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ASTM C1274-00

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Advanced Ceramic Specific Surface Area by Physical Adsorption

Standard Test Method for Advanced Ceramic Specific Surface Area by Physical Adsorption

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of surface area of advanced ceramic materials. This test method specifies general procedures that are applicable to many commercial physical adsorption instruments. This test method provides specific sample outgassing procedures for listed materials, including silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and zirconium oxide. It includes additional general outgassing instructions for other advanced ceramic materials. The multipoint equation of Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) along with the single point approximation of the BET equation form the basis for all calculations.
1.2 This test method does not include all existing procedures appropriate for outgassing advanced ceramic materials. The included procedures provided acceptable results for samples analyzed during round robin testing. The investigator must determine the appropriateness of listed procedures.
1.3 This test method uses SI units as standard. State all numerical values in terms of SI units unless specific instrumentation software reports surface area using alternate units. In this case, present both reported and equivalent SI units in the final written report. Many instruments report surface area as m2/g, instead of using correct SI units (m2/kg).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-2000
ICS
81.060.99 - Other standards related to ceramics
Technical Committee
C28 - Advanced Ceramics
Drafting Committee
C28.03 - Physical Properties and Non-Destructive Evaluation
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1274-95 - Standard Test Method for Advanced Ceramic Specific Surface Area by Physical Adsorption
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Replaced By
ASTM C1274-00(2006) - Standard Test Method for Advanced Ceramic Specific Surface Area by Physical Adsorption
Effective Date
01-Jan-2006
Referred By
ASTM D8325-20 - Standard Guide for Evaluation of Nuclear Graphite Surface Area and Porosity by Gas Adsorption Measurements
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM C1793-15 - Standard Guide for Development of Specifications for Fiber Reinforced Silicon Carbide-Silicon Carbide Composite Structures for Nuclear Applications
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM C757-16(2021) - Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Plutonium Dioxide Powder for Light Water Reactors
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM C1783-15 - Standard Guide for Development of Specifications for Fiber Reinforced Carbon-Carbon Composite Structures for Nuclear Applications
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM C781-20 - Standard Practice for Testing Graphite Materials for Gas-Cooled Nuclear Reactor Components
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM E2864-18(2022) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Airborne Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Surface Area Concentration in Inhalation Exposure Chambers using Krypton Gas Adsorption
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000

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ASTM C1274-00 - Standard Test Method for Advanced Ceramic Specific Surface Area by Physical AdsorptionASTM C1274-00 - Standard Test Method for Advanced Ceramic Specific Surface Area by Physical Adsorption
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ASTM C1274-00 - Standard Test Method for Advanced Ceramic Specific Surface Area by Physical Adsorption
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C 1274 – 00
Standard Test Method for
Advanced Ceramic Specific Surface Area by Physical
1
Adsorption
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1274; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversdeterminationofsurfaceareaof
advancedceramicmaterials.Thistestmethodspecifiesgeneral
3. Terminology
procedures that are applicable to many commercial physical
4
3.1 Definitions:
adsorption instruments. This test method provides specific
3.1.1 adsorbate,, n—material that has been retained by the
sample outgassing procedures for listed materials, including
process of adsorption.
siliconcarbide,siliconnitride,andzirconiumoxide.Itincludes
3.1.2 adsorbent,, n—any solid having the ability to concen-
additional general outgassing instructions for other advanced
trate significant quantities of other substances on its surface.
ceramic materials. The multipoint equation of Brunauer, Em-
2 3.1.3 adsorption,, n—a process in which fluid molecules
mett andTeller (BET) along with the single point approxima-
areconcentratedonasurfacebychemicalorphysicalforces,or
tion of the BET equation form the basis for all calculations.
both.
1.2 This test method does not include all existing proce-
3.1.4 adsorptive,, n—any substance available for adsorp-
dures appropriate for outgassing advanced ceramic materials.
tion.
The included procedures provided acceptable results for
3.1.5 aliquant,, n—a representative portion of a whole that
samples analyzed during round robin testing. The investigator
divides the whole leaving a remainder.
must determine the appropriateness of listed procedures.
3.1.6 outgassing,, n—theevolutionofgasfromamaterialin
1.3 This test method uses SI units as standard. State all
a vacuum or inert gas flow, at or above ambient temperature.
numerical values in terms of SI units unless specific instru-
3.1.7 physical adsorption (van der Waals adsorption),,
mentationsoftwarereportssurfaceareausingalternateunits.In
n—the binding of an adsorbate to the surface of a solid by
this case, present both reported and equivalent SI units in the
forceswhoseenergylevelsapproximatethoseofcondensation.
final written report. Many instruments report surface area as
2 2
3.1.8 surface area,, n—the total area of the surface of a
m /g, instead of using correct SI units (m /kg).
powder or solid including both external and accessible internal
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
surfaces (from voids, cracks, open porosity, and fissures). The
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
area may be calculated by the BET (Brunauer, Emmett, and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2
Teller ) equation from gas adsorption data obtained under
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
specific conditions. It is useful to express this value as the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
specific surface area, for example, surface area per unit weight
2
2. Referenced Documents of sample (m /g).
3 3.1.9 surface area (BET),, n— the total surface area of a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
solid calculated by the BET (Brunauer, Emmett, Teller )
D1993 Test Method for Precipitated Silica—Surface Area
equation, from nitrogen adsorption or desorption data obtained
by Multipoint BET Nitrogen Adsorption
under specific conditions.
3.1.10 surface area, specific,, n—the area, per unit mass of
a granular or powdered or formed porous solid, of all external
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on
plusinternalsurfacesthatareaccessibletoapenetratinggasor
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.03 on
liquid.
Physical Properties and Performance.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2000. Published March 2001. Originally
4. Summary of Test Method
published as C1274–94. Last previous edition C1274–95.
2
Brunauer, S., Emmett, P. H., and Teller, E., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60, 1938, pp.
4.1 An appropriate sized sample (to provide at least the
309–319.
minimum surface area required for reliable results for the
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
4
the ASTM website. Compilation of ASTM Standard Terminology, 8th ed, 1994.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
...

