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ASTM D7613-17(2023)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Flexible Polypropylene Reinforced (fPP-R) and Nonreinforced (fPP) Geomembranes

Standard Specification for Flexible Polypropylene Reinforced (fPP-R) and Nonreinforced (fPP) Geomembranes

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers flexible polypropylene reinforced (fPP-R) and nonreinforced (fPP) geomembranes made from flexible polypropylene as the principal polymer prepared by the polymerization of propylene with or without other alpha olefin monomers.  
1.2 The tests and property limits used to characterize the sheet are values intended to ensure minimum quality. In-place system design criteria, such as field-seaming strength and material compatibility, among others, are factors that should be considered but are beyond the scope of this specification.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-May-2023
ICS
59.080.70 - Geotextiles
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.06 - Geosynthetic Specifications
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D4439-24 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Feb-2024
Refers
ASTM D883-24 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
Effective Date
01-Feb-2024
Refers
ASTM D883-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Refers
ASTM D5884/D5884M-23 - Standard Test Method for Determining Tearing Strength of Internally Reinforced Geomembranes
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Refers
ASTM D4833/D4833M-07(2020) - Standard Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance of Geomembranes and Related Products
Effective Date
01-Jun-2020
Refers
ASTM D1204-14(2020) - Standard Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes of Nonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at Elevated Temperature
Effective Date
01-Apr-2020
Refers
ASTM D883-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
Effective Date
01-Jan-2020
Refers
ASTM D883-19c - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
Effective Date
01-Aug-2019
Refers
ASTM D5199-12(2019) - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness of Geosynthetics
Effective Date
15-Jun-2019
Refers
ASTM D883-19a - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
Effective Date
15-Apr-2019
Refers
ASTM D883-19 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
Effective Date
01-Feb-2019
Refers
ASTM D883-18a - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
Effective Date
01-Dec-2018
Refers
ASTM D883-18 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
Effective Date
01-Nov-2018
Refers
ASTM D4439-18 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
15-Apr-2018
Refers
ASTM D883-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
Effective Date
15-Aug-2017

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ASTM D7613-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Flexible Polypropylene Reinforced (fPP-R) and Nonreinforced (fPP) GeomembranesASTM D7613-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Flexible Polypropylene Reinforced (fPP-R) and Nonreinforced (fPP) Geomembranes
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ASTM D7613-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Flexible Polypropylene Reinforced (fPP-R) and Nonreinforced (fPP) Geomembranes
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7613 − 17 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Specification for
Flexible Polypropylene Reinforced (fPP-R) and
Nonreinforced (fPP) Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7613; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1004 Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) of
Plastic Film and Sheeting
1.1 This specification covers flexible polypropylene rein-
D1204 Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes of
forced (fPP-R) and nonreinforced (fPP) geomembranes made
Nonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at Elevated
from flexible polypropylene as the principal polymer prepared
Temperature
by the polymerization of propylene with or without other alpha
D2136 Test Method for Coated Fabrics—Low-Temperature
olefin monomers.
Bend Test
1.2 The tests and property limits used to characterize the
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
sheet are values intended to ensure minimum quality. In-place
D4833/D4833M Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance
system design criteria, such as field-seaming strength and
of Geomembranes and Related Products
material compatibility, among others, are factors that should be
D5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness
considered but are beyond the scope of this specification.
of Geosynthetics
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D5538 Practice for Thermoplastic Elastomers—
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this Terminology and Abbreviations
standard.
D5884/D5884M Test Method for Determining Tearing
Strength of Internally Reinforced Geomembranes
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D6636 Test Method for Determination of Ply Adhesion
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Strength of Reinforced Geomembranes
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D6693/D6693M Test Method for Determining Tensile Prop-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
erties of Nonreinforced Polyethylene and Nonreinforced
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Flexible Polypropylene Geomembranes
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
D7004/D7004M Test Method for Grab Tensile Properties of
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Reinforced Geomembranes
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
G151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Accel-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
erated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light Sources
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
G154 Practice for Operating Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV)
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Materials
2. Referenced Documents
G155 Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Lamp Apparatus for
Exposure of Materials
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D573 Test Method for Rubber—Deterioration in an Air
3. Terminology
Oven
D751 Test Methods for Coated Fabrics
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
specification, refer to Terminologies D883 and D4439 and
Practice D5538.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.06 on Geosyn-
4. Materials and Manufacture
thetic Specifications.
Current edition approved June 1, 2023. Published June 2023. Originally
4.1 The sheet shall be capable of being heat welded, fused,
approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as D7613 – 17 (2019).
or adhesively bonded to itself for making watertight field
DOI: 10.1520/D7613-17R23.
