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ASTM F3298-18

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Design, Construction, and Verification of Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)

Standard Specification for Design, Construction, and Verification of Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the airworthiness requirements for the design of fixed-wing unmanned aircraft systems. This specification defines the baseline design, construction, and verification requirements for an unmanned aircraft system (UAS).  
1.2 As a minimum, a UAS is defined as a system composed of the unmanned aircraft and all required on-board subsystems, payload, control station, other required off-board subsystems, any required launch and recovery equipment, all required crew members, and command and control (C2) links between UA and the control station.  
1.3 The intent is for this standard of practice for CAA, self- or third-party determinations of airworthiness for UAS. This specification provides the core requirements for airworthiness certification of lightweight (UAS) (not necessarily limited to UAs under 55 lb GTOW) or for certain CAA operational approvals using risk-based categories. Additional requirements are envisioned to address the requirements for expanded operations and characteristics not addressed by this specification.  
1.4 This specification is intended to support UAS operations. It is assumed that the risk of UAS will vary based on concept of operations, environment, and other variables. The fact that there are no human beings onboard the UAS may reduce or eliminate some hazards and risks. However, at the discretion of the CAA, this specification may be applied to other UAS operations.  
1.5 The values in Imperial units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in SI are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2018
ICS
49.020 - Aircraft and space vehicles in general
Technical Committee
F38 - Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Drafting Committee
F38.01 - Airworthiness
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM F3298-19 - Standard Specification for Design, Construction, and Verification of Lightweight Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)
Effective Date
01-Feb-2019
Referred By
ASTM F3266-23 - Standard Guide for Training for Remote Pilot in Command of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Endorsement
Effective Date
01-May-2018
Referred By
ASTM F2909-19 - Standard Specification for Continued Airworthiness of Lightweight Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Effective Date
01-May-2018
Referred By
ASTM F3366-19 - Standard Specification for General Maintenance Manual (GMM) for a small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)
Effective Date
01-May-2018
Referred By
ASTM F3379-20 - Standard Guide for Training for Public Safety Remote Pilot of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Endorsement
Effective Date
01-May-2018
Referred By
ASTM F3478-20 - Standard Practice for Development of a Durability and Reliability Flight Demonstration Program for Low-Risk Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) under FAA Oversight
Effective Date
01-May-2018
Referred By
ASTM F2908-23 - Standard Specification for Unmanned Aircraft Flight Manual (UFM) for an Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS)
Effective Date
01-May-2018
Referred By
ASTM F3563-22 - Standard Specification for Design and Construction of Large Fixed Wing Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Effective Date
01-May-2018
Referred By
ASTM F3196-18 - Standard Practice for Seeking Approval for Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) Operations
Effective Date
01-May-2018
Referred By
ASTM F3389/F3389M-21 - Standard Test Method for Assessing the Safety of Small Unmanned Aircraft Impacts
Effective Date
01-May-2018
Referred By
ASTM F3341/F3341M-23 - Standard Terminology for Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Effective Date
01-May-2018

