D13.13 - Wool and Felt

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2462 for the determination of the moisture in wool by distillation with toluene is the preferred method for testing wool for moisture for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments. If, however, the purchaser and the supplier agree, Test Method D1576 for the determination of the moisture in wool by oven drying may be used instead. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1, may be advisable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1576 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is a simple and convenient method for routine process control, in-plant evaluation, estimation of moisture content of a lot of wool, or any other purpose for which a high degree of reproducibility is not necessary (see Section 13).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture present in ordinary commercial and industrial samples of wool in all forms except grease wool, using the oven-drying technique.  
1.2 Formulas for calculating the moisture content (as-received basis) and moisture regain (oven-dried basis) are given. It is always important to use the correct term which corresponds to the basis used in the calculation (see 12.2.1).  
Note 1: The determination of moisture content for textile materials in general is covered in Test Methods D2654, and an optimal method for determining the moisture in wool by distillation with toluene is covered in Test Method D2462. A method for sampling wool for the determination of moisture in wool is covered in Practice D2525. The oven-drying method has been adapted for cotton in Test Method D2495.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1574 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing since the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1574 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method may be used to estimate the quantity of oil, grease, and waxy materials remaining on or in wool fibers after scouring, or the quantity of lubricant added before carding or remaining after carding, or the quantity of such materials added or removed in subsequent processing operations.  
5.3 The residues obtained in this test may be subjected to chemical analysis for identification and assay of the component materials, if desired.  
5.4 The specified solvent in this test method does not remove some materials, such as soaps, that may be present in wool and hence in some cases may reflect more closely the added content of some extractables in wool such as oils. When such materials are present and an estimate of their quantity is desired, some other solvent or combination of solvents should be used as spec...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of extractable matter in samples of all forms of wool, except grease wool, that is extractable with a non-flammable vapor degreasing and cleaning solvent.  
1.2 This test method does not cover the determination of the amounts of different components in the extracted matter nor their identification.  
1.3 This test method is suitable for use with other animal fibers.  
Note 1: The determination of extractable matter in yarns and in felts is covered in Test Methods D2257 and D461. For the determination of alcohol-extractable matter in oven-dry scoured wool, refer to Test Methods D584 and D1334.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 5.4 and Note 3.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers all standard types of felt in the form of rolls and sheets that are suitable for mechanical use. Certain special-purpose felts are also covered. Felts shall be classified according to thickness and mass, properties and general descriptions. Felt classifications shall be based on the Society of Automotive Engineers Specification and the US Department of Defense Federal Specification. Special-purpose felts shall be classified under special-purpose classification. The chemical properties of roll and sheet felt shall conform to the specified requirements. The physical properties of roll and sheet felt such as width, thickness, and mass (weight) per unit area, shall conform to the requirements specified. All the properties, except color, of felt shall be determined in accordance to the test method specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers all standard types of felt in the form of rolls and sheets that are suitable for mechanical use. Certain special-purpose felts are also covered.  
1.2 This specification is not applicable to felt-like products that utilize weaving, knitting, stitching, or bonding such as papermaker's felt.  
1.3 Trade practice in the felt industry deals in pounds, yards, and inches, therefore the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values in SI units are provided as information only.  
1.3.1 The specification referenced in 2.2 uses only inch-pound units.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This recommended practice furnishes directions for the sampling of wool of the various forms indicated in Section 1, in order that correct probability statements may be made about the relationship between the sample mean and the population mean. If these statements are to be correct, certain conditions, which are stated, must hold.  
5.2 This recommended practice requires that a deliberate act of randomization be performed so that all potential sampling units have approximately the same chance of being taken and no sampling unit is deprived of its chance of being taken.  
5.3 In any case where insufficient information about the variability of the sampling units within the lot is available, directions are given for calculating confidence limits for the sample mean so that a correct probability statement can still be made.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design of a sampling plan to be used to obtain samples for the determination of the moisture content of grease wool, scoured wool, carded wool, garnetted wool, wool top and intermediate products, and rovings.  
1.2 Directions are given for the designation of sampling units, calculation of the number of sampling units required to achieve a preselected precision and confidence level or, alternatively, for calculating the confidence limits for the mean based on the variability of the sample tested.  
Note 1: This practice for devising a sampling plan is intended for use in connection with Test Method D1576 or Test Method D2462. The sampling of raw wool for the determination of clean wool fiber present is covered in Practice D1060.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method specifies a sampling and testing procedure for the measurement of average fiber diameter and variation in diameter of animal fibers as required in Test Method D2968.  
5.2 Test Method D2130 for testing wool and other animal fibers for average fiber diameter is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. In cases of disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the seller when using this method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on the testing of specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the microprojector, for the determination of the average fiber diameter and the fiber diameter variation on wool and other animal fibers, such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, camel's hair, etc. (Note 1) in their various forms.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
Note 1: This test method may also be applied to any fibers having a round cross section and accordingly may be used many times for melt-spun man-made fibers such as polyamides, polyesters, and glass; also it may be applied to a limited number of polyacrylics and regenerated cellulose type fibers. The values given in Appendix X1 for density and correction factors, however, apply only to wool and should not be used for other fibers. For suitable values for the density of other fibers, see Table 5 in Test Methods D629, Quantitative Analysis of Textiles.
Note 2: In subsequent sections of this test method, the term “wool” also signifies mohair or other fibers if the circumstances are applicable.
Note 3: For fineness specifications for wool, wool top, mohair, mohair top, alpaca, and cashmere, refer to Specifications D3991 and D3992, Specification D2252, Test Method D2816.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2524 for testing wool fibers for tenacity is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the participating laboratories, using a reference wool, have shown acceptable between-laboratory precision. It is recommended that any program of acceptance testing be preceded by an interlaboratory check in the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller on replicate specimens of samples of the material to be evaluated. In cases of dispute, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on testing randomized specimens from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.  
5.2 Values obtained from flat bundle tenacity show a good correlation with values obtained from single fiber tests and require much less time.  
5.3 The basic differences between the procedures described in Test Method D2524 and those described in Test Method D1294 lie in the manner of clamping the bundles and the shorter gage length employed. The special clamps used in this method allow quicker and easier bundle preparation; however, for Test Method D1294 no special clamps are required. Closer agreement with single fiber tenacity is also obtained with Test Method D2524 than when using the procedure in Test Method D1294.  
5.4 As the observed tenacity of fibers depends in part on the type of tensile testing machine used and the time required to break the specimen, results obtained with the different types of machines which may be used in this method will not necessarily agree. The machines specifically designed for bundle testing are CRL testers which operate at a loading rate of 1 kgf/s and therefore reach the breaking force at variable times in the order of 5 s. CRE and CRT type machines would be expected to produce somewhat different results not only because of the inherent difference in operation but because CRE and CRT type machines are to be operated at a rate to ac...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking tenacity of wool fibers as a flat bundle with a 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) clamp separation.  
1.2 This test method is especially adapted to the fiber bundle clamps and strength testing instruments specified, but may be used on other tensile testing machines when equipped with appropriate adapters to accommodate the prescribed clamps.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to wool in any form which can be hand-combed into small bundles of parallelized fibers.  
