ASTM D2524-22
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fibers, Flat Bundle Method- 18 in. (3.2 mm) Gage Length
Standard Test Method for Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fibers, Flat Bundle Method-<fraction> <num>1</num><den>8</den></fraction> in. (3.2 mm) Gage Length
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2524 for testing wool fibers for tenacity is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the participating laboratories, using a reference wool, have shown acceptable between-laboratory precision. It is recommended that any program of acceptance testing be preceded by an interlaboratory check in the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller on replicate specimens of samples of the material to be evaluated. In cases of dispute, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on testing randomized specimens from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.
5.2 Values obtained from flat bundle tenacity show a good correlation with values obtained from single fiber tests and require much less time.
5.3 The basic differences between the procedures described in Test Method D2524 and those described in Test Method D1294 lie in the manner of clamping the bundles and the shorter gage length employed. The special clamps used in this method allow quicker and easier bundle preparation; however, for Test Method D1294 no special clamps are required. Closer agreement with single fiber tenacity is also obtained with Test Method D2524 than when using the procedure in Test Method D1294.
5.4 As the observed tenacity of fibers depends in part on the type of tensile testing machine used and the time required to break the specimen, results obtained with the different types of machines which may be used in this method will not necessarily agree. The machines specifically designed for bundle testing are CRL testers which operate at a loading rate of 1 kgf/s and therefore reach the breaking force at variable times in the order of 5 s. CRE and CRT type machines would be expected to produce somewhat different results not only because of the inherent difference in operation but because CRE and CRT type machines are to be operated at a rate to ac...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking tenacity of wool fibers as a flat bundle with a 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) clamp separation.
1.2 This test method is especially adapted to the fiber bundle clamps and strength testing instruments specified, but may be used on other tensile testing machines when equipped with appropriate adapters to accommodate the prescribed clamps.
1.3 This test method is applicable to wool in any form which can be hand-combed into small bundles of parallelized fibers.
Note 1: Other test methods for measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles include Test Methods D1294, D1445, and D540.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM D2524-22 is a standard published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Test Method for Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fibers, Flat Bundle Method-<fraction> <num>1</num><den>8</den></fraction> in. (3.2 mm) Gage Length". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 Test Method D2524 for testing wool fibers for tenacity is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the participating laboratories, using a reference wool, have shown acceptable between-laboratory precision. It is recommended that any program of acceptance testing be preceded by an interlaboratory check in the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller on replicate specimens of samples of the material to be evaluated. In cases of dispute, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on testing randomized specimens from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. 5.2 Values obtained from flat bundle tenacity show a good correlation with values obtained from single fiber tests and require much less time. 5.3 The basic differences between the procedures described in Test Method D2524 and those described in Test Method D1294 lie in the manner of clamping the bundles and the shorter gage length employed. The special clamps used in this method allow quicker and easier bundle preparation; however, for Test Method D1294 no special clamps are required. Closer agreement with single fiber tenacity is also obtained with Test Method D2524 than when using the procedure in Test Method D1294. 5.4 As the observed tenacity of fibers depends in part on the type of tensile testing machine used and the time required to break the specimen, results obtained with the different types of machines which may be used in this method will not necessarily agree. The machines specifically designed for bundle testing are CRL testers which operate at a loading rate of 1 kgf/s and therefore reach the breaking force at variable times in the order of 5 s. CRE and CRT type machines would be expected to produce somewhat different results not only because of the inherent difference in operation but because CRE and CRT type machines are to be operated at a rate to ac... SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking tenacity of wool fibers as a flat bundle with a 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) clamp separation. 1.2 This test method is especially adapted to the fiber bundle clamps and strength testing instruments specified, but may be used on other tensile testing machines when equipped with appropriate adapters to accommodate the prescribed clamps. 1.3 This test method is applicable to wool in any form which can be hand-combed into small bundles of parallelized fibers. Note 1: Other test methods for measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles include Test Methods D1294, D1445, and D540. 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 Test Method D2524 for testing wool fibers for tenacity is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the participating laboratories, using a reference wool, have shown acceptable between-laboratory precision. It is recommended that any program of acceptance testing be preceded by an interlaboratory check in the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller on replicate specimens of samples of the material to be evaluated. In cases of dispute, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on testing randomized specimens from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. 