ASTM D4435-13
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Rock Bolt Anchor Pull Test
Standard Test Method for Rock Bolt Anchor Pull Test
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Rock bolts are used for support in a variety of mining and civil engineering situations.3 The pull test may be used to provide a quantitative measure of the relative performance of different anchor systems in the same rock type. Anchor systems may be different mechanical anchors or different bond materials or lengths for grouted anchors. Such data can be used to choose an anchor type and determine bolt length, spacing, and size.
5.2 The objective of the method is to measure anchor performance, and not the performance of the rock bolt itself. Thus, to make sure the bolt response during the test is minimal and predictable, high strength, short-length (6 to 8 ft (1.8 to 2.5 m)) bolts have been specified. The bolt should be just long enough to make sure that failure occurs in the anchor system and not from the reaction pad bearing down on the rock mass.
5.3 Ideally, the rock bolt anchor should fail by shear at the anchor-rock interface or bond. Therefore, the local characteristics of the rock, such as roughness and induced fractures, are significant factors in the anchor strength. To obtain realistic strength values, the test holes should be drilled using the same methods as the construction rock bolt holes.
5.4 Rocks with significant time-dependent behavior, such as rock salt or shale, may respond to the anchor system itself and change the anchor strength. In these cases, consideration should be given to testing bolts over a period of time.
5.5 In establishing a testing program, the following factors should be considered:
5.5.1 Anchor pull tests should be conducted in all rock types in which construction bolts will be installed. If the rock is anisotropic, for example, bedded or schistose, the tests should be conducted in various orientations relative to the anisotropy, including those at which the construction bolt may be installed.
5.5.2 In each rock type, at each orientation, and for each anchor system, a sufficient number of tests should be c...
SCOPE
1.1 The objective of this test method is to measure the working and ultimate capacities of a rock bolt anchor. This method does not measure the entire roof support system. This method also does not include tests for pretensioned bolts or mine roof support system evaluation.
1.2 This test method is applicable to mechanical, cement grout, resin, (epoxy, polyester, and the like), or other similar anchor systems.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in units other than inch-pound shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method.
1.3.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety an...
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Designation: D4435 − 13
StandardTest Method for
1
Rock Bolt Anchor Pull Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4435; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 The objective of this test method is to measure the
working and ultimate capacities of a rock bolt anchor. This
2. Referenced Documents
method does not measure the entire roof support system. This
2
method also does not include tests for pretensioned bolts or
2.1 ASTM Standards:
mine roof support system evaluation.
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Fluids
1.2 This test method is applicable to mechanical, cement
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
grout, resin, (epoxy, polyester, and the like), or other similar
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
anchor systems.
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
Data
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in
3. Terminology
units other than inch-pound shall not be regarded as noncon-
formance with this test method. 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of common technical terms
in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.
1.3.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used
when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass
3.2.1 displacement—the movement of the rock bolt head.
is slugs.
3.2.2 failure—in rock bolt testing, failure is defined as the
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
inability of the anchor system or rock to sustain increased load
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
without rapidly increasing deformation. In some instances, the
Practice D6026.
peak load itself cannot be sustained.
1.4.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
3.2.3 load—the total axial force on the rock bolt.
recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
3.2.4 ultimate capacity—the maximum load sustained by
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
the anchor system.
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
3.2.5 working capacity—the load on the anchor system at
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
which significantly increasing displacement begins.
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
4. Summary of Test Method
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical
4.1 A rock bolt is installed in the same manner and in the
methods for engineering design. same material as its intended construction use. The bolt is
pulled hydraulically and the displacement of the bolt head is
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
measured concurrently. The bolt is pulled until the anchor
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
systemorrockfails.Theultimateandworkingcapacitiesofthe
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
bolt are calculated from the plot of load versus displacement.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
2
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published December 2013. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4435 – 08. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D4435-13. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4435 − 13
5. Significance and Use 6. Apparatus
5.1 Rock bolts are used for support in a variety of mining
6.1 Loading System—The system for pulling the rock bolts
3
an
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4435 − 08 D4435 − 13
Standard Test Method for
1
Rock Bolt Anchor Pull Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4435; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 The objective of this test method is to measure the working and ultimate capacities of a rock bolt anchor. This method does
not measure the entire roof support system. This method also does not include tests for pretensioned bolts or mine roof support
system evaluation.
1.2 This test method is applicable to mechanical, cement grout, resin, (epoxy, polyester, and the like), or other similar anchor
systems.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in units
other than inch-pound shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method.
1.3.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf)
represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.4.1 The methodprocedures used to specify how data are collected, calculated, collected/recorded or recordedcalculated, in this
standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies
the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative
of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase
or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard
to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D4436 Test Method for Rock Bolt Long-Term Load Retention Test
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
D6167 Guide for Conducting Borehole Geophysical Logging: Mechanical Caliper
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—See For definitions of common technical terms in this standard, refer to Terminology D653 for general
definitions.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.
Current edition approved July 1, 2008Nov. 1, 2013. Published July 2008December 2013. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20042008 as
D4435 – 04.D4435 – 08. DOI: 10.1520/D4435-08.10.1520/D4435-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4435 − 13
3.2.1 displacement—Thethe movement of the rock bolt head.
3.2.2 failure—in rock bolt testing, failure is defined as the inability of the anchor system or rock to sustain increased load
without rapidly increasing deformation. In some instances, the peak load itself cannot be sustained.
3.2.3 load—the total axial forc
...
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