Note 1: Other test methods for measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles include Test Methods D1294, D1445, and D540.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2968 for the determination of med and kemp fibers by microprojection may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool and other animal fibers, but caution is advised since only a few types of animal fibers have been subjected to interlaboratory tests to ascertain the precision of tests for med and kemp fibers by this test method. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D2968 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in view of the known bias.  
5.2 Knowledge of the incidence of med fibers and kemp fibers in wool and other animal fibers is of importance to manufacturers of woven or knitted fabrics because of the apparent dye resistance and light reflectance qualities of these fibers. This is not to imply that all kemp fibers will resist dye and all med fibers will accept dye normally. In practice, a proportion of kemp fibers will appear normal after dyeing and a proportion of med fibers will appear chalky white after dyeing. From the perspective of visual and aesthetic problems, medullated fibers hav...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination by microprojection of the percentage of medullated fibers (med and kemp fibers) in wool or other animal fibers such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, or camel's hair in their various forms.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1294 for the determination of tensile strength may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool, but caution is advised since technicians may fail to get good agreement between results. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is useful in studying the relationship between fiber strength and product quality; results should be considered comparative rather than fundamental since the strength found will be lower than the sum of the strengths of the individual fibers present due to slight differences in tensioning.  
5.3 Elongation may be obtained also but the accuracy of elongation measurements is limited and their determination is, therefore, not included as a formal part of this test method.  
5.4 The basic differences between the procedures employed in this test method and those of Test Method D2524 are in the gage lengths employed and the methods of clamping. In Test Method D2524, specific clamps are required whereas in Test Method D1294, any conventional clamps may be used. Results for breaking load determined by Test Method D2524 average 30 % higher than ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking force (or load) and estimation of the tensile strength and tenacity of wool fiber bundles with a 1-in. (25.4 mm) gage length. A procedure for preparation of the fiber bundle is included.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Because the instrument is calibrated in inch-pound units, inch-pound units are shown first, contrary to Committee D13 policy.  
Note 1: For other methods of measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles, refer to Test Methods D1445 and D2524.
Note 2: This test method can be used for other fibers that lend themselves to the same kind of preparation but the difference in density must be taken into account when calculating the tensile strength. It is not necessary to know or correct for the density of a fiber when calculating breaking tenacity.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2462 for testing for moisture in wool is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D2462 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative testing to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of the bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are from a lot of the type material in question. The test specimens should be assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-Test for unpaired data and an acceptance probability level chosen by the two parties before the test is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is the preferred method for all suitable samples of wool where it is important to obtain a result free from the possible biases, introduced by the conditions discussed in 5.3 and 5.4.  
5.3 This test method is free from the interferences caused by different conditions of ambient atmosphere such as might affect the results of oven-drying. A slight amount of residual moisture may be retained in a specimen subjected to oven-drying because of the relative humidity of the ambient air; however, the amount of moisture retained may be estimated from published data.3  
5.4 This test method is free from the interference caused by nonaqueous volatile material. Such material, when present, is erroneously measured as moisture by oven-drying methods, the extent of the error depending u...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture present in grease wool, scoured wool, carded wool, garnetted wool, wool top and intermediate wool products, and rovings, by distillation with toluene.  
1.2 Equations are given for calculating the amount of water present as moisture content (as-received basis) and moisture regain (dry fiber) basis. The term that corresponds to the basis used in the calculation and report must always be stated.  
1.3 This test method is not applicable to material known to contain any steam-distillable, water-soluble matter. If it is suspected that such matter is present, the method should be used with caution.  
1.4 Xylene or other solvents should not be substituted for toluene as no other solvents have been evaluated for use in this standard.  
Note 1: The determination of moisture in wool by oven-drying is covered in Test Method D1576 and for textile materials in general in Test Methods D2654. A method for sampling wool for the determination of moisture in wool is covered in Practice D2525.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific safety hazard statements, see Section 8.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is not recommended for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool top, card sliver, or scoured wool since the referee method, Test Method D2130, is recommended for that purpose. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful for fast quality control checks.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The specific area of the wool fibers is measured by the resistance in air flow. The resistance to air flow has been related to average fiber diameter measured by the microprojection method. The instruments have been calibrated to read average diameter in micrometres. Although the reading is affected by the average fiber diameter distribution of the specimen, the results secured by the instruments give no indication of this distribution. However, in converting the micrometres reading to millitex units (Annex A1), low, medium, and high standard deviations were used in the calculations to arrive at the range of millitex units which accordingly reflect the distribution of fiber diameters.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the average fiber diameter of wool fibers by use of the Port-Ar and the WIRA Fiber Fineness Meter instrument, which operate on the air-flow principle. Other air-flow instruments have not been tested with this method. The method is directly applicable to non-medullated, carded wool and wool top.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to grease wool and scoured wool after the samples of such materials have been prepared as directed in Test Method D2130.  
Note 1: The use of the Micronaire instrument for measuring the fineness of cotton fibers is covered in Test Method D1448.
The assignment of grade for wool and mohair is covered in Specifications D3991 and D3992.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since this test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 In case of dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D584 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative testing to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are from a lot of the type material in question. The test specimens should then be assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of known bias.  
5.2 The wool-base content of wool in any condition or form is a basic quantity. From it may be calculated commercial masses or yields in any of the various recognized defined systems used in international commerce (Note 1).  
5.2.1 The procedures for determining the wool base content of greasy wool provided in this test method and in IWTO Method 19-85(E) are in essential agreement.
Note 3: This is not true for scoured wool, as IWTO Method 19-85(E) does not require rescouring of scoured wool containing less than 5 % residual grease.  
5.3 Not all of the wool base present in a lot of raw wool can be recovered in useful form by commercial cleaning operations. The amount of wool loss varies, depending on factors such as the character of the wool, the nature and percentage of the impurities present, the cleaning proce...
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1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for the determination of the wool base content and the clean wool fiber present in samples of raw wool. This test method is also applicable to other animal fibers such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, and camel hair.  
Note 1: Sampling of lots of raw wool in packages is covered in Practice D1060; the determination of vegetable matter and other alkali-insoluble impurities in scoured wool is covered in Test Method D1113; the determination of wool content on a commercial scale is covered in Test Method D1334. For factors for the conversion of woolbase content to its equivalent in terms of scoured wool, top, or noil of various commercially specified compositions (formerly covered in the appendix of this test method), refer to Practice D2720.
Note 2: Because of the trade practice the term weight is used in this test method instead of the technically correct term mass.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for use as a referee method for the determination of the wool base content and the clean wool fiber present in a lot of raw wool. If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in the disparate results during the initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future results for that material be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is also used in studies aimed at deriving suitable formulas for estimating the allowances to be made for wool unavoidably lost or destroyed in such commercial operations as carding, combing, or carbonizing.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the wool base content and the clean wool fiber present in a lot of raw wool by commercial-scale scouring of the lot followed by laboratory tests on samples of the scoured wool.  
Note 1: The sampling of lots of raw wool in packages is covered in Practice D1060, and the determination of the wool content of such samples is covered in Test Method D584. The determination of vegetable matter and other alkali-insoluble impurities in scoured wool is covered in Test Method D1113. For factors for the conversion of wool base content to its equivalent in terms of scoured wool, top, or noil of various commercially specified compositions, refer to Practice D2720.
