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ASTM D4858-02

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of the Tendency of Lubricants to Promote Preignition in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines

Standard Test Method for Determination of the Tendency of Lubricants to Promote Preignition in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Two-stroke-cycle gasoline engines are generally more prone to preignition than are four-stroke-cycle engines due to the absence of the internal cooling that takes place during the induction stroke of the four-stroke-cycle engines. Preignition can lead to major piston damage, either directly due to localized overheating or as the result of preignition-induced detonation. Some lubricant additives that are widely used in four-stroke-cycle gasoline engine oils are known to increase the probability of preignition in gasoline two-stroke-cycle engines. This procedure is used to determine the tendency of an oil to induce preignition in both water-cooled and air-cooled two-stroke-cycle gasoline engines.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method evaluates the performance of lubricants intended for use in two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gasoline engines which are prone to preignition.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-2002
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4858-00 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Tendency of Lubricants to Promote Preignition in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Replaced By
ASTM D4858-08 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Tendency of Lubricants to Promote Preignition in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines
Effective Date
01-Dec-2008
Referred By
ASTM D8291-23 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Performance of Automotive Engine Oils in the Mitigation of Low-Speed, Preignition in the Sequence IX Gasoline Turbocharged Direct-Injection, Spark-Ignition Engine
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002

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ASTM D4858-02 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Tendency of Lubricants to Promote Preignition in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline EnginesASTM D4858-02 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Tendency of Lubricants to Promote Preignition in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines
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ASTM D4858-02 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Tendency of Lubricants to Promote Preignition in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:D4858–02
Standard Test Method for
Determination of the Tendency of Lubricants to Promote
1
Preignition in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4858; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D 2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-
4
2 Ignition Engine Fuel
1.1 This test method evaluates the performance of lubri-
D 2885 Test Method for Research and Motor Method Oc-
cants intended for use in two-stroke-cycle spark-ignition gaso-
4
tane Ratings Using On-Line Analyzers
line engines which are prone to preignition.
D 2896 Test Method for Base Number of Petroleum Prod-
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4
ucts by Potentiometric Perchloric Acid Titration
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D 4857 Test Method for Determination of the Ability of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Lubricants to Minimize Ring Sticking and Piston Deposits
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
in Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines Other than Out-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5
boards
1.3 ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsarethestandard.Thevalues
D 4863 Test Method for Determination of Lubricity of
given in parentheses are provided for information only.
5
Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engine Lubricants
2. Referenced Documents
E 230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force
6
(EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2.2 ANSI Standard:
B 152 Specification for Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate, and
3
ANSI MC 96.1 American National Standard for Tempera-
Rolled Bar
7
4
ture Measurement Thermocouples
D 439 Specification for Automotive Gasoline
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
3. Terminology
and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic
4 3.1 Definitions:
Viscosity)
3.1.1 combustion chamber—in reciprocating internal com-
D 664 Test Method forAcid Number of Petroleum Products
4 bustion engines, the volume bounded by the piston crown and
by Potentiometric Titration
any portion of the cylinder walls extending above the piston
D 874 Test Method for Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oils
4 crown when in the top dead center position, and the inner
and Additives
4
surface of the cylinder head including any spark plugs and
D 910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines
other inserted components.
D 2270 Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kine-
4
3.1.2 preignition—in a spark-ignition engine, ignition of
matic Viscosity at 40° and 100°C
the mixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber before
D 2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of
4
the passage of the spark.
Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
3.1.3 scuff, scuffıng—in lubrication, damage caused by
instantaneous localized welding between surfaces in relative
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on motion that does not result in immobilization of the parts.
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D 4863
D02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants.
3.1.4 spark plug fouling—deposition of essentially noncon-
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2002. Published January 2003. Originally
ducting material onto the electrodes of a spark plug that may,
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 4858–00.
2
Until the next revision of this test method, the ASTM Test Monitoring Center
but will not necessarily, prevent the plug from operating.
will update changes in this test method by means of Information Letters. These can
beobtainedfromtheASTMTestMonitoringCenter,6555PennAve.,Pittsburgh,PA
5
15206-4489. Attention: Administrator. This edition incorporates revisions in all Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
6
Information Letters through No. 01–3. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
3 7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.01. Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4858–02
D 4857
3.1.5 spark plug whiskering, also spark plug bridging—a
deposit of conductive material on the spark plug electrodes
which tends to form a bridge between them, thus shorting out
the plug. D 4857
3.2 Definitions o
...