5.2 Values obtained from flat bundle tenacity show a good correlation with values obtained from single fiber tests and require much less time. 5.3 The basic differences between the procedures described in Test Method D2524 and those described in Test Method D1294 lie in the manner of clamping the bundles and the shorter gage length employed. The special clamps used in this method allow quicker and easier bundle preparation; however, for Test Method D1294 no special clamps are required. Closer agreement with single fiber tenacity is also obtained with Test Method D2524 than when using the procedure in Test Method D1294. 5.4 As the observed tenacity of fibers depends in part on the type of tensile testing machine used and the time required to break the specimen, results obtained with the different types of machines which may be used in this method will not necessarily agree. The machines specifically designed for bundle testing are CRL testers which operate at a loading rate of 1 kgf/s and therefore reach the breaking force at variable times in the order of 5 s. CRE and CRT type machines would be expected to produce somewhat different results not only because of the inherent difference in operation but because CRE and CRT type machines are to be operated at a rate to ac... SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking tenacity of wool fibers as a flat bundle with a 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) clamp separation. 1.2 This test method is especially adapted to the fiber bundle clamps and strength testing instruments specified, but may be used on other tensile testing machines when equipped with appropriate adapters to accommodate the prescribed clamps. 1.3 This test method is applicable to wool in any form which can be hand-combed into small bundles of parallelized fibers. Note 1: Other test methods for measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles include Test Methods D1294, D1445, and D540. 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D2524-22 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 59.060.10 - Natural fibres. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM D2524-22 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM D4845-10(2018), ASTM D123-17, ASTM D123-15b, ASTM D123-15a, ASTM D123-15, ASTM D123-13ae1, ASTM D123-13a, ASTM D123-13, ASTM D123-12, ASTM D123-12e1, ASTM D4845-10e1, ASTM D4845-10, ASTM D4845-10e2, ASTM D4845-09, ASTM D123-09e1. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2524 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fibers, Flat Bundle Method— ⁄8
in. (3.2 mm) Gage Length
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2524; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D540 Methods of Testing Man-Made Staple Fibers; Re-
placed by D 3660 (Withdrawn 1973)
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the break-
D1294 Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Te-
ing tenacity of wool fibers as a flat bundle with a ⁄8 in. (3.2
nacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4 mm) Gage
mm) clamp separation.
Length
1.2 Thistestmethodisespeciallyadaptedtothefiberbundle
D1445 TestMethodforBreakingStrengthandElongationof
clamps and strength testing instruments specified, but may be
Cotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method)
used on other tensile testing machines when equipped with
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
appropriate adapters to accommodate the prescribed clamps.
D4845 Terminology Relating to Wool
D2525 PracticeforSamplingWoolforMoisture(Withdrawn
1.3 This test method is applicable to wool in any form
which can be hand-combed into small bundles of parallelized 2022)
fibers.
3. Terminology
NOTE 1—Other test methods for measuring breaking tenacity of fiber
3.1 For all terminology related to D13.13, Wool and Felt,
bundles include Test Methods D1294, D1445, and D540.
see Terminology D4845.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
breaking tenacity, constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) type ten-
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
sile testing machine, constant-rate-of-loading (CRL) type ten-
and are not considered standard.
sile testing machine, constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT) type ten-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
sile testing machine, gage length, tenacity, wool.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 FordefinitionsofallothertextiletermsseeTerminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D123.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
4.1 Abundle of fibers is combed until parallel, placed under
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
a uniform tension sufficient to remove as much crimp as
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
possible without stretching the fibers, and secured in special
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
clamps.Thefibersarethencuttoaknownlength,brokeninthe
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
tensile testing machine, removed from the clamps, and
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
weighed. Breaking tenacity is calculated from the ratio of
breaking force to bundle linear density. The length measured
2. Referenced Documents
under the applied tension is the basis for computing linear
2.1 ASTM Standards:
density from bundle mass.
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
5. Significance and Uses
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles 5.1 Test Method D2524 for testing wool fibers for tenacity
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Felt.
is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2022.PublishedJuly2022.Originallyapproved
participating laboratories, using a reference wool, have shown
in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D2524 – 13 which was
acceptable between-laboratory precision. It is recommended
withdrawn in January 2022 and reinstated in June 2022. DOI: 10.1520/D2524-22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2524 − 22
NOTE 3—Pressley clamps and accessories have been found satisfactory
that any program of acceptance testing be preceded by an
for this purpose. Adapters to fit the clamps to various tensile testing
interlaboratory check in the laboratory of the purchaser and the
instruments are also available or can be fabricated.
laboratory of the seller on replicate specimens of samples of
6.3.1 Clamps, having a total thickness of 0.465 in. 6 0.001
the material to be evaluated. In cases of dispute, the statistical
in. (11.8 mm 6 0.03 mm) and a 0.125 in. 6 0.001 in. (3.2
bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the
mm 6 0.03 mm) spacer.
seller should be determined with each comparison being based
6.3.2 Clamp Vise, with a device to indicate approximately 8
on testing randomized specimens from one sample of material
lbf·in. (0.9 N·m) torque.
of the type being evaluated.