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ASTM F3298-18 - Standard Specification for Design, Construction, and Verification of Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)ASTM F3298-18 - Standard Specification for Design, Construction, and Verification of Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)
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ASTM F3298-18 - Standard Specification for Design, Construction, and Verification of Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:F3298 −18
Standard Specification for
Design, Construction, and Verification of Fixed-Wing
1
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3298; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 Thisspecificationcoverstheairworthinessrequirements
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
for the design of fixed-wing unmanned aircraft systems. This
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
specification defines the baseline design, construction, and
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
verification requirements for an unmanned aircraft system
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
(UAS).
1.2 As a minimum, a UAS is defined as a system composed
2. Referenced Documents
oftheunmannedaircraftandallrequiredon-boardsubsystems,
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
payload, control station, other required off-board subsystems,
F2245Specification for Design and Performance of a Light
any required launch and recovery equipment, all required crew
Sport Airplane
members, and command and control (C2) links between UA
F2908Specification forAircraft Flight Manual (AFM) for a
and the control station.
Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)
1.3 The intent is for this standard of practice for CAA, self-
F2909Practice for Maintenance and Continued Airworthi-
or third-party determinations of airworthiness for UAS. This
ness of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)
specification provides the core requirements for airworthiness
F2911Practice for Production Acceptance of Small Un-
certification of lightweight (UAS) (not necessarily limited to
manned Aircraft System (sUAS)
UAs under 55 lb GTOW) or for certain CAA operational
F3002Specification for Design of the Command and Con-
approvalsusingrisk-basedcategories.Additionalrequirements
trolSystemforSmallUnmannedAircraftSystems(sUAS)
are envisioned to address the requirements for expanded
F3003Specification for Quality Assurance of a Small Un-
operations and characteristics not addressed by this specifica-
manned Aircraft System (sUAS)
tion.
F3005Specification for Batteries for Use in Small Un-
1.4 This specification is intended to support UAS opera-
manned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)
tions. It is assumed that the risk of UAS will vary based on
F3178Practice for Operational Risk Assessment of Small
concept of operations, environment, and other variables. The
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)
fact that there are no human beings onboard the UAS may
F3201Practice for Ensuring Dependability of Software
reduce or eliminate some hazards and risks. However, at the
Used in Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)
discretion of the CAA, this specification may be applied to
3
2.2 Unmanned Systems Canada Best Practices:
other UAS operations.
Small Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (UAS) Best Prac-
1.5 The values in Imperial units are to be regarded as the
tices for BVLOS Operations
standard. The values in SI are for information only.
2.3 Federal Standards:
4
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
14 CFR Part 107Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1 3
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F38 on Available from Unmanned Systems Canada, PO Box 81055, Ottawa, Ontario,
UnmannedAircraftSystemsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeF38.01 K1P 1B1, https://www.unmannedsystems.ca.
4
on Airworthiness. Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of
Current edition approved May 1, 2018. Published May 2018. DOI: 10.1520/ Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http://
F3298-18. www.access.gpo.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F3298−18
2.4 ANSI Standard: 3.1.8 conflict point, n—the time of a predicted collision or
ANSI Z535.1 – 1998 American National Standards for point of closest approach that is within the collisio
...

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4.1 The purpose of this standard practice is to provide the minimum requirements for the conduct of compliance audits.  
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1.1 This standard practice establishes the minimum set of requirements for auditing programs, methods, and systems, the responsibilities for all parties involved, and qualifications for entities conducting audits against ASTM standards on Unmanned Aircraft Systems. This document has been purposefully designed within the broader context of the Committee F38 library. Although the original source materials for the content presented here were intended to function as standalone documents, the committee has consciously removed any redundant information in favor of adopting a referential "single-source-of-truth" approach. Consequently, when applying this standard, it is essential to consider and integrate all relevant Committee F38 standards to ensure its comprehensive and accurate implementation.  
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This specification establishes the design, construction, and test requirements for a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS). It is intended for all sUAS that are permitted to operate over a defined area and in airspace authorized by a nation's governing aviation authority (GAA). Unless otherwise specified by a nation’s GAA, this specification applies only to UA that have a maximum takeoff gross weight of 55 lb/25 kg or less.
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This specification provides a consensus standard for an application to a nation's governing aviation authority (GAA) for a permit to operate a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) for commercial or public use purposes. It is intended for all sUAS that are allowed to operate over a defined area and in airspace authorized by a nation's GAA. Unless otherwise specified by a nation's GAA, this specification applies only to UA that have a maximum gross takeoff weight of 25 kg (55 lb) or less. This specification covers general command and control (C2) requirements, C2 system spectrum requirements, C2 link requirements, UA requirements, and fly-away functionality.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification is provided as a consensus standard in support of an application to a nation’s governing aviation authority (GAA) for a permit to operate a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) for commercial or public use purposes.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM F3423/F3423M-22(Specification)
Standard Specification for Vertiport Design

