ASTM F1868-14
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Thermal and Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Materials Using a Sweating Hot Plate
Standard Test Method for Thermal and Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Materials Using a Sweating Hot Plate
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The thermal resistance and evaporative resistance provided by fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies, is of considerable importance in determining their suitability for use in fabricating protective clothing systems.
4.2 The thermal interchange between people and their environment is, however, an extremely complicated subject that involves many factors in addition to the steady-state resistance values of fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies. Therefore, thermal resistance values and evaporative resistance values measured on a hot plate may or may not indicate relative merit of a particular material or system for a given clothing application. While a possible indicator of clothing performance, measurements produced by the testing of fabrics have no proven correlation to the performance of clothing systems worn by people. Clothing weight, drape, tightness of fit, and so forth, can minimize or even neutralize the apparent differences between fabrics or fabric assemblies measured by this test method.
4.3 The thermal resistance and evaporative resistance of clothing systems can be measured with a heated manikin in an environmental chamber in accordance with Test Methods F1291 and F2370.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thermal resistance and the evaporative resistance, under steady-state conditions, of fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies, for use in clothing systems.
1.2 The range of this measurement technique for intrinsic thermal resistance is from 0.002 to 0.5 K·m2/W and for intrinsic evaporative resistance is from 0.0 to 1.0 kPa·m 2/W.
1.3 The values in SI units shall be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: F1868 − 14
Standard Test Method for
Thermal and Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Materials
1
Using a Sweating Hot Plate
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1868; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Clothing is often made of materials that impede the flow of heat and moisture from the skin to the
environment. Consequently, people may suffer from heat stress or cold stress when wearing clothing
in different environmental conditions.Therefore, it is important to quantify the thermal resistance and
evaporative resistance of clothing materials and to consider these properties when selecting materials
for different clothing applications.
1. Scope E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ASTM Test Methods
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthemeasurementofthethermal
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
resistance and the evaporative resistance, under steady-state
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
conditions, of fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers,
F1291TestMethodforMeasuringtheThermalInsulationof
including multi-layer assemblies, for use in clothing systems.
Clothing Using a Heated Manikin
1.2 The range of this measurement technique for intrinsic
F1494Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing
2
thermal resistance is from 0.002 to 0.5 K·m /W and for
F2370Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resis-
2
intrinsic evaporative resistance is from 0.0 to 1.0 kPa·m /W.
tance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin
1.3 The values in SI units shall be regarded as standard. No
2.2 Other Standards:
other units of measurement are included in this standard.
ISO11092 Textiles–Physiological Effects–Measurement of
Thermal and Water-Vapour Resistance Under Steady-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3
State Conditions (Sweating Guarded-Hotplate Test)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and
3. Terminology
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
3.1 Definitions:
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.1 clo, n—a unit of thermal resistance (insulation) equal
2
to 0.155 K•m /W.
2. Referenced Documents
2 3.1.1.1 Discussion—The value of the clo was selected as
2.1 ASTM Standards:
roughly the insulation value of typical indoor clothing, which
C177Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
should keep a resting man (producing heat at the rate of 58
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
2
W/m ) comfortable in an environment at 21ºC, air movement
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
0.1 m/s.
D1518Test Method for Thermal Resistance of Batting
3.1.2 evaporative resistance, n—The resistance to the flow
Systems Using a Hot Plate
of moisture vapor from a saturated surface (high vapor
pressure) to an environment with a lower vapor pressure.
3.1.2.1 Discussion— The evaporative resistance in units of
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeF23onPersonal
2
kPa•m /W can be calculated for several different cases.
ProtectiveClothingandEquipmentandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
A
F23.60 onHuman Factors. R = apparent total evaporative resistance of the fabric test
ef
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2014. Published February 2014. Originally
specimen only, when evaluated non-isothermally. The term
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F1868-12. DOI:
apparentisusedasamodifierfortotalevaporativeresistanceto
10.1520/F1868-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F1868 − 14
reflect the fact that condensation may occur within the speci- 3.1.5.1 Discussion—Thissinglecriterionforcomparingfab-
men. ric assemblies was developed as a special case by the National
A
Fire Protection Assoc. The specific conditions used by NFPA
R = apparent total evaporative resistance of the fabric test
et
area35°Cfullysweatinghotplatesurfaceina25°C,65%RH
specimen, liquid barrier, and surface air layer when evaluated
environment.
non-isothermally. The term apparent is used as a mod
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F1868 − 12 F1868 − 14
Standard Test Method for
Thermal and Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Materials
1
Using a Sweating Hot Plate
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1868; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Clothing is often made of materials that impede the flow of heat and moisture from the skin to the
environment. Consequently, people may suffer from heat stress or cold stress when wearing clothing
in different environmental conditions. Therefore, it is important to quantify the thermal resistance and
evaporative resistance of clothing materials and to consider these properties when selecting materials
for different clothing applications.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thermal resistance and the evaporative resistance, under steady-state
conditions, of fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies, for use in clothing systems.
2
1.2 The range of this measurement technique for intrinsic thermal resistance is from 0.002 to 0.5 K·m /W and for intrinsic
2
evaporative resistance is from 0.0 to 1.0 kPa·m /W.
1.3 The values in SI units shall be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the
Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
D1518 Test Method for Thermal Resistance of Batting Systems Using a Hot Plate
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
F1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using a Heated Manikin
F1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing
F2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin
2.2 Other Standards:
ISO 11092 Textiles–Physiological Effects–Measurement of Thermal and Water-Vapour Resistance Under Steady-State
3
Conditions (Sweating Guarded-Hotplate Test)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
2
3.1.1 clo, n—a unit of thermal resistance (insulation) equal to 0.155 K•m /W.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F23.60 onHuman Factors.
Current edition approved June 1, 2012Feb. 1, 2014. Published June 2012February 2014. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20092012 as
F1868 - 09.F1868 - 12. DOI: 10.1520/F1868-12.10.1520/F1868-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F1868 − 14
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
The value of the clo was selected as roughly the insulation value of typical indoor clothing, which should keep a resting man
2
(producing heat at the rate of 58 W/m ) comfortable in an environment at 21ºC, air movement 0.1 m/s.
3.1.2 evaporative resistance, n—The resistance to the flow of moisture vapor from a saturated surface (high vapor pressure) to
an environment with a lower vapor pressure.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
2
The evaporative resistance in units of kPa•m /W can be calculated for several different cases.
A
R = apparent total evaporative resistance of the fabric test specimen only, when evaluated non-isothermally. The term apparent
ef
is used as a modifier for total evaporative resistance to reflect the fact that condensation may occur within the specimen.
A
R = apparent total eva
...
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