Note 2: The values stated in U.S. Customary Units are to be regarded as the standard because of common commercial practice. The S.I. units in parentheses are provided for information only.
Note 3: Because of trade practice the term “weight” is used in this test method instead of the technically correct term “mass”.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool and other animal fibers in raw and sliver form because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable. In cases of disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method for acceptance testing, Test Method D2130 shall be used as a referee method.  
5.2 This test method may be used for determining compliance with average fiber diameter and diameter variation to assign grades when determining conformance of shipments to material specifications given in Specifications D2252, D2816, D3991, and D3992.  
5.3 The procedures for determining mean fiber diameter and standard deviation of fiber diameter provided in this test method and in IWTO-12 are in essential agreement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the Sirolan-Laserscan, for the determination of the average fiber diameter and the fiber diameter variation in wool and other animal fibers in their various forms.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this practice is to bring about uniformity of commercial moisture standards in all ASTM specifications relating to wool and its products.  
4.2 This practice provides a recommended single value for a standardized commercial moisture content for wool and its products. This avoids difficulties encountered in calculating the amount of moisture-free fiber present in a given mass of wool in any one of the forms listed in 1.1.1 to 1.1.8 due to trade practices which recognize various commercial moisture allowance values used by certain segments of the trade. (See Test Method D584, Section 3.5, Table D1909,D1909 Note E, and the Tables in Practice D2720).  
4.3 The recommended commercial moisture content should be used where it is desirable to avoid problems in determining moisture-free fiber content when the form of the wool is changed. For example: from scoured wool (12.0 % moisture content) to worsted yarn, dry spun (13.04 % moisture content).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice recommends that a single value be adopted for the commercial moisture content of wool in any of the following forms:  
1.1.1 Scoured,  
1.1.2 Carbonized and neutralized,  
1.1.3 Noils, uncarbonized,  
1.1.4 Top, oil or dry combed,  
1.1.5 Yarn, worsted,  
1.1.6 Yarn, woolen,  
1.1.7 Yarn, hand knitting, or  
1.1.8 Fabric.  
1.2 Limitations—Grease wool, pulled wool, and wool with pH below 5.0 are excluded from this practice.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification sets the maximum permissible cashmere coarse-hair content in cashmere in the form of roving, yarn, or fabric. Single standard testing for the determination of the cashmere coarse-hair content shall be enough. In case of dispute, additional tests may be done.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This specification sets the maximum permissible cashmere coarse-hair content for cashmere in the form of roving, yarn, or fabric.  
4.2 When agreed upon by parties in interest, this specification provides a basis for acceptance testing of roving, yarn, or fabric of cashmere, or blends of cashmere and other fibers in such products.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the allowable cashmere coarse-hair content in cashmere which has been processed at least to the roving stage.  
1.2 For blends of cashmere hair and other fibers, this specification is applicable only to the cashmere hair content of such blends.  
Note 1: For the determination of the cashmere coarse-hair content in cashmere, refer to Test Method D2816. For the identification of textile fibers see Methods D276. For the quantitative determination of the composition of textile blends, see Test Methods D629.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D4510 for the counting of partial cleavages, may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool and other animal fibers, but caution is advised, since information on between-laboratory precision is limited. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.
FIG. 1 (A) Partial Cleavage—But do not count if it is at the end of a fiber. The split may have been caused by other means  
5.2 Chemically damaged or tendered fibers are recognizable microscopically by qualified operators and should not be counted as partial cleavages. Such fibers exhibit total loss of cuticle, severe surface erosion, tenderizing cracks, longitudinal fibrillation, or a combination of these features (see Figs. 1 and 2). In a study of deliberately over-carbonized wool at one laboratory, it was found that when more than 24 tendered fibers were seen in 1 m, partial cleavage counts were significantly higher than on similar fibers that were not overcarbonized.
FIG. ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the microprojector, for the counting of partial cleavages in wool and other animal fibers.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification is applicable in the classification of alpaca into types according to fineness. Five types of alpaca have been classified according to its average diameter limit, namely Type T Extra, Type T, Type X, Type AA, Type A, Type SK, and Type LP.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This specification for fineness is intended as a guide for production, preparation, and marketing (Note 1) by comparing the average fiber diameter of a measured specimen with the fineness specifications for the various types listed in Table 1. The standard deviation which expresses measured variability of a specimen may be compared with the average shown in Table X2.1.  
Note 1: Test Method D2130 does not include any values for the precision to be expected in the testing of alpaca fibers. In an interlaboratory test in which six laboratories each made one test on each of six type samples, HTB-CB, HAXB-CB, HAAB-CB, HAB-CB, HLPB-CL, and HSKB-CL, the coefficient of variation of the average fiber diameters between laboratories, including test variation, was 3.2, 4.7, 3.8, 4.5, 2.2, and 0.93 % for the respective alpaca types.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification is applicable in the classification of alpaca into types according to fineness.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for determining compliance with a specification for maximum cashmere coarse-hair content and is required to be used for determining compliance with Specification D2817.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D2816 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
5.2 When the product being tested has a cashmere coarse-hair content that departs significantly either way from the specified amount, the sequential test procedure described herein will result in a substantial reduction in the number of observations required for a decision at the stated level of confidence. On the other hand, when the product being tested has a cashmere coarse-hair content that approaches the specified amount, the sequential procedure ensures that the necessary increased number of observations shall be made to secure a correct decision at the stated level of confidence.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a sequential procedure for determining whether or not the cashmere coarse-hair content of a sample exceeds a specified value.  
Note 1: For the maximum allowable cashmere coarse-hair content in cashmere, refer to Specification D2817.
Note 2: For the quantitative analysis of cashmere hair and blends of cashmere hair and other fibers, refer to Test Methods D629.  
1.2 This test method is applicable only to cashmere hair in the form of roving, yarn, or fabric, and to the cashmere hair content of blends with other fibers, where the expected cashmere coarse-hair content is not more than five mass percent (see Footnote C of Table 1). For greater expected mass percentages of cashmere coarse-hair, see Test Methods D629.  
The data from these studies are on file with the Secretary of Subcommittee D13.13, Committee D13 of ASTM.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Core sampling is widely accepted, when applicable, for obtaining a laboratory sample representative of the clean wool fiber present in a lot of packaged raw wool.  
5.2 If the wool is so loosely packed that a core cannot be cut, or if it is so highly compressed that the sampling tool cannot readily penetrate into the package to the required depth and in the required direction, core sampling is not applicable. The density of wool in most types of commercial packages is suitable for sampling by this method.  
5.3 The procedure described in this practice is adapted to the application of statistical methods for estimating the size of sample required to achieve a required level of sample precision at minimum cost.
Note 1: The basic sampling equipment, operating procedure, and statistical approach used in this practice have been adapted for sampling lots of wool for the determination of other properties that are not affected by boring, such as average fiber diameter, and for sampling lots of other bulk fibers in packages.
FIG. 1 Small Diameter Wool Sampling Tool (United States Customs Service)  
(Metric equivalents may be calculated by multiplying inches by 25.4 to obtain equivalent dimensions in millimetres.)
SCOPE
1.1 This practice for sampling covers a procedure for obtaining samples from lots of grease, pulled, or scoured wool or related animal fibers in bales or bags for the determination of the clean wool fiber present by a procedure similar to that described in Test Method D584.  
