ASTM C1196-14a

Standard Test Method for In Situ Compressive Stress Within Solid Unit Masonry Estimated Using Flatjack Measurements

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Stress is applied as pressure over the area of the flatjack. In the case of multi-wythe masonry, stress is estimated only in the wythe in which the flatjack is inserted. Stress in other wythes may be different.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the average compressive stress in existing unreinforced solid-unit masonry (see Note 1). This test method concerns the measurement of in-situ compressive stress in existing masonry by use of thin, bladder-like flatjack devices that are installed in cut mortar joints in the masonry wall. This test method provides a relatively non-destructive means of determining masonry properties in place.
Note 1: Solid-unit masonry is that built with stone, concrete, or clay units whose net area is equal to or greater than 75 % of the gross area.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2014
• ICS: 91.060.10 - Walls. Partitions. Facades
• Technical Committee: C15 - Manufactured Masonry Units
• Drafting Committee: C15.04 - Research

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C1196 −14a
Standard Test Method for
In Situ Compressive Stress Within Solid Unit Masonry
1
Estimated Using Flatjack Measurements
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1196; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 3.1.1.1 Discussion—The use of shims may be necessary
during testing to achieve a tight fit of the flatjack in the slot and
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheaverage
to ensure uniform transfer of pressure (stress) to the masonry
compressive stress in existing unreinforced solid-unit masonry
overthecompleteareaoftheflatjack.SeeAnnexA1forfurther
(see Note 1). This test method concerns the measurement of
discussion on allowable types of shims.
in-situ compressive stress in existing masonry by use of thin,
3.1.2 spacer—metal plate used in the calibration process to
bladder-like flatjack devices that are installed in cut mortar
control flatjack thickness.
joints in the masonry wall. This test method provides a
relativelynon-destructivemeansofdeterminingmasonryprop-
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method
erties in place.
refer to Terminology C1180 for mortar and grout and Termi-
nology C1232 for masonry.
NOTE 1—Solid-unit masonry is that built with stone, concrete, or clay
units whose net area is equal to or greater than 75 % of the gross area.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
4.1 When a slot is formed in the masonry, compressive
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
stress at that point will cause the masonry above and below the
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
slot to move together. Compressive stress in the masonry may
and are not considered standard.
be measured by inserting a flatjack into the slot and increasing
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
its internal pressure until the original distance between points
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
above and below the slot is restored. The state of compressive
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
stress in the masonry is approximately equal to the flatjack
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
pressure multiplied by factors which account for the physical
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
characteristics of the jack and the ratio of (a) the bearing area
of the jack in contact with the masonry to (b) the bearing area
2. Referenced Documents
of the slot.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry
5. Significance and Use
C1232 Terminology of Masonry
5.1 Stress is applied as pressure over the area of the flatjack.
E74 Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments
In the case of multi-wythe masonry, stress is estimated only in
for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines
the wythe in which the flatjack is inserted. Stress in other
wythes may be different.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
6. Apparatus
3.1.1 shim, n—item inserted into a flatjack slot prior to
6.1 Flatjack:
testing to minimize the inflation of the test flatjack.
6.1.1 Aflatjackisathinenvelope-likebladderwithinletand
outlet ports which may be pressurized with hydraulic fluid.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on
Flatjacks may be of any shape in plan, and are designed to be
Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
compatible with the masonry being tested. Typical configura-
C15.04 on Research.
tions are shown in Fig. 1.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originally
6.1.2 For determination of the state of compressive stress,
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C1196 – 14. DOI:
10.1520/C1196-14A.
dimension A should be equal to or greater than the length of a
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
single masonry unit, but not less than 8 in. (200 mm).
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Dimension B should be equal to or greater than the thickness
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. ofonewytheandnotlessthan3in.(75mm).Theradius, R,for
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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C1196−14a
FIG
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1196 − 14 C1196 − 14a
Standard Test Method for
In Situ Compressive Stress Within Solid Unit Masonry
1
Estimated Using Flatjack Measurements
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1196; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the average compressive stress in existing unreinforced solid-unit masonry (see
Note 1). This test method concerns the measurement of in-situ compressive stress in existing masonry by use of thin, bladder-like
flatjack devices that are installed in cut mortar joints in the masonry wall. This test method provides a relatively non-destructive
means of determining masonry properties in place.
NOTE 1—Solid-unit masonry is that built with stone, concrete, or clay units whose net area is equal to or greater than 75 % of the gross area.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry
C1232 Terminology of Masonry
E74 Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 shim, n—item inserted into a flatjack slot prior to testing to minimize the inflation of the test flatjack.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.04 on Research.
Current edition approved July 1, 2014Dec. 1, 2014. Published August 2014December 2014. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 20092014 as
C1196 – 09.C1196 – 14. DOI: 10.1520/C1196-14.10.1520/C1196-14A.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
The use of shims may be necessary during testing to achieve a tight fit of the flatjack in the slot and to ensure uniform transfer
of pressure (stress) to the masonry over the complete area of the flatjack. See Annex A1 for further discussion on allowable types
of shims.
3.1.2 spacer—metal plate used in the calibration process to control flatjack thickness.
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method refer to Terminology C1180 for mortar and grout and Terminology
C1232 for masonry.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 When a slot is formed in the masonry, compressive stress at that point will cause the masonry above and below the slot to
move together. Compressive stress in the masonry may be measured by inserting a flatjack into the slot and increasing its internal
pressure until the original distance between points above and below the slot is restored. The state of compressive stress in the
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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C1196 − 14a
masonry is approximately equal to the flatjack pressure multiplied by factors which account for the physical characteristics of the
jack and the ratio of (a) the bearing area of the jack in contact with the masonry to (b) the bearing area of the slot.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Stress is applied as pressure over the area of the flatjack. In the case of multi-wythe masonry, stress is estimated only in the
wythe in which the flatjack is inserted. Stress in other wythes may be different.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Flatjack:
6.1.1 A flatjack is a thin envelope-like bladder with inlet and outlet ports which may be pressurized with hydraulic fluid.
Flatjacks may be of any shape in plan, and are designed to be compa
...