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ASTM F3002-14a

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Design of the Command and Control System for Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)

Standard Specification for Design of the Command and Control System for Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)

ABSTRACT
This specification provides a consensus standard for an application to a nation's governing aviation authority (GAA) for a permit to operate a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) for commercial or public use purposes. It is intended for all sUAS that are allowed to operate over a defined area and in airspace authorized by a nation's GAA. Unless otherwise specified by a nation's GAA, this specification applies only to UA that have a maximum gross takeoff weight of 25 kg (55 lb) or less. This specification covers general command and control (C2) requirements, C2 system spectrum requirements, C2 link requirements, UA requirements, and fly-away functionality.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification is provided as a consensus standard in support of an application to a nation’s governing aviation authority (GAA) for a permit to operate a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) for commercial or public use purposes.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2014
ICS
49.020 - Aircraft and space vehicles in general
Technical Committee
F38 - Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Drafting Committee
F38.01 - Airworthiness
Current Stage
Ref Project

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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:F3002 −14a
Standard Specification for
Design of the Command and Control System for Small
1
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3002; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 bit error rate detection, BER, n—rate at which errors
occur in a transmission system; applicable to any system that
1.1 This specification is provided as a consensus standard in
transmits data over a network of some form in which noise,
support of an application to a nation’s governing aviation
interference, and phase jitter may cause degradation of the
authority (GAA) for a permit to operate a small unmanned
digital signal.
aircraft system (sUAS) for commercial or public use purposes.
3.1.2 command and control (C2) link(s), n—safety-critical
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
radio-frequency (RF) link(s) between the ground control sta-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- tion (GCS) and the unmanned aircraft (UA).
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.3 C2 range, n—distance between GCS and UAat which
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
positive control of the UA can be maintained.
3.1.4 downlink, n—any RF link from UA to GCS.
2. Referenced Documents
2
3.1.5 flight control system, FCS, n—composed of system
2.1 ASTM Standards:
F2910 Specification for Design, Construction, and Test of a componentsintendedtotakeGCScommandsviaaC2linkand
Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) control flight control surfaces and propulsion systems.
F2911 Practice for Production Acceptance of a Small Un-
3.1.5.1 Discussion—The FCS may include autopilot
manned Aircraft System (sUAS)
functions, lost-link functions, fly-away protection functions,
F3003 Specification for Quality Assurance of a Small Un-
payload functions, and navigation functions. The FCS may be
manned Aircraft System (sUAS)
contained in one discrete component or multiple discrete
3
components.
2.2 EN Standard:
EN 62262 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures for
3.1.6 fly away, n—unintended flight outside of operational
electrical equipment against external mechanical impacts
boundaries(altitude/airspeed/lateral)astheresultofafailureof
(IK code)
the control element or onboard systems, or both.
3
2.3 IEC Standard:
3.1.7 fly-away protection system, n—a system that will
IEC 60529 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP
return the UA safely to the surface, or keep the UA within the
Code)
intended operational area, when the C2 link between the pilot
and the UA is lost.
3. Terminology
3.1.8 ground control station, GCS, n—a land- or sea-based
3.1 Definitions:
control center that provides the facilities for human control of
UA.
3.1.9 licensed band, n—any frequency or range of frequen-
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F38 on
cies in which transmission requires permission from a govern-
UnmannedAircraftSystemsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeF38.01
on Airworthiness.
ing body (for example, the Federal Communications Commis-
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2014.PublishedJuly2014.Originallyapproved
sion [FCC]).
in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as F3002 – 14. DOI: 10.1520/
F3002-14A.
3.1.10 link error, n—degradation of the digital signal be-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
tween the GCS and the UA that can be monitored by
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
techniques including BER detection.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
3.1.11 link integrity, n—acceptable rate of transactions com-
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. pleted with undetected error.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F3002−14a
3.1.12 link timeout, n—time between the actual lost-link 5. Functional Architecture
event being validated and the system initiating the lost-link
5.1 Ahigh-level functional block diagram of the C2 system
procedure.
is presented in Fig. 1.
3.1.13 lost link, n—occurrence in which the pilot in com-
6. General Requirements
mand (PIC) has lost the ability to control positively the sUAS
because of degradation, loss or interruption of the necessary 6.1 The followin
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F3002 − 14 F3002 − 14a
Standard Specification for
Design of the Command and Control System for Small
1
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3002; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification is provided as a consensus standard in support of an application to a nation’s governing aviation authority
(GAA) for a permit to operate a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) for commercial or public use purposes.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
F2910 Specification for Design, Construction, and Test of a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)
F2911 Practice for Production Acceptance of a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)
F3003 Specification for Quality Assurance of a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)
3
2.2 EN Standard:
EN 62262 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures for electrical equipment against external mechanical impacts (IK code)
3
2.3 IEC Standard:
IEC 60529 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 bit error rate detection, BER, n—rate at which errors occur in a transmission system; applicable to any system that
transmits data over a network of some form in which noise, interference, and phase jitter may cause degradation of the digital
signal.
3.1.2 command and control (C2) link(s), n—safety-critical radio-frequency (RF) link(s) between the ground control station
(GCS) and the unmanned aircraft (UA).
3.1.3 C2 range, n—distance between GCS and UA at which positive control of the UA can be maintained.
3.1.4 downlink, n—any RF link from UA to GCS.
3.1.5 flight control system, FCS, n—composed of system components intended to take GCS commands via a C2 link and control
flight control surfaces and propulsion systems.
1
This test method specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F38 on Unmanned Aircraft Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F38.01
on Airworthiness.
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2014June 1, 2014. Published January 2014July 2014. Originally approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as F3002 – 14.
DOI: 10.1520/F3002-14.10.1520/F3002-14A.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—
The FCS may include autopilot functions, lost-link functions, fly-away protection functions, payload functions, and navigation
functions. The FCS may be contained in one discrete component or multiple discrete components.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F3002 − 14a
3.1.6 fly away, n—unintended flight outside of operational boundaries (altitude/airspeed/lateral) as the result of a failure of the
control element or onboard systems, or both.
3.1.7 fly-away protection system, n—a system that will return the UA safely to the surface, or keep the UA within the intended
operational area, when the C2 link between the pilot and the UA is lost.
3.1.8 ground control station, GCS, n—a land- or sea-based control center that provides the facilities for human control of UA.
3.1.9 licensed band, n—any frequency or range of frequencies in which transmission requires permission from a governing body
(for example, the Federal Communications Commission [FCC]).
3.1.10 link error, n—degradation of the digital signal between the GCS and the UA that can be monitored by techniques
including BER detection.
3.1.11 link integrity, n—acceptable rate of transactions completed with undetected error.
3.1.12 link timeout, n—time between the actual lost-link event being validated and the system i
...