1.2 This practice provides a description of suitable core sampling equipment, the sampling procedure, and the method for determining the number of packages to be bored and the number of cores to be taken from each sampled package.  
1.3 Reliable estimates are given for the standard deviation of the percentage clean wool fiber present between packages and within packages for lots of many types of raw wool.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is not recommended for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool top, card sliver, or scoured wool since the referee method, Test Method D 2130, is recommended for that purpose. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful for fast quality control checks.
.If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
The specific area of the wool fibers is measured by the resistance in air flow. The resistance to air flow has been related to average fiber diameter measured by the microprojection method. The instruments have been calibrated to read average diameter in micrometres. Although the reading is affected by the average fiber diameter distribution of the specimen, the results secured by the instruments give no indication of this distribution. However, in converting the micrometres reading to millitex units (Annex A1), low, medium, and high standard deviations were used in the calculations to arrive at the range of millitex units which accordingly reflect the distribution of fiber diameters.
  1) Balance Adjustment Knob 8) Porosity Calibration Control 2) Balance Pan 9) Compression Lever 3) Air Reservoir10) Calibrator Plug Plun...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the average fiber diameter of wool fibers by use of the Port-Ar and the WIRA Fiber Fineness Meter instrument, which operate on the air-flow principle. Other air-flow instruments have not been tested with this method. The method is directly applicable to non-medullated, carded wool and wool top.
1.2 This test method is applicable to grease wool and scoured wool after the samples of such materials have been prepared as directed in Test Method D 2130.
Note 1—The use of the Micronaire instrument for measuring the fineness of cotton fibers is covered in Test Method D 1448.
The assignment of grade for wool and mohair is covered in Specifications D 3991 and D 3992.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the estimation of the average fiber diameter of wool fibers by use of the Port-Ar and the WIRA Fiber Fineness Meter instrument, which operate on the air-flow principle.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D13 on Textiles, this test method was withdrawn in January 2018 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is considered satisfactory for use as a referee method for the determination of the wool base content and the clean wool fiber present in a lot of raw wool. If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in the disparate results during the initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future results for that material be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
This test method is also used in studies aimed at deriving suitable formulas for estimating the allowances to be made for wool unavoidably lost or destroyed in such commercial operations as carding, combing, or carbonizing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the wool base content and the clean wool fiber present in a lot of raw wool by commercial-scale scouring of the lot followed by laboratory tests on samples of the scoured wool.
Note 1—The sampling of lots of raw wool in packages is covered in Practice D1060, and the determination of the wool content of such samples is covered in Test Method D584. The determination of vegetable matter and other alkali-insoluble impurities in scoured wool is covered in Test Method D1113. For factors for the conversion of wool base content to its equivalent in terms of scoured wool, top, or noil of various commercially specified compositions, refer to Practice D2720.  
Note 2—The values stated in U.S. Customary Units are to be regarded as the standard because of common commercial practice. The S.I. units in parentheses are provided for information only.  
Note 3—Because of trade practice the term “weight” is used in this test method instead of the technically correct term “mass”.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the determination of the wool base content and the clean wool fiber present in a lot of raw wool by commercial-scale scouring of the lot followed by laboratory tests on samples of the scoured wool.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D13 on Textiles, this test method was withdrawn in January 2018 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

ABSTRACT
This specification is applicable in the classification of alpaca into types according to fineness. Five types of alpaca have been classified according to its average diameter limit, namely Type T Extra, Type T, Type X, Type AA, Type A, Type SK, and Type LP.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This specification for fineness is intended as a guide for production, preparation, and marketing (Note 1) by comparing the average fiber diameter of a measured specimen with the fineness specifications for the various types listed in Table 1. The standard deviation which expresses measured variability of a specimen may be compared with the average shown in Table X2.1.
Note 1—Test Method D 2130 does not include any values for the precision to be expected in the testing of alpaca fibers. In an interlaboratory test in which six laboratories each made one test on each of six type samples, HTB-CB, HAXB-CB, HAAB-CB, HAB-CB, HLPB-CL, and HSKB-CL, the coefficient of variation of the average fiber diameters between laboratories, including test variation, was 3.2, 4.7, 3.8, 4.5, 2.2, and 0.93 % for the respective alpaca types.
TABLE 1 Fineness Specifications for Types of Alpaca    TypeAverage Diameter, μm T Extra under 22.00 T 22.00 to 24.99 X 22.00 to 24.99 AA 25.00 to 29.99 A 30.00 to 35.99 SK over 30.00 LP over 30.00
SCOPE
1.1 This specification is applicable in the classification of alpaca into types according to fineness.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This specification is applicable in the classification of alpaca into types according to fineness.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D13 on Textiles, this specification was withdrawn in January 2018 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Test Method D4510 for the counting of partial cleavages, may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool and other animal fibers, but caution is advised, since information on between-laboratory precision is limited. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.
Chemically damaged or tendered fibers are recognizable microscopically by qualified operators and should not be counted as partial cleavages. Such fibers exhibit total loss of cuticle, severe surface erosion, tenderizing cracks, longitudinal fibrillation, or a combination of these features (see Figs. 1 and 2). In a study of deliberately over-carbonized wool at one laboratory, it was found that when more than 24 tendered fibers were seen in 1 m, partial cleavage counts were significantly higher than on similar fibers that were not overcarbonized.
FIG. 1 (A) Partial Cleavage—But do not count if it is at the end of a fiber. The split may have been caused by other means
FIG. 1(B–D) Split ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the microprojector, for the counting of partial cleavages in wool and other animal fibers.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers a procedure, using the microprojector, for the counting of partial cleavages in wool and other animal fibers.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D13 on Textiles, this test method was withdrawn in January 2018 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

ABSTRACT
This specification sets the maximum permissible cashmere coarse-hair content in cashmere in the form of roving, yarn, or fabric. Single standard testing for the determination of the cashmere coarse-hair content shall be enough. In case of dispute, additional tests may be done.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This specification sets the maximum permissible cashmere coarse-hair content for cashmere in the form of roving, yarn, or fabric.
When agreed upon by parties in interest, this specification provides a basis for acceptance testing of roving, yarn, or fabric of cashmere, or blends of cashmere and other fibers in such products.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the allowable cashmere coarse-hair content in cashmere which has been processed at least to the roving stage.
1.2 For blends of cashmere hair and other fibers, this specification is applicable only to the cashmere hair content of such blends.  
Note 1—For the determination of the cashmere coarse-hair content in cashmere, refer to Test Method D 2816. For the identification of textile fibers see Methods D 276. For the quantitative determination of the composition of textile blends, see Test Methods D 629.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This specification covers the allowable cashmere coarse-hair content in cashmere which has been processed at least to the roving stage.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D13 on Textiles, this practice was withdrawn in January 2018 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this practice is to bring about uniformity of commercial moisture standards in all ASTM specifications relating to wool and its products.
This practice provides a recommended single value for a standardized commercial moisture content for wool and its products. This avoids difficulties encountered in calculating the amount of moisture-free fiber present in a given mass of wool in any one of the forms listed in 1.1.1 to 1.1.8 due to trade practices which recognize various commercial moisture allowance values used by certain segments of the trade. (See Test Method D 584, Section 3.5, Table D1909, Note E, and the Tables in Practice D 2720).