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5.1 This test method can be used to determine wear properties and coefficient of friction of lubricating greases at selected temperatures and loads specified for use in applications where high-speed vibrational or start-stop motions are present for extended periods of time under initial high Hertzian point contact pressures. This test method has found application in qualifying lubricating greases used in constant velocity joints of front-wheel-drive automobiles and for lubricating greases used in roller bearings. Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications.
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4.1 This practice is intended to help users, particularly power plant operators, maintain effective control over their mineral lubricating oils and lubrication monitoring program. This practice may be used to perform oil changes based on oil condition and test results rather than on the basis of service time or calendar time. It is intended to save operating and maintenance expenses.  
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4.4 This practice is intended for mineral oil products, and not for synthetic type of products, with the exception of phosphate esters fluids typically used in power plant control systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for the effective monitoring of mineral oil and phosphate ester fluid lubricating oils in service auxiliary (non-turbine) equipment used for power generation. Auxiliary equipment covered includes gears, hydraulic systems, diesel engines, pumps, compressors, and electrohydraulic control (EHC) systems. It includes sampling and testing schedules and recommended action steps, as well as information on how oils degrade.
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5.1 The low-temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, torque and tractor fluids, and industrial and automotive hydraulic oils (see Appendix X4) are of considerable importance to the proper operation of many mechanical devices. Measurement of the viscometric properties of these oils and fluids at low temperatures is often used to specify their acceptance for service. This test method is used in a number of specifications.  
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1.4.1 The viscosity data used for the precision studies for Procedures A, B, and C covered a range from 300 mPa·s to 170 000 mPa·s at test temperatures of –12 °C, –26 °C, and –40 °C. Appendix X5 includes precision data for –55 °C test temperature and includes samples with viscosities greater 500 000 mPa·s.  
1.4.2 The viscosity data used for Procedure D precision study was from 6400 mPa·s to 256 000 mPa·s at test temperatures of –26 °C and –40 °C.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement ar...

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5.1 The bromine number is useful as a measure of aliphatic unsaturation in petroleum samples. When used in conjunction with the calculation procedure described in Annex A2, it can be used to estimate the percentage of olefins in petroleum distillates boiling up to approximately 315 °C (600 °F).  
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Note 1: These limits are imposed since the precision of this test method has been determined only up to or within the range of these bromine numbers.  
1.2 The magnitude of the bromine number is an indication of the quantity of bromine-reactive constituents, not an identification of constituents; therefore, its application as a measure of olefinic unsaturation should not be undertaken without the study given in Annex A1.  
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1.4.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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Standard Practice for Condition Monitoring of In-Service Lubricants by Trend Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometry

