ASTM D6500-00(2006)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Diameter of Wool and Other Animal Fibers Using an Optical Fiber Diameter Analyser
Standard Test Method for Diameter of Wool and Other Animal Fibers Using an Optical Fiber Diameter Analyser
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method specifies sampling and testing procedures for the measurement of average fiber diameter and variation in diameter of animal fibers.
This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool and other animal fibers in raw and sliver form because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable. In cases of disagreement arising from differences in values reported by two or more laboratories when using this test method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratories should be determined with each comparison being based on the testing of specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Test Method D 2130 shall be used as a referee test method.
This test method may be used for determining compliance with average fiber diameter and diameter variation to assign grades when determining conformance of shipments to material specifications given in Specifications D 2252, D 3991, and D 3992, and Test Method D 2816.
The procedures for determining mean fiber diameter and standard deviation of fiber diameter provided in this test method and in IWTO Method 47-98 are in essential agreement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure that uses an Optical Fiber Diameter Analyser (OFDA) for the determination of the average fiber diameter and the fiber diameter variation in wool and other animal fibers in their various forms.
Note 1 - This test method may also be applied to other fibers having a round cross section such as some polyamides, polyesters, and glass; it may also be applied to a limited number of polyacrylics and regenerated cellulose-type fibers.
Note 2 - In subsequent sections of this test method, the term "wool" also signifies other animal fibers where applicable.
Note 3 - For fineness specifications of wool, wool top, mohair, mohair top, alpaca, and cashmere, refer to Specifications D 3991, D 3992, D 2252, and Test Method D 2816, respectively.
1.2 The OFDA reports average fiber diameter and standard deviation of fiber diameter in micrometer units (m). The coefficient of variation of fiber diameter is reported as a percentage.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D6500 – 00 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Method for
Diameter of Wool and Other Animal Fibers Using an Optical
Fiber Diameter Analyser
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6500; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Instruments based on image analysis have been designed to reduce the level of operator skill
required and to speed up the measurement process while concurrently maintaining acceptable levels
of precision and accuracy.An additional advantage of image analysis instruments is the ability of the
operator to see the measurement points and to audit the process, if required, though this is not carried
out during routine measurement. As with projection microscope measurements, and the Sirolan-
Laserscan, the Optical Fiber DiameterAnalyser (OFDA) system covered by this test method provides
a count of readings grouped into diameter classes. Because the fiber snippets are measured
automatically by an optical and image processing system, controls are provided in the image
processing software to minimize the inclusion of multiple measurements on the same fiber and false
diameter readings that arise from non-fiber material.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method covers a procedure that uses an Optical 2.1 ASTM Standards:
Fiber Diameter Analyser (OFDA) for the determination of the D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
average fiber diameter and the fiber diameter variation in wool D584 Test Method for Wool Content of Raw Wool—
and other animal fibers in their various forms. Laboratory Scale
D1060 Practice for Core Sampling of Raw Wool in Pack-
NOTE 1—This test method may also be applied to other fibers having a
ages for Determination of Percentage of Clean Wool Fiber
roundcrosssectionsuchassomepolyamides,polyesters,andglass;itmay
Present
also be applied to a limited number of polyacrylics and regenerated
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
cellulose-type fibers.
NOTE 2—In subsequent sections of this test method, the term “wool”
D2130 Test Method for Diameter of Wool and Other
also signifies other animal fibers where applicable.
Animal Fibers by Microprojection
NOTE 3—For fineness specifications of wool, wool top, mohair, mohair
D2252 Specification for Fineness of Types of Alpaca
top, alpaca, and cashmere, refer to Specifications D3991, D3992, D2252,
D2816 Test Method for Cashmere Coarse-Hair Content in
and Test Method D2816, respectively.
Cashmere
1.2 The OFDA reports average fiber diameter and standard
D3991 Specifications for Fineness of Wool or Mohair and
deviation of fiber diameter in micrometer units (µm). The
Assignment of Grade
coefficient of variation of fiber diameter is reported as a
D3992 Specifications for Fineness of Wool Top or Mohair
percentage.
Top and Assignment of Grade
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D4845 Terminology Relating to Wool
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
2.2 Federal Standards:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Official Standards of the United States for Grades of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3
Wool, Section 31.0
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Wool Felt. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2006. Published October 2006. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D6500–00. DOI: the ASTM website.
10.1520/D6500-00R06. Federal Register, Vol 30, No. 161, August 20, 1965, pp. 10829-10833.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D6500 – 00 (2006)
Measurement Method for Determining Grade of Wool, Sec- fiber diameter for the specimen. Full distribution data are also
tion 31.204 available in the form of a printed histogram.