The recommended commercial moisture content should be used where it is desirable to avoid problems in determining moisture-free fiber content when the form of the wool is changed. For example: from scoured wool (12.0 % moisture content) to worsted yarn, dry spun (13.04 % moisture content).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice recommends that a single value be adopted for the commercial moisture content of wool in any of the following forms:
1.1.1 Scoured,
1.1.2 Carbonized and neutralized,
1.1.3 Noils, uncarbonized,
1.1.4 Top, oil or dry combed,
1.1.5 Yarn, worsted,
1.1.6 Yarn, woolen,
1.1.7 Yarn, hand knitting, or
1.1.8 Fabric.
1.2 Limitations—Grease wool, pulled wool, and wool with pH below 5.0 are excluded from this practice.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This practice recommends that a single value be adopted for the commercial moisture content of wool in any of the following forms: Scoured, Carbonized and neutralized, Noils, uncarbonized, Top, oil or dry combed, Yarn, worsted, Yarn, woolen, Yarn, hand knitting, or Fabric.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D13 on Textiles, this practice was withdrawn in January 2018 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method may be used for determining compliance with a specification for maximum cashmere coarse-hair content and is required to be used for determining compliance with Specification D 2817.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D 2816 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.
When the product being tested has a cashmere coarse-hair content that departs significantly either way from the specified amount, the sequential test procedure described herein will result in a substantial reduction in the number of observations required for a decision at the stated level of confidence. On the other hand, when the product being tested has a cashmere coarse-hair content that approaches the specified amount, the sequential procedure ensures that the necessary increased number of observations shall be made to secure a correct decision at the stated level of confidence.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a sequential procedure for determining whether or not the cashmere coarse-hair content of a sample exceeds a specified value.  
Note 1—For the maximum allowable cashmere coarse-hair content in cashmere, refer to Specification D 2817.
Note 2—For the quantitative analysis of cashmere hair and blends of cashmere hair and other fibers, refer to Test Methods D 629.
1.2 This test method is applicable only to cashmere hair in the form of roving, yarn, or fabric, and to the cashmere hair content of blends with other fibers, where the expected cashmere coarse-hair content is not more than five mass percent (see Footnote C of Table 1). For greater expected mass percentages of cashmere coarse-hair, see Test Methods D 629.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
TABLE 1 Sequential Accept-Reject Numbers for Selected SpecificationsA  Number of Fi-
bers CountedSpecification, Length %B 0.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0 ARARARARARARARARAR  1 000...C17...18...19...20...21...22...23... 24... 25  2 000...19...21...23...25...27...29 131 3 33 5 35  3 000...21...24...27 030 333 636 93912 4215 45  4 000...23...27 131 535 9391343174721 5125 55  5 000...25 030 535104015452050255530 6035 65  6 000...27 333 939154521512757336339 6945 75  7 000...29 6361343205027573464417148 7755 85  8 000131 9391747255533634171497957 8665 95  9 00033312422151306039694878578766 9575105 10 0005351545255535654575558565957510485115
A These accept-reject numbers are based on the following conditions:
(1) The probability of accepting a lot that exceeds the specifications by 10 % or more of the specification percent is 0.05.
(2) The probability of rejecting a lot that is 10 % or more of the specification percent below the specification is also 0.05.
B Extensive interlaboratory tests have shown that, for the concentration of cashmere coarse-hair covered in Table 1, the relationship between “...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method specifies a sampling and testing procedure for the measurement of average fiber diameter and variation in diameter of animal fibers as required in Test Method D2968.  
5.2 Test Method D2130 for testing wool and other animal fibers for average fiber diameter is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. In cases of disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the seller when using this method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on the testing of specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the microprojector, for the determination of the average fiber diameter and the fiber diameter variation on wool and other animal fibers, such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, camel's hair, etc. (Note 1) in their various forms.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound units may be approximate. Note 1—This test method may also be applied to any fibers having a round cross section and accordingly may be used many times for melt-spun man-made fibers such as polyamides, polyesters, and glass; also it may be applied to a limited number of polyacrylics and regenerated cellulose type fibers. The values given in Appendix X1 for density and correction factors, however, apply only to wool and should not be used for other fibers. For suitable values for the density of other fibers, see Table 5 in Test Methods D629, Quantitative Analysis of Textiles.Note 2—In subsequent sections of this test method, the term “wool” also signifies mohair or other fibers if the circumstances are applicable. Note 3—For fineness specifications for wool, wool top, mohair, mohair top, alpaca, and cashmere, refer to Specifications D3991 and D3992, Specification D2252, Test Method D2816.  
1.3  This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2462 for the determination of the moisture in wool by distillation with toluene is the preferred method for testing wool for moisture for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments. If, however, the purchaser and the supplier agree, Test Method D1576 for the determination of the moisture in wool by oven drying may be used instead. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1, may be advisable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1576 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is a simple and convenient method for routine process control, in-plant evaluation, estimation of moisture content of a lot of wool, or any other purpose for which a high degree of reproducibility is not necessary (see Section 13).
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture present in ordinary commercial and industrial samples of wool in all forms except grease wool, using the oven-drying technique.  
1.2 Formulas for calculating the moisture content (as-received basis) and moisture regain (oven-dried basis) are given. It is always important to use the correct term which corresponds to the basis used in the calculation (see 12.2.1). Note 1—The determination of moisture content for textile materials in general is covered in Test Methods D2654, and an optimal method for determining the moisture in wool by distillation with toluene is covered in Test Method D2462. A method for sampling wool for the determination of moisture in wool is covered in Practice D2525. The oven-drying method has been adapted for cotton in Test Method D2495.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2524 for testing wool fibers for tenacity is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing when the participating laboratories, using a reference wool, have shown acceptable between-laboratory precision. It is recommended that any program of acceptance testing be preceded by an interlaboratory check in the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller on replicate specimens of samples of the material to be evaluated. In cases of dispute, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on testing randomized specimens from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.  
5.2 Values obtained from flat bundle tenacity show a good correlation with values obtained from single fiber tests and require much less time.  
5.3 The basic differences between the procedures described in Test Method D2524 and those described in Test Method D1294 lie in the manner of clamping the bundles and the shorter gage length employed. The special clamps used in this method allow quicker and easier bundle preparation; however, for Test Method D1294 no special clamps are required. Closer agreement with single fiber tenacity is also obtained with Test Method D2524 than when using the procedure in Test Method D1294.  
5.4 As the observed tenacity of fibers depends in part on the type of tensile testing machine used and the time required to break the specimen, results obtained with the different types of machines which may be used in this method will not necessarily agree. The machines specifically designed for bundle testing are CRL testers which operate at a loading rate of 1 kgf/s and therefore reach the breaking force at variable times in the order of 5 s. CRE and CRT type machines would be expected to produce somewhat different results not only because of the inherent difference in operation but because CRE and CRT type machines are to be operated at a rate to ac...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking tenacity of wool fibers as a flat bundle with a 1/8-in. (3.2-mm) clamp separation.  
