has 40 mm (1.57 in.) bore, 39.2 mm (1.54 in.) stroke, with
an aluminum piston operating in a cast iron cylinder bore. The
cylinder head is removable, with a hemispherical combustion
chamber. For the purposes of this test the head shall be
modified as specified in 6.3.1.1. Further details are given in
Annex A1.
NOTE 2—The engine designation normally includes a final letter
indicating the model, such as CE-50S, the model on which this test was
developed. If this model is not available check the suitability for this test
of available models with the manufacturer.
6.1.2 Test Stand—The dynamometer shall be able to absorb
2.5 kW (3.4 hp) at 4000 to 6000 r/min with an inherent torque
measurement accuracy of 60.5 % or better, and be capable of
maintaining 4000 6 30 r/min with varying power input. A
Obtainable from Engineering and Service Dept., Yamaha International Corp.,
P.O. Box 6555, Cypress, CA 90630. Parts, but not complete engines, may be
obtained from Yamaha motorcycle dealers. FIG. 1 Test Stand
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 4858
6.2.2.1 Temperature—A thermocouple or thermometer shall thermocouples, but the thread diameter shall be less than 14
be provided to read air temperature in the range 10 to 50°C (50 mm (0.55 in.). A ⁄8 27-NPTF thread is recommended. The
to 120°F). thermocouple shall be made so that the last 3 to 4 mm (0.12 to
6.2.2.2 Barometric Pressure—A barometer recording the 0.16 in.) of its tip is a snug fit into the 3-mm diameter portion
pressure in the test room is required. of the hole, and be mounted in the head so that its tip protrudes
6.2.2.3 Humidity—A hygrometer or a wet and dry bulb sufficiently to allow it to be ground flush with the internal
thermometer is also required. surface of the head without penetrating the shield. When a head
6.2.2.4 Recorder—Continuous recording of the ambient has been newly fitted with a thermocouple, run a break-in in
conditions is recommended. accordance with 10.2 and Table 1. The thermocouple reading
6.2.3 Calibration—Calibrate the tachometer, ambient tem- normally requires about 90 min to stabilize.
perature, and pressure measurement devices every 90 days. 6.3.1.2 Shutdown Provision—Provision shall be made for
The calibration standard shall be traceable to NIST. shutdown of the engine in the case of a rapid (1 min or less)
6.3 Engine and System Temperatures: combustion chamber temperature increase of 10°C (18°F) or
6.3.1 Combustion Chamber Temperature: more. This normally indicates an incidence of major preigni-
6.3.1.1 Modification of Cylinder Head—The cylinder head tion, and is required to minimize the risk of damage to the
shall be fitted with a shielded thermocouple. A thermocouple of engine. An automatic shut down when such an increase is
the iron-constantan type meeting the requirements of ANSI experienced is recommended. At the least an alarm shall be
91.6 Type J (summarized very briefly in ASTM Tables E 230) provided to operate after a temperature increase of 6 to 7°C (11
is recommended, but any thermocouple capable of performing to 13°F) to allow manual shut down by the operator if the 10°C
satisfactorily under the conditions of the test can be used. The limit is exceeded.
general dimensions and machining requirements are shown in 6.3.2 Exhaust Temperature—A thermocouple is required in
Fig. 2. The through hole, in which the thermocouple is required the exhaust elbow within about 65 mm (2.5 in.) of the cylinder
to fit closely, is about 3-mm (0.12-in.) diameter, and the exhaust port to monitor exhaust temperature. The thermo-
counterbore shall not extend closer than 4 mm (0.16 in.) to the couple junction shall be located within 6 3 mm (0.12 in.) of
combustion chamber surface. The dimensions of the counter- the center of the pipe.
bore and thread are not critical, being suitable to available 6.3.3 Spark Plug Gasket Temperature—The spark plug
TABLE 1 Break-In
Plug
A suitable instrument is available from Omega Engineering Inc., P.O. Box
Throttle
Duration, min RPM Temperature,
4047, One Omega Dr., Stanford, CT 06907.
Position
°C (°F)
2 2000 6 100 Closed (idle) Record
2 4000 6 50 ⁄3 open 125 (257) max
2 5500 6 50 ⁄3 open 125 (257) max
2 3500 6 50 ⁄3 open 125 (257) max
2 4500 6 50 ⁄3 open 125 (257) max
Repeat for a total of 2 cycles, or 20 min running time.
Plug
Throttle
Duration, min RPM Temperature,
Position
°C (°F)
2 2000 6 100 Closed (idle) Record
2 4000 6 50 ⁄2 open 140 (284) max
2 5500 6 50 ⁄2 open 140 (284) max
2 3500 6 50 ⁄2 open 140 (284) max
2 4500 6 50 ⁄2 open 140 (284) max
Repeat for a total of 4 cycles, or 40 min running time.
Plug
Throttle
Duration, min RPM Temperature,
Position
°C (°F)
2 2000 6 100 Closed (idle) Record
2 4000 6 50 ⁄4 open 155 (311) max
2 5500 6 50 ⁄4 open 155 (311) max
2 3500 6 50 ⁄4 open 155 (311) max
2 4500 6 50 ⁄4 open 155 (311) max
Repeat for a total of 4 cycles, or 40 min running time.
Plug
Throttle
Duration, min RPM Temperature,
Position
°C (°F)
2 2000 6 100 Closed (idle) Record
2 4000 6 50 WOT 170 (338) max
2 5500 6 50 WOT 170 (338) max
2 3500 6 50 WOT 170 (338) max
2 4500 6 50 WOT 170 (338) max
Repeat for a total of 2 cycles, or 20 min running time.
FIG. 2 Machining of Cylinder Head
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 4858
gasket may be fitted with one or two thermocouples, the a 50 h test, varying according to the number of test hours
number depending on the instrumentation used. A design that specified. It is recommended that at least twice this amount be
has beeen found satisfactory is described in Appendix X1. provided in case the test is rerun.
6.3.4 Combustion Chamber and Spark Plug Gasket Tem- 7.4 Grease—OMC needle bearing grease or petroleum jelly.
perature Recorders—These temperatures shall be recorded
8. Calibration
using a system capable of storing the data for later retrieval.
8.1 After 30 tests or 180 days, whichever occurs first, or at
Maximum interval between successive recordings of the com-
bustion chamber temperature is 2 s. A system with a range from any time a new or completely rebuilt engine or test bed is put
in service, conduct calibration tests. Run a test for 50 h using
40 to 750°C (100 to 1400°F) and an overall accuracy of 6 2°C
(4°F) is suitable. refe
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.