Official Standards of the United States for Grades of Wool
5. Significance and Use
Top, Section 31.1
Measurement Method for Determining Grade of Wool
5.1 This test method specifies sampling and testing proce-
Top, Section 31.301 dures for the measurement of average fiber diameter and
USDA Grade Standards for Grease Mohair and Mohair
variation in diameter of animal fibers.
Top 5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-
2.3 IWTO Standards:
tance testing of commercial shipments of wool and other
IWTO-8-66 Method of Determining Wool Fiber Diameter animal fibers in raw and sliver form because current estimates
by the Projection Microscope
of between-laboratory precision are acceptable. In cases of
IWTO-12-93 Measurement of the Mean and Distribution of disagreement arising from differences in values reported by
Fibre Diameter Using a Sirolan-Laserscan Fibre Diameter
two or more laboratories when using this test method for
Analyser acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the
IWTO-19-98 Determination of Wool Base and Vegetable
laboratories should be determined with each comparison being
Matter Base of Core Samples of Raw Wool
based on the testing of specimens randomly drawn from one
IWTO-47-98 Measurement of the Mean and Distribution of
sample of material of the type being evaluated. Test Method
Fibre Diameter of Wool Using an Optical Fibre Diameter
D2130 shall be used as a referee test method.
Analyser (OFDA) 5.3 This test method may be used for determining compli-
ance with average fiber diameter and diameter variation to
3. Terminology
assign grades when determining conformance of shipments to
material specifications given in Specifications D2252, D3991,
3.1 Definitions:
and D3992, and Test Method D2816.
3.1.1 For definitions of “wool” and other textile terms used
5.4 Theproceduresfordeterminingmeanfiberdiameterand
in this test method, refer to Terminologies D4845 and D123.
standard deviation of fiber diameter provided in this test
3.1.2 average fiber diameter, n—the arithmetic mean width
methodandinIWTOMethod47-98areinessentialagreement.
of a group of fibers.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In wool and other animal fibers, all
6. Apparatus, Materials, and Reagents
animal fibers, regardless of species, can be measured using the
6.1 Optical Fiber Diameter Analyser , consisting of a trans-
OFDA to determine average fiber diameter.
mission light microscope, fitted with a stage (motor-driven and
3.1.3 grade, n—in wool and mohair, a numerical designa-
controlled by a computer), stroboscopic illumination that is
tionusedinclassificationoffibersintheirraw,semi-processed,
synchronised with the stage movement, and a CCD camera; an
and processed forms based on average fiber diameter and
image acquisition and analysis hardware system; a means for
variation of fiber diameter.
controlling the interaction between the camera, stage motors
3.1.4 snippet, n—a wool or other animal fiber that has been
and illumination unit; a data acquisition and processing com-
cut to a specified length.
puter, with optionally, control and reporting software; and, a
4. Summary of Test Method video monitor, capable of displaying each image frame in real
time, for audit purposes. See Fig. 1.
4.1 This test method describes procedures for sampling
6.2 Glass Microscope Slides , of float glass, sufficiently
wool in various physical forms, the reduction of the sample to
robusttowithstandrepeatedhandlinghavingdimensions70by
small test specimens, and measurement of the diameter of a
70 by 2 mm.Two identical slides are taped together so that one
number of fibers from the test specimens using the OFDA.
supports the fiber samples with the other serving as a cover
Snippetscomprisingatestspecimencutfromthevariousforms
slide. Slides that are scratched on their inside surfaces are
of wool are cleaned where required, conditioned, and spread
unsuitable as they may lend to erroneous measurements.
uniformly over the surface of a microscope slide.Acover slide
6.3 Cleaning and Conditioning Apparatus and Facilities,
is placed over the specimen and the slide placed on a
suitable for cleaning and drying the subsamples in accordance
microscope stage, that is moved under computer control. The
with Test Method D584 and conditioning them as described in
slide is stepped through the field of view of a low-power
Practice D1776.
microscope objective. At each step, the video system is
6.4 Apparatus for Snippet Preparation, having either two
instructed to capture and analyze a fiber image frame. Each
parallel cutting edges between 1.8 and 2.0 mm apart (for
diameter measurement is allocated to a diameter class and, at
,
7 8 9
example, guillotine or snippeter ; see Figs. 2 and 3), or a
the completion of the slide, the class contents are statistically
cutting diameter of between 1.9 and 2.1 mm (for example,
analysed to produce the mean and standard deviation of the
Available from BSC Electronics Pty, Ltd., 1A Thurso Rd., Myaree, Western
Federal Register, Vol 33, No. 248, December 21, 1968, pp. 19073-19076. Australia, 6154.
5 8
Federal Register, Vol 36, No. 129, July 3, 1971, pp. 12681-12658. Available from Symtech Systems and Technology, I-85 and Bryant Rd., PO
Available from the International Wool Textile Organization, International Wool Box 2627, Spartanburg, SC 29304.