2 splices and repairs.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.2 Geomembrane can be nonreinforced or reinforced with
Standards volume information, refer to the specification’s Document Summary page
on the ASTM website. fabric or scrim.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7613 − 17 (2023)
5. Chemical Composition nicks and cuts, voids, thin areas, delaminations, or other
manufacturing defects that might adversely affect serviceabil-
5.1 The geomembrane shall be formulated from virgin
ity.
flexible polypropylene in amounts greater than 85 % by weight
of the total polymer content. The remaining 15 % shall be
9. Test Methods
comprised of compatible polymers or pigments (or both),
9.1 Dimensions—Test Methods D751 for reinforced and
stabilizers, and colorants that are suitably compounded to
nonreinforced, after permitting the sheet to relax at 23 °C for
satisfy the physical requirements in the specification (see
1 h.
Practice D5538 for definitions).
9.2 Thickness—Test Method D5199 for reinforced and non-
NOTE 1—The compound shall not contain postconsumer (PCR) com-
reinforced.
ponents containing bitumen or any other ingredients that could interfere
with the long-term stability of the geomembrane. No more than 10 %
9.3 Thickness of Coating Over Scrim (Reinforcing
rework resin is allowed for the production of the membrane and shall be
Fabric)—Optical method described in Annex A1 for rein-
fully compatible with the parent material.
forced.
6. Properties 9.4 Breaking Strength—Test Method D7004/D7004M for
reinforced.
6.1 Each sheet specimen shall meet or exceed the property
requirements prescribed in Table 1 (fPP-R) or Table 2 (fPP). 9.5 Tensile Strength—Test Method D6693/D6693M for
nonreinforced.
6.2 The tolerance for time conditions (aging, weathering,
and so forth) is 615 min or 61 % of the period, whichever is 9.6 Elongation at Break—Test Method D7004/D7004M for
greater, unless otherwise specified. reinforced.
6.3 The tolerance for temperature conditions (aging and so 9.7 Ultimate Elongation %—Test Method D6693/D6693M
forth) is 62 °C of the specified temperature, unless otherwise for nonreinforced.
specified.
9.8 Tearing Strength—Test Method D5884/D5884M for
reinforced.
7. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations
9.9 Tear Resistance—Test Method D1004 for nonrein-
7.1 The width and length of the sheet shall be agreed upon
forced.
between the purchaser and the supplier.
9.10 Low-Temperature Bend—Test Method D2136 at
7.2 The tolerance for both width and length shall be +3 %,
–40 °C for reinforced and nonreinforced.
–1 %.
9.11 Heat Aging—Test Method D573 for reinforced and
7.3 The thickness tolerance shall be +15 %, –10 % of
nonreinforced.
thickness agreed upon by the purchaser and supplier, but in no
9.11.1 Age sheet specimens for 670 h at 116 °C.
case shall the thickness be less than the minimum in Table 1 or
9.11.2 After exposure, remove the sheet specimens from the
Table 2.
oven.
9.11.3 Specimens are then cut from the aged sheet for
8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
testing of breaking or tensile strength, elongation at break or
8.1 The sheet, including factory seams, if present, shall be ultimate elongation, and tearing strength or resistance.
watertight and free of pinholes, particles of foreign matter, 9.11.4 Specimens are then wrapped around a 75 mm diam-
protruding fibers or reinforcement, undispersed raw material, eter mandrel.
TABLE 1 Property Requirements for Flexible Polypropylene Reinforced (fPP-R)
Nominal Thickness, mm (in.)
Property Requirements Method
0.76 (0.030) 0.91 (0.036) 1.14 (0.045) 1.52 (0.060)
Thickness, minimum average, mm (in.) D5199 0.68 (0.027) 0.82 (0.032) 1.03 (0.040) 1.35 (0.054)
Thickness over scrim, minimum, mm (in.) Annex A1 0.20 (0.008) 0.25 (0.010) 0.33 (0.013) 0.46 (0.018)
Breaking strength, minimum, N (lbf) D7004/D7004M 750 (170) 890 (200) 1100 (250) 1100 (250)
Elongation at break, minimum, % D7004/D7004M 15 15 15 15
Tearing strength, minimum N (lbf) D5884/D5884M 220 (50) 244 (55) 310 (70) 310 (70)
Low-temperature bend, °C (°F) D2136 –40 (–40) –40 (–40) –40 (–40) –40 (–40)
Properties after heat aging & weathering D573, G151, G154,
G155
Retention of breaking strength, minimum, % 85 85 85 85
Retention of elongation at break, minimum, % 85 85 85 85
Retention of tearing strength, minimum, % 60 60 60 60
Visual inspection, no cracks or crazing (10×) Pass Pass Pass Pass
Linear dimensional change, maximum change, % D1204 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Puncture resistance, minimum, N (lbf) D4833/D4833M 220 (50) 330 (75) 378 (85) 400 (90)
Factory prepared, ply adhesion strength, D6636 2630 (15) 2630 (15) 2630 (15) 2630 (15)
minimum, N/m (lbf/in.)