1.2 This test method is especially adapted to the fiber bundle clamps and strength testing instruments specified, but may be used on other tensile testing machines when equipped with appropriate adapters to accommodate the prescribed clamps.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to wool in any form which can be hand-combed into small bundles of parallelized fibers. Note 1—Other test methods for measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles include Test Methods D1294, D1445, and D540.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1574 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing since the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1574 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method may be used to estimate the quantity of oil, grease, and waxy materials remaining on or in wool fibers after scouring, or the quantity of lubricant added before carding or remaining after carding, or the quantity of such materials added or removed in subsequent processing operations.  
5.3 The residues obtained in this test may be subjected to chemical analysis for identification and assay of the component materials, if desired.  
5.4 The specified solvent in this test method does not remove some materials, such as soaps, that may be present in wool and hence in some cases may reflect more closely the added content of some extractables in wool such as oils. When such materials are present and an estimate of their quantity is desired, some other solvent or combination of solvents should be used as spec...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of extractable matter in samples of all forms of wool, except grease wool, that is extractable with a non-flammable vapor degreasing and cleaning solvent.  
1.2 This test method does not cover the determination of the amounts of different components in the extracted matter nor their identification.  
1.3 This test method is suitable for use with other animal fibers. Note 1—The determination of extractable matter in yarns and in felts is covered in Test Methods D2257 and D461. For the determination of alcohol-extractable matter in oven-dry scoured wool, refer to Test Methods D584 and D1334.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 5.4 and Note 3.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2462 for testing for moisture in wool is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D2462 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative testing to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of the bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are from a lot of the type material in question. The test specimens should be assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-Test for unpaired data and an acceptance probability level chosen by the two parties before the test is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is the preferred method for all suitable samples of wool where it is important to obtain a result free from the possible biases, introduced by the conditions discussed in 5.3 and 5.4.  
5.3 This test method is free from the interferences caused by different conditions of ambient atmosphere such as might affect the results of oven-drying. A slight amount of residual moisture may be retained in a specimen subjected to oven-drying because of the relative humidity of the ambient air; however, the amount of moisture retained may be estimated from published data.4  
5.4 This test method is free from the interference caused by nonaqueous volatile material. Such material, when present, is erroneously measured as moisture by oven-drying methods, the extent of the error depending ...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture present in grease wool, scoured wool, carded wool, garnetted wool, wool top and intermediate wool products, and rovings, by distillation with toluene.  
1.2 Equations are given for calculating the amount of water present as moisture content (as-received basis) and moisture regain (dry fiber) basis. The term that corresponds to the basis used in the calculation and report must always be stated.  
1.3 This test method is not applicable to material known to contain any steam-distillable, water-soluble matter. If it is suspected that such matter is present, the method should be used with caution.  
1.4 Xylene or other solvents should not be substituted for toluene as no other solvents have been evaluated for use in this standard. Note 1—The determination of moisture in wool by oven-drying is covered in Test Method D1576 and for textile materials in general in Test Methods D2654. A method for sampling wool for the determination of moisture in wool is covered in Practice D2525.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety hazard statements, see Section 8.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This recommended practice furnishes directions for the sampling of wool of the various forms indicated in Section 1, in order that correct probability statements may be made about the relationship between the sample mean and the population mean. If these statements are to be correct, certain conditions, which are stated, must hold.  
5.2 This recommended practice requires that a deliberate act of randomization be performed so that all potential sampling units have approximately the same chance of being taken and no sampling unit is deprived of its chance of being taken.  
5.3 In any case where insufficient information about the variability of the sampling units within the lot is available, directions are given for calculating confidence limits for the sample mean so that a correct probability statement can still be made.
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1.1 This practice covers the design of a sampling plan to be used to obtain samples for the determination of the moisture content of grease wool, scoured wool, carded wool, garnetted wool, wool top and intermediate products, and rovings.  
1.2 Directions are given for the designation of sampling units, calculation of the number of sampling units required to achieve a preselected precision and confidence level or, alternatively, for calculating the confidence limits for the mean based on the variability of the sample tested. Note 1—This practice for devising a sampling plan is intended for use in connection with Test Method D1576 or Test Method D2462. The sampling of raw wool for the determination of clean wool fiber present is covered in Practice D1060.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers all standard types of felt in the form of rolls and sheets that are suitable for mechanical use. Certain special-purpose felts are also covered. Felts shall be classified according to thickness and mass, properties and general descriptions. Felt classifications shall be based on the Society of Automotive Engineers Specification and the US Department of Defense Federal Specification. Special-purpose felts shall be classified under special-purpose classification. The chemical properties of roll and sheet felt shall conform to the specified requirements. The physical properties of roll and sheet felt such as width, thickness, and mass (weight) per unit area, shall conform to the requirements specified. All the properties, except color, of felt shall be determined in accordance to the test method specified.
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1.1 This specification covers all standard types of felt in the form of rolls and sheets that are suitable for mechanical use. Certain special-purpose felts are also covered.  
1.2 This specification is not applicable to felt-like products that utilize weaving, knitting, stitching, or bonding such as papermaker's felt.  
1.3 Trade practice in the felt industry deals in pounds, yards, and inches, therefore the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values in SI units are provided as information only.  
1.3.1 The specification referenced in 2.2 uses only inch-pound units.he percent specific gravity of that class.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2968 for the determination of med and kemp fibers by microprojection may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool and other animal fibers, but caution is advised since only a few types of animal fibers have been subjected to interlaboratory tests to ascertain the precision of tests for med and kemp fibers by this test method. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D2968 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in view of the known bias.  
5.2 Knowledge of the incidence of med fibers and kemp fibers in wool and other animal fibers is of importance to manufacturers of woven or knitted fabrics because of the apparent dye resistance and light reflectance qualities of these fibers. This is not to imply that all kemp fibers will resist dye and all med fibers will accept dye normally. In practice, a proportion of kemp fibers will appear normal after dyeing and a proportion of med fibers will appear chalky white after dyeing. From the perspective of visual and aesthetic problems, medullated fibers hav...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination by microprojection of the percentage of medullated fibers (med and kemp fibers) in wool or other animal fibers such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, or camel's hair in their various forms.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1294 for the determination of tensile strength may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool, but caution is advised since technicians may fail to get good agreement between results. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is useful in studying the relationship between fiber strength and product quality; results should be considered comparative rather than fundamental since the strength found will be lower than the sum of the strengths of the individual fibers present due to slight differences in tensioning.  
5.3 Elongation may be obtained also but the accuracy of elongation measurements is limited and their determination is, therefore, not included as a formal part of this test method.  
5.4 The basic differences between the procedures employed in this test method and those of Test Method D2524 are in the gage lengths employed and the methods of clamping. In Test Method D2524, specific clamps are required whereas in Test Method D1294, any conventional clamps may be used. Results for breaking load determined by Test Method D2524 average 30 % higher than ...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking force (or load) and estimation of the tensile strength and tenacity of wool fiber bundles with a 1-in. (25.4-mm) gage length. A procedure for preparation of the fiber bundle is included.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard; the values in SI units are provided for information only. Because the instrument is calibrated in inch-pound units, inch-pound units are shown first, contrary to Committee D13 policy. Note 1—For other methods of measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles, refer to Test Methods D1445 and D2524.Note 2—This test method can be used for other fibers that lend themselves to the same kind of preparation but the difference in density must be taken into account when calculating the tensile strength. It is not necessary to know or correct for the density of a fiber when calculating breaking tenacity.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibiltiy of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since this test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
In case of dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D584 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative testing to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are from a lot of the type material in question. The test specimens should then be assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of known bias.