Secretariat, Commercial Development Department, Valley Drive, Ilkley, Yorkshire Available from CSIRO, Division of Wool Technology, PO Box 21, Belmont,
LS29, 8PB, England, UK. VIC 3216, Australia.
D6500 – 00 (2006)
FIG. 1 The Optical Fiber Diameter Analyser
FIG. 2 Guillotine and Snippeter
,
7 10
minicore ; see Fig. 4). A minicore consists of a cylindrical head is driven pneumatically into the sample. The sample is
sample holder, designed for relatively large samples, in which compacted by a spring-loaded platen. Six or more minicore
a sample is manually packed, then compressed, and a coring
tubes with 2-mm diameter tips pass through perforations in the
platen when the force supplied by the pneumatic cylinder
exceeds the force from the preloaded spring. At the end of the
Available from the South African Wool Testing Bureau, Gomery Ave.,
stroke, the cutting tips have penetrated to within 0.5 mm of the
Summerstrand, PO Box 1867, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa.
D6500 – 00 (2006)
FIG. 3 Guillotine
FIG. 4 Minicoring Device
base of the sample holder. The sample collected by the 6.6 Safety Razor Blades, single-edge or double-edge (if
minicore tubes is automatically expelled into a collection used with blade holder).
device upon retraction of the coring head.
6.7 Slide Preparer capable of uniformly spreading a por-
6.5 Heavy-Duty Sectioning Device , comprised of a metal
tion of the cleaned, conditioned snippet sample over the
plate with slot and compressing key and equipped with a
surface of a clean glass slide at a predetermined, controlled
propulsion mechanism by which the fiber bundle may be
density. For the OFDA, the optimum obscured areas, that is,
extruded for sectioning. The instrument is designed to hold a
the ratio of fiber to the total field area, is between 15 and 25 %.
sliver or top or equivalent bulk of fibers, yarn, or fabric (see
There are different versions of slide preparers (spreaders)
Fig. 1 of Test Method D2130). Alternatively, this instrument
available and it must be ensured that the same slide preparer is
can be used to generate the snippets.
usedforbothcalibrationandroutineOFDAmeasurements.See
Fig. 5.
6.8 Box for Compressing Loose Fibers, 300 by 150 by 375
Available from MICO Instruments, 1944 Main St., PO Box 451, Marshfield
Hills, MA 02051-0451. mm deep, inside dimensions, equipped with a floating top that
D6500 – 00 (2006)
FIG. 5 Slide Spreader
has 16 randomly spaced holes 20 mm in diameter over its area. the appropriate safety procedures. Refer to manufacturers’
The sample may be firmly compressed by applying pressure on material safety data sheets (MSDS).
the top. The top is held in place by two rods extending through 6.12 Calibration Standards—Used for instrument calibra-
holes in the side of the box and over the top. The coring tube tion. For wool, use current Interwoollabs IH Standard Tops
is thrust through the holes in the top to sample the wool. and for mohair, use current International Mohair Association
6.9 Pressure Coring Tube, 13-mm inside-diameter metal Standard Tops .
tube, approximately 760 mm long, reamed and tapped on one
7. Sampling
end to hold a sharp 10 or 13-mm cutting tip. The tube is fitted
with a “T” cross bar about 500 mm long. 7.1 Loose Fibers—The method of obtaining a representa-
6.10 Core Extruder, 6-mm wood dowel or aluminum rod tive sample of wool differs according to circumstances. The
slightly longer than the coring tube to push the sample from sampling procedures and major circumstances encountered are
tube. as follows:
6.11 Solvents—Petroleum spirit (boiling range 40 to 70°C) 7.1.1 Lots of Packaged, Grease, Pulled, or Scoured Wool—
and 1,1,1, trichloroethane. When the preparation method calls Take core samples as directed in Practice D1060. Clean or
for the cleaning of sliver subsamples, one of these two solvents
shall be used. Warning—Both solvents have associated haz-
Available from Interwoollabs Secretariat, Boite 14 Rue de Luxembourg 19/21,
ards in terms of volatility, toxicity, and, in the case of
1040 Brussels, Belgium.
petroleum spirit, flammability. In both cases, care should be
Available from International Mohair Association, Mohair House, 68 The
takeninstorage,handling,use,anddisposalinaccordancewith Grove, Ilkley, West Yorkshire, LS29 9PA, England, UK.
D6500 – 00 (2006)
scour the raw wool sample as directed inTest Method D584.If 8.2 Test Specimens:
a representative portion of the scoured wool core sample 8.2.1 Test 1 test specimen from each bulk subsample and 2
resulting from the test for clean wool fiber present is available, specimens from each sliver and top subsample. Prepare ap-
it may be used for fiber diameter determination. If core proximately 25-mg test specimens by cutting enough fiber
sampling is not feasible, take a
...
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