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5.1 Periodic sampling and analysis of lubricants have long been used as a means to determine overall machinery health. Atomic emission (AE) and atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy are often employed for wear metal analysis (for example, Test Method D5185). A number of physical property tests complement wear metal analysis and are used to provide information on lubricant condition (for example, Test Methods D445, D2896, and D6304). Molecular analysis of lubricants and hydraulic fluids by FT-IR spectroscopy produces direct information on molecular species of interest, including additives, fluid breakdown products and external contaminants, and thus complements wear metal and other analyses used in a condition monitoring program (1, 2-6).
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1.2 This practice is based on trending and distribution response analysis from mid-infrared absorption measurements. While calibration to generate physical concentration units may be possible, it is unnecessary or impractical in many cases. Warning or alarm limits (the point where maintenance action on a machine being monitored is recommended or required) can be determined through statistical analysis, history of the same or similar equipment, round robin tests or other methods in conjunction with correlation to equipment performance. These warning or alarm limits can be a fixed maximum or minimum value for comparison to a single measurement or can also be based on a rate of change of the response measured (1) .2 This practice describes distributions but does not preclude using rate-of-change warnings and alarms.
Note 1: It is not the intent of this practice to establish or recommend normal, cautionary, warning or alert limits for any machinery. Such limits should be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.  
1.3 Spectra and distribution profiles presented herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as representing or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.  
1.4 This practice is designed as a fast, simple spectroscopic check for condition monitoring of in-service lubricants and can be used to assist in the determination of general machinery health through measurement of properties observable in the mid-infrared spectrum such as water, oil oxidation, and others as noted in 1.1. The infrared data generated by this practice is typically used in conjunction with other testing methods. For example, infrared spectroscopy cannot determine wear metal levels or any other type of elemental analysis. The practice as presented is not intended for the prediction of lubricant physical properties (for example, viscosity, total base number, total acid number, etc.). This practice is designed for monitoring in-service lubricants and can aid in the determination of general machinery health and is not designed for the analysis of lubricant composition, lubricant performance or additive package formulations.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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1.1 This test method covers quantitative procedures for the evaluation of the compatibility of automotive engine oils with several reference elastomers typical of those used in the sealing materials in contact with these oils. Compatibility is evaluated by determining the changes in volume, Durometer A hardness, and tensile properties when the elastomer specimens are immersed in the oil for a specified time and temperature.  
1.2 Effective sealing action requires that the physical properties of elastomers used for any seal have a high level of resistance to the liquid or oil in which they are immersed. When such a high level of resistance exists, the elastomer is said to be compatible with the liquid or oil.
Note 1: The user of this test method should be proficient in the use of Test Methods D412 (tensile properties), D471 (effect of rubber immersion in liquids), D2240 (Durometer hardness), and D5662 (gear oil compatibility with typical oil seal elastomers), all of which are involved in the execution of the operations of this test method.  
1.3 This test method provides a preliminary or first order evaluation of oil/elastomer compatibility only. Because seals might be subjected to static or dynamic loads, or both, and they can operate over a range of conditions, a complete evaluation of the potential sealing performance of any elastomer-oil combination in any service condition usually requires tests additional to those described in this test method.  
1.4 The several reference elastomer formulations specified in this test method were chosen to be representative of those used in both heavy-duty diesel engines (detailed in Annex A1) and passenger-car spark-ignition engines (the latter are covered in Annex A2). The procedures described in this test method can, however, also be used to evaluate the compatibility of automotive engine oils with different elastomer types/formulations or different test durations and temperatures to those employed in this test method.
Note 2: In such cases, the precision and bias statement in Section 12 does not apply. In addition to agreeing acceptable limits of precision, where relevant, the user and supplier should also agree:  (1) test temperatures and immersion times to be used; (2) the formulations and typical properties of the elastomers; and (3) the sourcing and quality control of the elastomer sheets.
Note 3: The TMC may also issue In...

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Standard Test Method for Determination of Glycol for In-Service Engine Oils by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some glycol/antifreeze dilution of in-service engine oil is normal under typical operating conditions. However, excessive glycol dilution can lead to decreased performance, premature wear, or sudden engine failure. This test method provides a means of quantifying the level of glycol based antifreeze dilution, allowing the user to take necessary action.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of glycol based antifreeze for in-service engine oil by derivative headspace/gas chromatography.  
1.2 Sample is derivatized in-situ directly in a headspace sampling vial prior to vapor phase extraction and injection into a gas chromatograph.  
1.3 The chemistry of the derivatization is unique to the detection of the molecules of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol. 1,3-propylene glycol could also be detected but is not used in any known anti-freeze at this time. Other coolant analyses are beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.4 The derivatization process does not affect glycol breakdown products such as glycolate and formate and hence the presence of these compounds in the oil will not be quantified.  
1.5 The test method concentration range is from 50 µg/g to 1000 µg/g. Lower levels are possible by method modifications. Higher levels are possible through sample dilution.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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  • Standard
    8 pages
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ASTM
ASTM D7918-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Flow Properties and Evaluation of Wear, Contaminants, and Oxidative Properties of Lubricating Grease by Die Extrusion Method and Preparation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Trending the wear, contamination, consistency, and oxidative properties of a lubricating grease is a crucial part of condition-monitoring programs. Changes in these properties or deviations from the new grease can be indicative of problems within the lubricated component, such as the mixing of incompatible thickener types, excessive wear or contaminant levels, or significant depletion of antioxidant levels. These test methods also makes it possible to develop trends that can be used to predict failures before they occur and allow for corrective action to be taken.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination and evaluation of flow properties, wear levels, contaminants, and oxidative condition of new and in-service lubricating grease.  
1.2 This test method provides guidance on evaluating in-service grease samples, NLGI grades 00 to 3, for wear, consistency, contamination, and oxidation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3.1 Exception—The exception to this will be where units of references were developed by the developers of the test equipment and necessary to report the results of the test.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
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  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off