The wool-base content of wool in any condition or form is a basic quantity. From it may be calculated commercial masses or yields in any of the various recognized defined systems used in international commerce (Note 1).
The procedures for determining the wool base content of greasy wool provided in this test method and in IWTO Method 19-85(E) are in essential agreement.
Note 3—This is not true for scoured wool, as IWTO Method 19-85(E) does not require rescouring of scoured wool containing less than 5% residual grease.
Not all of the wool base present in a lot of raw wool can be recovered in useful form by commercial cleaning operations. The amount of wool loss varies, depending on factors such as the character of the wool, the nature and percentage of the impurities present, the cleaning process and equipment used, and so...
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1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for the determination of the wool base content and the clean wool fiber present in samples of raw wool. This test method is also applicable to other animal fibers such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, and camel hair.
Note 1—Sampling of lots of raw wool in packages is covered in Practice D1060; the determination of vegetable matter and other alkali-insoluble impurities in scoured wool is covered in Test Method D1113; the determination of wool content on a commercial scale is covered in Test Method D1334. For factors for the conversion of woolbase content to its equivalent in terms of scoured wool, top, or noil of various commercially specified compositions (formerly covered in the appendix of this test method), refer to Practice D2720.  
Note 2—Because of the trade practice the term weight is used in this test method instead of the technically correct term mass.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool and other animal fibers in raw and sliver form because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable. In cases of disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method for acceptance testing, Test Method D2130 shall be used as a referee method.
This test method may be used for determining compliance with average fiber diameter and diameter variation to assign grades when determining conformance of shipments to material specifications given in Specifications D2252, D2816, D3991, and D3992.
The procedures for determining mean fiber diameter and standard deviation of fiber diameter provided in this test method and in IWTO-12 are in essential agreement.
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the Sirolan-Laserscan, for the determination of the average fiber diameter and the fiber diameter variation in wool and other animal fibers in their various forms.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Core sampling is widely accepted, when applicable, for obtaining a laboratory sample representative of the clean wool fiber present in a lot of packaged raw wool.
If the wool is so loosely packed that a core cannot be cut, or if it is so highly compressed that the sampling tool cannot readily penetrate into the package to the required depth and in the required direction, core sampling is not applicable. The density of wool in most types of commercial packages is suitable for sampling by this method.
The procedure described in this practice is adapted to the application of statistical methods for estimating the size of sample required to achieve a required level of sample precision at minimum cost.
Note 1—The basic sampling equipment, operating procedure, and statistical approach used in this practice have been adapted for sampling lots of wool for the determination of other properties that are not affected by boring, such as average fiber diameter, and for sampling lots of other bulk fibers in packages.
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1.1 This practice for sampling covers a procedure for obtaining samples from lots of grease, pulled, or scoured wool or related animal fibers in bales or bags for the determination of the clean wool fiber present by a procedure similar to that described in Test Method D584.
1.2 This practice provides a description of suitable core sampling equipment, the sampling procedure, and the method for determining the number of packages to be bored and the number of cores to be taken from each sampled package.
1.3 Reliable estimates are given for the standard deviation of the percentage clean wool fiber present between packages and within packages for lots of many types of raw wool.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Test Method D 2968 for the determination of med and kemp fibers by microprojection may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool and other animal fibers, but caution is advised since only a few types of animal fibers have been subjected to interlaboratory tests to ascertain the precision of tests for med and kemp fibers by this test method. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D 2968 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in view of the known bias.
Knowledge of the incidence of med fibers and kemp fibers in wool and other animal fibers is of importance to manufacturers of woven or knitted fabrics because of the apparent dye resistance and light reflectance qualities of these fibers. This is not to imply that all kemp fibers will resist dye and all med fibers will accept dye normally. In practice, a proportion of kemp fibers will appear normal after dyeing and a proportion of med fibers will appear chalky white after dyeing. From the perspective of visual and aesthetic problems, medullated fibers having an abnorma...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination by microprojection of the percentage of medullated fibers (med and kemp fibers) in wool or other animal fibers such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, or camel's hair in their various forms.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The testing procedure in this test method for the determination of staple length is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of grease wool since the test method has been used in the trade for acceptance testing.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.
The test method is used for the determination of the average unstretched staple length and the staple length distribution of a lot of wool in order to assign length classes when determining the conformance of lots and shipments to length specifications.
In this test method, the size of a lot covered by the test procedure is limited to not more than 200 packages per test. Any shipment exceeding the above limits is divided into lots within the prescribed limits.
The nature of the sampling procedure is such that grease wool staples as originally drawn from the wool of the lot require only a slight amount of preparation before measurement. The bulk and laboratory samples are synonymous in this test method.
Compression of wool in the bale ma...
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1.1 This test method covers procedures for sampling and measuring the unstretched staple length, and variability in length, of grease or pulled wool staples. The test method is also applicable to mohair and other animal fibers in staple form. The procedure is not recommended for individual fibers or groups of straightened fibers.
Note 1—The determination of fiber length in wool top is covered in Test Method D 519, the determination of fiber length of wool is covered in Test Method D 1575.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in SI units are provided for information purposes only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Knowledge of the average fiber length and the distribution of fibers is of primary importance to users of top in further processing.  
Acceptance specifications for the fiber length and length distribution may be established by the user based on the type of yarn-making equipment employed and the desired end uses.
Test Method D 519 for testing wool top for fiber length is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing and the current estimates of the between-laboratory precisions are acceptable.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative testing to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are from a lot of the type material in question. The test specimens should then be assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.
   (Front View) (Rear View)  1—Frame. 5—Drawing clamp.  2—Faller bars. 6—Depressor.  3—Side comb. 7—Plush board.  4—Retaining bars. 8—Faller bar lifting plate.FIG. 1 Wool Fiber Stapling Apparatus
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the average length and length distribution of fibers in wool top, on a mass-biased basis. The method is applicable to all types of fibers in sliver formed from long parallelized fibers.  
Note 1—The determination of fiber length of wool is covered in Test Method D 1575, Test Method for Fiber Length of Wool in Scoured Wool and in Card Sliver, the staple length of grease wool is covered in Test Method D 1234, Test Method of Sampling and Testing Staple Length of Grease Wool.
Note 2—This test method specifically requires length in inches and mass in SI units and is not contrary to ASTM policy. The SI units in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing due to its poor between-laboratory precision. In some cases the purchaser and the seller may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. In such a case, if there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the seller when using this method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being tested.
A knowledge of the average length and length distribution of fibers is important to fiber processors. This method is useful for inplant control testing and for research purposes.
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1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the average fiber length and length distribution of wool in nonparallel assemblies, such as scoured wool, and in card sliver.
1.2 This test method is applicable to many fibers other than wool if in the form of a nonparallel assembly or in a card sliver.
1.3 This test method is not applicable to unscoured wool or to wool top.
1.4 This test method specifically requires length in inches and mass in metric units, and is not contrary to ASTM policy. The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The information in parentheses is for information only.