D7613 − 17 (2023)
TABLE 2 Property Requirements for Flexible Polypropylene Nonreinforced (fPP)
Nominal Thickness, mm (in.)
Property Requirements Method
0.76 (0.030) 1.02 (0.040) 1.52 (0.060)
Thickness, minimum average, mm (in.) D5199 0.68 (0.027) 0.90 (0.035) 1.35 (0.054)
Tensile strength, minimum, kN/m (lbf/in.) D6693/D6693M 10.5 (60) 10.5 (60) 17 (96)
Ultimate elongation, minimum, % D6693/D6693M 700 600 600
Tear resistance, minimum, N (lbf) D1004 44 (10) 44 (10) 80 (18)
Low-temperature bend, °C (°F) D2136 –40 (–40) –40 (–40) –40 (–40)
Properties after heat aging & weathering D573, G151, G154, G155
Retention of tensile strength, minimum, % 85 85 85
Retention of ultimate elongation, minimum, % 85 85 85
Retention of tear resistance, minimum, % 60 60 60
Visual inspection, no cracks or crazing (10×) Pass Pass Pass
Linear dimensional change, maximum change, % D1204 3 3 3
Puncture resistance, minimum, N (lbf) D4833/D4833M 110 (25) 110 (25) 180 (40)
9.11.5 The specimens shall then be inspected for cracks or This equates to 8336 h of UV at 70 °C and 1664 h of
crazing at 10× magnification and be tested for breaking or condensation at 60 °C.)
tensile strength, elongation at break or ultimate elongation, and 9.15.2 Xenon-Arc Exposure—Apparatus described in Prac-
tearing strength or resistance, for reinforced or nonrein
...

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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a nondestructive evaluation of the continuity of parallel geomembrane seams separated by an unwelded air channel. The unwelded air channel between the two distinct seamed regions is sealed and inflated with air to a predetermined pressure. Long lengths of seam can be evaluated by this practice more quickly than by other common nondestructive tests.  
1.2 This practice should not be used as a substitute for destructive testing. Used in conjunction with destructive testing, this method can provide additional information regarding the seams undergoing testing.  
1.3 This practice supercedes Practice D4437/D4437M for geomembrane seams that include an air channel. Practice D4437/D4437M may continue to be used for other types of seams. The user is referred to the referenced standards or to EPA/530/SW-91/051 for additional information regarding geomembrane seaming techniques and construction quality assurance.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5884/D5884M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Tearing Strength of Internally Reinforced Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Since tear resistance may be affected to a large degree by mechanical fibering of the membrane under stress, as well as by stress distribution, strain rate, and size of specimen, the results obtained in a tear resistance test can only be regarded as a measure of the resistance under the conditions of that particular test and not necessarily as having any direct relation to service value. This test method measures the force required to tear a reinforced geomembrane along a reasonably defined course such as that the tear propagates across the width of the specimen. The values may vary between types of reinforcement used within a geomembrane.  
5.2 The tongue tear method is useful for estimating the relative tear resistance of different reinforcing textiles or different directions in the same reinforcing textiles.  
5.3 Disputes—In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical difference between their laboratories.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a uniform procedure for determining the tear strength of flexible geomembranes internally reinforced with a textile, using the tongue tear method.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5617-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Multi-Axial Elongation of Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Installed geomembranes are subjected to forces from more than one direction, including forces perpendicular to the surfaces of the geomembrane. Out-of-plane deformation of a geomembrane may be useful in evaluating materials for caps where subsidence of the subsoil may be problematic.  
5.2 Failure mechanisms on this test may be different compared to other relatively small-scale index tests and may be beneficial for design purposes.  
5.3 In applications where local subsidence is expected, this test can be considered a performance test.  
5.4 For applications where geomembranes cannot be deformed in the fashion this test method prescribes, this test method should be considered an index test.  
5.5 Due to the time involved to perform this test, it is not considered practical as a quality control test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the out-of-plane response of a geomembrane to a force that is applied perpendicular to the initial plane of the sample.  
1.2 When the geomembrane deforms to a prescribed geometric shape (arc of a sphere or ellipsoid), formulations are provided to convert the test data to biaxial tensile stress-strain values. These formulations cannot be used for other geometric shapes. With other geometric shapes, comparative data on deformation versus pressure is obtained.  