6.3.3 Clamp Wrench.
5.2 Values obtained from flat bundle tenacity show a good
6.4 Coarse Comb, approximately 8 teeth per in. (3 per 10
correlation with values obtained from single fiber tests and
mm).
require much less time.
6.5 Fine Comb, approximately 50 teeth per in. (20 per 10
5.3 The basic differences between the procedures described
mm).
in Test Method D2524 and those described in Test Method
D1294 lie in the manner of clamping the bundles and the
6.6 Black Paper, to hold bundles.
shorter gage length employed. The special clamps used in this
6.7 Shearing Knife or Razor Blade.
method allow quicker and easier bundle preparation; however,
for Test Method D1294 no special clamps are required. Closer 6.8 Tweezers.
agreement with single fiber tenacity is also obtained with Test
6.9 Torque Wrench or Friction Disk Wrench, to indicate
Method D2524 than when using the procedure in Test Method
approximately 8 lbf·in. (0.9 N·m) torque (optional).
D1294.
6.10 StandardWoolTopSample ,havinganassignedbreak-
5.4 As the observed tenacity of fibers depends in part on the
ing tenacity of 11.4 gf/tex (112 mN/tex).
type of tensile testing machine used and the time required to
NOTE 4—The standard wool top sample, USDA Lot 58-27, has a
break the specimen, results obtained with the different types of
breaking tenacity (based on single fiber tests) of 11.4 gf/tex 6 0.6 gf/tex,
machines which may be used in this method will not neces-
at the 95 % probability level.
sarily agree. The machines specifically designed for bundle
testing are CRL testers which operate at a loading rate of 1
7. Sampling
kgf/sandthereforereachthebreakingforceatvariabletimesin
7.1 Division into Lots—Treat a single shipment of a single
the order of 5 s. CRE and CRT type machines would be
fiber type as a lot.
expected to produce somewhat different results not only
because of the inherent difference in operation but because
7.2 LotSample—Asalotsampleforacceptancetesting,take
CRE and CRT type machines are to be operated at a rate to
at random the number of shipment containers directed in an
achieve the breaking load in 20 s.
applicable material specification or other agreement between
the purchaser and the supplier, such as an agreement to use
6. Apparatus and Materials
Practice D2525. Consider shipping containers to be the pri-
6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, having a capacity of at least 7
mary sampling units.
kgf (70 N), equipped to accommodate the specified flat bundle
7.3 Laboratory Sample—For acceptance testing, take a
clamps. For CRL testing machines, the rate of loading is
laboratory sample from each shipping container in the lot
specified as 1 kgf/s (10 N/s). For CRE and CRT machines,
sample as follows:
select a rate of operation which will reach the breaking force in
7.3.1 For loose fiber, grease, and scoured wool, reduce the
an average time of 20 63s.
mass of clean fiber submitted for testing to approximately 15 g
6.1.1 IncasetheCREorCRTtestingmachineisnotcapable
by randomly selecting pieces throughout the mass. Form into a
of operating as specified in 6.1, select a rate so as to reach the
loose sliver by hand.
breaking force in an average time as close to 20 s as possible
7.3.2 For card sliver and top, cut a length of sliver about 20
and report the average time to break.
in. (500 mm) long from each ball submitted for testing.
NOTE 2—There may be no overall correlation between the results
7.3.3 For roving, cut a length about 20 in. (500 mm) long
obtainedwiththeCRE,CRTorCRLtypetestingmachines.Consequently,
from each spool submitted for testing and include all ends.
these three machines cannot be used interchangeably.
6.2 Balance, suitable for weighing 2 mg to 6 mg with a
sensitivity of 0.02 mg.
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
6.3 Flat Bundle Clamps and Accessories, including the
is J. M. Doebrich and Co., P. O. Box 2789, Tucson,AZ 85702. If you are aware of
alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International
following components:
Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
The sole source of supply for the Stelometer known to the committee at this The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
time is Special Instruments Laboratory, Inc., 312W.Vine St., Knoxville,TN 37901. is the Wool and Mohair Laboratory, Livestock and Seed Division, AMS, U.S.
If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Department ofAgriculture, 711 “O” Street, Greeley, CO 80631. If you are aware of
International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International
meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend. The Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
Clemson Tester (no longer available) have been found satisfactory for this purpose. responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
D2524 − 22
7.4 Test Specimens—Scour or solvent-extract the laboratory the leathers trimmed flush with the metal surfaces and replace
sample until residual contamination is 1 % or less of the the leathers as soon as grooves become evident to the touch.
laboratory mass, as established by further cleaning of a part of
11.3
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