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Standard Specification for Vertiport Design

SCOPE
1.1 This specification defines the requirements for the planning, design, and establishment of vertiports intended to service vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft. These aircraft include, but are not limited to, standard category aircraft, optionally piloted aircraft, and unmanned aircraft. Aircraft not covered by this specification include VTOL aircraft less than 55 lb [25 kg]. In developing these standards, identified types of eVTOL aircraft, for example, Multi-Rotor, Lift & Cruise, Vectored Thrust, Tilt Wing, Tilt Rotor, etc., were considered. Ultimately it is up to the authorities having jurisdiction (AHJ) as to how and to what extent these standards are applied. Vertiports may provide commercial or private services in support of the operation of eVTOL aircraft including, but not limited to, some or all of occupant and cargo transport, air medical, flight instruction, aerial work, aircraft rental, fueling, charging of energy storage devices, battery exchange, hangaring, and maintenance services.  
1.2 This specification is intended to support the design of civil vertiports and vertistops, however, it may also be used as a best practice document for other facilities.  
1.2.1 Vertiport  is a generic reference to the area of land, water, or structure used, or intended to be used, for the landing and takeoff of VTOL aircraft, together with associated buildings and facilities. At this time, aircraft with floats conducting water landings and takeoffs are not included in this specification.  
1.2.2 Vertistop—The same as Vertiport, except that no fueling, defueling, scheduled maintenance, scheduled repairs, or storage of aircraft is permitted. Unscheduled maintenance and repairs to return an aircraft in an AOG (Aircraft on Ground) status to a serviceable status are permissible.  
1.3 This document may present information in either SI units, English Engineering units, or both. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F3411-22a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Remote ID and Tracking

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance requirements for remote identification (Remote ID) of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). Remote ID allows governmental and civil identification of UAS for safety, security, and compliance purposes. The objective is to increase UAS remote pilot accountability by removing anonymity while preserving operational privacy for remote pilots, businesses, and their customers. Remote ID is an enabler of enhanced operations such as beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) operations as well as operations over people.  
1.2 This specification defines message formats, transmission methods, and minimum performance standards for two forms of Remote ID: broadcast and network. Broadcast Remote ID is based on the transmission of radio signals directly from a UAS to receivers in the UAS’s vicinity. Network Remote ID is based on communication by means of the internet from a network Remote ID service provider (Net-RID SP) that interfaces directly or indirectly with the UAS, or with other sources in the case of intent-based network participants.  
1.3 This specification addresses the communications and test requirements of broadcast or network Remote ID, or both, in UAS and Net-RID SP systems.  
1.4 Applicability:  
1.4.1 This specification is applicable to UAS that operate at very low level (VLL) airspace over diverse environments including but not limited to rural, urban, networked, network degraded, and network denied environments, regardless of airspace class.  
1.4.2 This specification neither purports to address UAS operating with approval to use ADS-B or secondary surveillance radar transponders, nor does it purport to solve ID needs of UAS for all operations.  
1.4.3 In particular, this specification does not purport to address identification needs for UAS that are not participating in Remote ID or operators that purposefully circumvent Remote ID.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5.1 Units of measurement included in this specification:    
m  
meters  
deg, °  
degrees of latitude and longitude, compass direction  
s  
seconds  
Hz  
Hertz (frequency)  
dBm  
decibel-milliwatts (radio frequency power)  
ppm  
parts per million (radio frequency variation)  
μs  
microseconds  
ms  
milliseconds  
1.6 Table of Contents:    
Title  
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Remote ID and Network Interoperability Conceptual Overview  
4  
Performance Requirements  
5  
TEST METHODS  
Scope  
6  
Significance and Use  
7  
Hazards  
8  
Test Units  
9  
Procedure  
10  
Precision and Bias  
11  
Product Marking  
12  
Packaging and Package Marking  
13  
Keywords  
14  
ANNEX A1—Broadcast Authentication Verifier Service  
Annex A1  
ANNEX A2—Network Remote ID Interoperability Requirements, APIs, and Testing  
Annex A2  
ANNEX A3—Tables of Values  
Annex A3  
ANNEX A4—USS-DSS and USS-USS OpenAPI YAML Description  
Annex A4  
ANNEX A5—Number Registrar Management Policy  
Annex A5  
APPENDIX X1—Performance Characteristics  
Appendix X1  
APPENDIX X2—List of Subcommittee Participants and Contributors  
Appendix X2  
APPENDIX X3—Background Information  
Appendix X3  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in Section 8 on Hazards.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the D...

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