1.3 This test method requires a large-diameter pressure vessel (610 mm). Information obtained from this test method may be more appropriate for design purposes than many small-scale index tests.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7747/D7747M-11(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Integrity of Seams Produced Using Thermo-Fusion Methods for Reinforced Geomembranes by the Strip Tensile Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The use of reinforced geomembranes as barrier materials has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate the quality of seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. This test method is used for quality control purposes and is intended to provide quality control and quality assurance personnel with data to evaluate seam quality.  
4.2 This standard arose from the need for a destructive test method for evaluating seams of reinforced geomembranes. Standards written for destructive testing of nonreinforced geomembranes do not include all break codes (Fig. 1) applicable to reinforced geomembranes.
FIG. 1 Break Codes for Dual Hot Wedge and Hot Air Seams of Reinforced Geomembranes Tested for Seam Strength in Shear and Peel Modes  
4.3 When reinforcement occurs in directions other than machine and cross-machine, scrim are cut at specimen edges, generally lowering results. To partially compensate for this, testing can be performed according to Test Method D7749 or the 2 in. wide strip specimen specified in this method can be utilized. Testing of 1 in. and 2 in. specimens is Method A and Method B, respectively.  
4.4 The shear test outlined in this method correlates to strength of parent material measured according to Test Method D7003/D7003M only if reinforcement is parallel to TD. For other materials, seam strength and parent material strength can be compared through Test Methods D7749 and D7004/D7004M. Values obtained with the strip methods shall not be compared to values obtained with grab methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes destructive quality control tests used to determine the integrity of thermo-fusion seams made with reinforced geomembranes. Test procedures are described for seam tests for peel and shear properties using strip specimens.  
1.2 The types of thermal field and factory seaming techniques used to construct geomembrane seams include the following:  
1.2.1 Hot Air—This technique introduces high-temperature air between two geomembrane surfaces to facilitate melting. Pressure is applied to the top or bottom geomembrane, forcing together the two surfaces to form a continuous bond.  
1.2.2 Hot Wedge—This technique melts the two geomembrane surfaces to be seamed by running a hot metal wedge between them. Pressure is applied to the top and bottom geomembrane to form a continuous bond. Some seams of this kind are made with dual tracks separated by a non-bonded gap. These seams are sometimes referred to as dual hot wedge seams or double-track seams.  
1.2.3 Extrusion—This technique encompasses extruding molten resin between two geomembranes or at the edge of two overlapped geomembranes to effect a continuous bond.  
1.2.4 Radio Frequency (RF) or Dielectric—High-frequency dielectric equipment is used to generate heat and pressure to form an overlap seam in factory fabrication.  
1.2.5 Impulse—Clamping bars heated by wires or a ribbon melt the sheets clamped between them. A cooling period while still clamped allows the polymer to solidify before being released.  
1.3 The types of materials covered by this test method include, but are not limited to, reinforced geomembranes made from the following polymers:  
1.3.1 Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE).  
1.3.2 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).  
1.3.3 Flexible polypropylene (fPP).  
1.3.4 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).  
1.3.5 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE).  
1.3.6 Ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA).  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish ap...

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ASTM
ASTM D5101-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compatibility of Soil-Geotextile Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is recommended for the evaluation of the performance of water-saturated soil-geotextile systems under unidirectional flow conditions. The results obtained may be used as an indication of the compatibility of the soil-geotextile system with respect to both particle retention and flow capacity.  
5.2 This test method is intended to evaluate the performance of specific on-site soils and geotextiles at the design stage of a project, or to provide qualitative data that may help identify causes of failure (for example, clogging, particle loss). It is not appropriate for acceptance testing of geotextiles. It is also improper to utilize the results from this test for job specifications or manufacturers' certifications.  
5.3 This test method is intended for site-specific investigation therefore is not an index property of the geotextile, and thus is not intended to be requested of the manufacturer or supplier of the geotextile.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers performance tests applicable for determining the compatibility of geotextiles with various types of water-saturated soils under unidirectional flow conditions.  
1.2 Two evaluation methods may be used to investigate soil-geotextile filtration behavior, depending on the soil type:  
1.2.1 For soils with a plasticity index lower than 5, the systems compatibility shall be evaluated per this standard.  
1.2.2 For soils with a plasticity index of 5 or more, it is recommended to use Test Method D5567 (‘HCR,’ Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio) instead of this test method.  
1.2.3 If the plasticity index of the soil is close to 5, the involved parties shall agree on the selection of the appropriate method prior to conducting the test. This task may require comparison of the permeability of the soil-geotextile system to the detection limits of the HCR and Gradient Ratio Test (GRT) test apparatus being used.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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