Note 1—The determination of staple length of grease wool is covered in Method D 1234, Sampling and Testing Staple Length of Grease Wool, and the average length of fibers in wool top is covered in Test Method D 519.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This recommended practice furnishes directions for the sampling of wool of the various forms indicated in Section 1, in order that correct probability statements may be made about the relationship between the sample mean and the population mean. If these statements are to be correct, certain conditions, which are stated, must hold.
This recommended practice requires that a deliberate act of randomization be performed so that all potential sampling units have approximately the same chance of being taken and no sampling unit is deprived of its chance of being taken.
In any case where insufficient information about the variability of the sampling units within the lot is available, directions are given for calculating confidence limits for the sample mean so that a correct probability statement can still be made.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design of a sampling plan to be used to obtain samples for the determination of the moisture content of grease wool, scoured wool, carded wool, garnetted wool, wool top and intermediate products, and rovings.
1.2 Directions are given for the designation of sampling units, calculation of the number of sampling units required to achieve a preselected precision and confidence level or, alternatively, for calculating the confidence limits for the mean based on the variability of the sample tested.
Note 1—This practice for devising a sampling plan is intended for use in connection with Test Method D 1576 or Test Method D 2462. The sampling of raw wool for the determination of clean wool fiber present is covered in Practice D 1060.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers all standard types of felt in the form of rolls and sheets that are suitable for mechanical use. Certain special-purpose felts are also covered. Felts shall be classified according to thickness and mass, properties and general descriptions. Felt classifications shall be based on the Society of Automotive Engineers Specification and the US Department of Defense Federal Specification. Special-purpose felts shall be classified under special-purpose classification. The chemical properties of roll and sheet felt shall conform to the specified requirements. The physical properties of roll and sheet felt such as width, thickness, and mass (weight) per unit area, shall conform to the requirements specified. All the properties, except color, of felt shall be determined in accordance to the test method specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers all standard types of felt in the form of rolls and sheets that are suitable for mechanical use. Certain special-purpose felts are also covered.
1.2 This specification is not applicable to felt-like products that utilize weaving, knitting, stitching, or bonding such as papermaker's felt.
1.3 Trade practice in the felt industry deals in pounds, yards, and inches, therefore the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values in SI units are provided as information only.
1.3.1 The specification referenced in 2.2 uses only inch-pound units.he percent specific gravity of that class.
TABLE 1 Wool Sheet Felt: Thickness and Mass (Weight)     ASTM (NTA) ClassColorThickness, in.Thickness, mmMass (Weight) lb/yd2Mass (Weight) kg/m2 NominalTolerancesNominalTolerancesNominalTolerancesNominalTolerances SheetsCut PartsSheetsCut Parts 26S1White0.125± 0.014 ± 0.016  3.17± 0.35 ± 0.41  1.50± 0.10  0.81± 0.05  26S4Gray0.1880.0160.018 4.780.410.46 2.250.15 1.220.08 0.2500.0200.022 6.350.510.56 3.000.20 1.630.11 0.3130.0220.024 7.950.560.61 3.750.25 2.040.14 0.3750.0240.026 9.520.610.66 4.500.30 2.440.16 0.5000.0300.03212.700.760.81 6.000.40 3.260.22 0.6250.0350.03715.880.890.94 7.500.45 4.070.24 0.7500.0400.04219.051.021.07 9.000.50 4.890.27 0.8750.0460.04822.231.171.2210.500.55 5.700.30 1.0000.0510.05325.401.301.3512.000.60 6.520.33 1.2500.0620.06531.751.571.6515.000.70 8.150.38 1.5000.0720.07538.101.831.9118.000.80 9.770.43 1.7500.0830.08544.452.112.1621.000.9011.400.49 2.0000.0940.09850.802.392.4924.001.0013.030.54 2.5000.1150.11963.502.923.0230.001.0516.290.57 3.0000.1360.14176.203.453.5836.001.1019.550.60 34S1White0.1250.0120.014 3.170.300.36 2.000.10 1.090.05 34S2White0.1880.0120.014 4.780.300.36 3.000.15 1.630.08 34S3White0.2500.0160.018 6.350.410.46 4.000.30 2.170.16 34S4Gray0.3130.0170.019 7.950.430.48 5.000.35 2.710.19 0.3750.0190.021 9.520.480.53 6.000.40 3.260.22 0.5000.0220.02412.700.560.61 8.000.50 4.340.27 0.6250.0260.02815.880.660.7110.000.60 5.430.33 0.7500.0290.03119.050.740.7912.000.70 6.520.38 0.8750.0320.03422.230.870.8614.000.75 7.600.41 1.0000.0360.03825.400.910.9716.000.80 8.690.43 1.2500.0420.04531.251.071.1420.000.9010.860.49 1.5000.0490.05238.101.241.3224.001.0013.030.54 1.7500.0560.05944.451.421.5028.001.1015.200.60 2.0000.0630.06750.801.601.7032.001.2017.380.65 2.5000.0760.08063.501.932.0340.001.2521.720.68 3.0000.0900.09576.202.292.4148.001.3026.060.71 43S1White0.1250.0120.014 3.170.300.36 2.500.30 1.360.16 43S2White0.1880.0120.014 4.780.300.36 3.750.35 2.040.19 43S3White0.2500.0140.016 6.350.360.41 5.000.40 2.710.22 43S4Gray0.3750.0160.019 9.520.410.48 7.500.50 4.070.27 0.5000.0190.02212.700.480.5610.000.60 5.430.33 0.6250.0220.02515.880.560.6412.500.70 6.790.38 0.7500.0250.02819.050.630.7115.000.80 8.150.43 0.8750.0270.03022.230.690.7617.500.90 9.500.49 1.0000.0300.03325.400.760.8420.001.0010.860.54 1.2500.0360.04031.150.911.0225.001.1013.560.60 1.5000.0410.04538.101.041.1430.001.2016.290.65 1.7500.0470.05144.451.191.3035.001.3019.000.71 2.0000.0530.05850.801.351.4740.001.4021.720.76 2.5000.06...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method specifies a sampling and testing procedure for the measurement of average fiber diameter and variation in diameter of animal fibers as required in Test Method D 2968.  
Test Method D 2130 for testing wool and other animal fibers for average fiber diameter is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. In cases of disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the seller when using this method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on the testing of specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the microprojector, for the determination of the average fiber diameter and the fiber diameter variation on wool and other animal fibers, such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, camel's hair, etc. (Note 1) in their various forms.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound units may be approximate.
Note 1—This test method may also be applied to any fibers having a round cross section and accordingly may be used many times for melt-spun man-made fibers such as polyamides, polyesters, and glass; also it may be applied to a limited number of polyacrylics and regenerated cellulose type fibers. The values given in Appendix X1 for density and correction factors, however, apply only to wool and should not be used for other fibers. For suitable values for the density of other fibers, see Table 5 in Test Methods D 629, Quantitative Analysis of Textiles.  
Note 2—In subsequent sections of this test method, the term “wool” also signifies mohair or other fibers if the circumstances are applicable.  
Note 3—For fineness specifications for wool, wool top, mohair, mohair top, alpaca, and cashmere, refer to Specifications D 3991 and D 3992, Specification D 2252, Test Method D 2816.  
1.3  This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.