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1.1 This specification defines the requirements for the planning, design, and establishment of vertiports intended to service vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft. These aircraft include, but are not limited to, standard category aircraft, optionally piloted aircraft, and unmanned aircraft. Aircraft not covered by this specification include VTOL aircraft less than 55 lb [25 kg]. In developing these standards, identified types of eVTOL aircraft, for example, Multi-Rotor, Lift & Cruise, Vectored Thrust, Tilt Wing, Tilt Rotor, etc., were considered. Ultimately it is up to the authorities having jurisdiction (AHJ) as to how and to what extent these standards are applied. Vertiports may provide commercial or private services in support of the operation of eVTOL aircraft including, but not limited to, some or all of occupant and cargo transport, air medical, flight instruction, aerial work, aircraft rental, fueling, charging of energy storage devices, battery exchange, hangaring, and maintenance services.  
1.2 This specification is intended to support the design of civil vertiports and vertistops, however, it may also be used as a best practice document for other facilities.  
1.2.1 Vertiport  is a generic reference to the area of land, water, or structure used, or intended to be used, for the landing and takeoff of VTOL aircraft, together with associated buildings and facilities. At this time, aircraft with floats conducting water landings and takeoffs are not included in this specification.  
1.2.2 Vertistop—The same as Vertiport, except that no fueling, defueling, scheduled maintenance, scheduled repairs, or storage of aircraft is permitted. Unscheduled maintenance and repairs to return an aircraft in an AOG (Aircraft on Ground) status to a serviceable status are permissible.  
1.3 This document may present information in either SI units, English Engineering units, or both. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined  
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ASTM F3411-22a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Remote ID and Tracking

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance requirements for remote identification (Remote ID) of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). Remote ID allows governmental and civil identification of UAS for safety, security, and compliance purposes. The objective is to increase UAS remote pilot accountability by removing anonymity while preserving operational privacy for remote pilots, businesses, and their customers. Remote ID is an enabler of enhanced operations such as beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) operations as well as operations over people.  
1.2 This specification defines message formats, transmission methods, and minimum performance standards for two forms of Remote ID: broadcast and network. Broadcast Remote ID is based on the transmission of radio signals directly from a UAS to receivers in the UAS’s vicinity. Network Remote ID is based on communication by means of the internet from a network Remote ID service provider (Net-RID SP) that interfaces directly or indirectly with the UAS, or with other sources in the case of intent-based network participants.  
1.3 This specification addresses the communications and test requirements of broadcast or network Remote ID, or both, in UAS and Net-RID SP systems.  
1.4 Applicability:  
1.4.1 This specification is applicable to UAS that operate at very low level (VLL) airspace over diverse environments including but not limited to rural, urban, networked, network degraded, and network denied environments, regardless of airspace class.  
1.4.2 This specification neither purports to address UAS operating with approval to use ADS-B or secondary surveillance radar transponders, nor does it purport to solve ID needs of UAS for all operations.  
1.4.3 In particular, this specification does not purport to address identification needs for UAS that are not participating in Remote ID or operators that purposefully circumvent Remote ID.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5.1 Units of measurement included in this specification:    
m  
meters  
deg, °  
degrees of latitude and longitude, compass direction  
s  
seconds  
Hz  
Hertz (frequency)  
dBm  
decibel-milliwatts (radio frequency power)  
ppm  
parts per million (radio frequency variation)  
μs  
microseconds  
ms  
milliseconds  
1.6 Table of Contents:    
Title  
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Remote ID and Network Interoperability Conceptual Overview  
4  
Performance Requirements  
5  
TEST METHODS  
Scope  
6  
Significance and Use  
7  
Hazards  
8  
Test Units  
9  
Procedure  
10  
Precision and Bias  
11  
Product Marking  
12  
Packaging and Package Marking  
13  
Keywords  
14  
ANNEX A1—Broadcast Authentication Verifier Service  
Annex A1  
ANNEX A2—Network Remote ID Interoperability Requirements, APIs, and Testing  
Annex A2  
ANNEX A3—Tables of Values  
Annex A3  
ANNEX A4—USS-DSS and USS-USS OpenAPI YAML Description  
Annex A4  
ANNEX A5—Number Registrar Management Policy  
Annex A5  
APPENDIX X1—Performance Characteristics  
Appendix X1  
APPENDIX X2—List of Subcommittee Participants and Contributors  
Appendix X2  
APPENDIX X3—Background Information  
Appendix X3  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in Section 8 on Hazards.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the D...

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