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5.1 Advanced ceramics usually display a linear stress-strain behavior to failure. Lack of ductility combined with flaws that have various sizes and orientations leads to scatter in failure strength. Strength is not a deterministic property, but instead reflects an intrinsic fracture toughness and a distribution (size and orientation) of flaws present in the material. This practice is applicable to brittle monolithic ceramics that fail as a result of catastrophic propagation of flaws present in the material. This practice is also applicable to composite ceramics that do not exhibit any appreciable bilinear or nonlinear deformation behavior. In addition, the composite must contain a sufficient quantity of uniformly distributed reinforcements such that the material is effectively homogeneous. Whisker-toughened ceramic composites may be representative of this type of material.  
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1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard per IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
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ASTM C1291-18(Test Method)
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4.1 Creep tests measure the time-dependent deformation under force at a given temperature, and, by implication, the force-carrying capability of the material for limited deformations. Creep rupture tests, properly interpreted, provide a measure of the force-carrying capability of the material as a function of time and temperature. The two tests complement each other in defining the force-carrying capability of a material for a given period of time. In selecting materials and designing parts for service at elevated temperatures, the type of test data used will depend on the criteria for force-carrying capability that best defines the service usefulness of the material.  
4.2 This test method may be used for material development, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
4.3 High-strength, monolithic ceramic materials, generally characterized by small grain sizes (  
4.4 Data obtained for design and predictive purposes shall be obtained using any appropriate combination of test methods that provide the most relevant information for the applications being considered. It is noted here that ceramic materials tend to creep more rapidly in tension than in compression (1-3).4 This difference results in time-dependent changes in the stress distribution and the position of the neutral axis when tests are conducted in flexure. As a consequence, deconvolution of flexural creep data to obtain the constitutive equations needed for design cannot be achieved without some degree of uncertainty concerning the form of the creep equations, and the magnitude of the creep rate in tension vis-a-vis the creep rate in compression. Therefore, creep data for design and life prediction shall be obtained in both tension and compression, as well as the expected service stress state.
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Standard Test Method for Monotonic Tensile Behavior of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics with Solid Rectangular Cross-Section Test Specimens at Ambient Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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4.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites generally characterized by fine grain-sized (  
4.3 Unlike monolithic advanced ceramics which fracture catastrophically from a single dominant flaw, CFCCs generally experience “graceful” fracture from a cumulative damage process. Therefore, the volume of material subjected to a uniform tensile stress for a single uniaxially loaded tensile test may not be as significant a factor in determining the ultimate strengths of CFCCs. However, the need to test a statistically significant number of tensile test specimens is not obviated. Therefore, because of the probabilistic nature of the strength distributions of the brittle matrices of CFCCs, a sufficient number of test specimens at each testing condition is required for statistical analysis and design. Studies to determine the exact influence of test specimen volume on strength distributions for CFCCs have not been completed. It should be noted that tensile strengths obtained using different recommended tensile specimens with different volumes of material in the gage sections may be different due to these volume differences.  
4.4 Tensile tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. Uniform stress states are required to effectively evaluate any nonlinear stress-strain behavior which may develop as the result of cumulative damage processes (for example, matrix cracking, matrix/fiber debonding, fiber fracture, delamination, etc.) which may be influenced by testing mode, testing rate, processing or alloying effects, or environmental influences. Some of these effects may be consequences of stress corrosion or subcritical (slow) crack growth that can be minimized by testing at sufficiently rapid rates as outlined in this test method.  
4.5 The results of tensile t...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile behavior including tensile strength and stress-strain response under monotonic uniaxial loading of continuous fiber-reinforced advanced ceramics at ambient temperature. This test method addresses, but is not restricted to, various suggested test specimen geometries as listed in the appendix. In addition, test specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (force, displacement, or strain control), testing rates (force rate, stress rate, displacement rate, or strain rate), allowable bending, and data collection and reporting procedures are addressed. Note that tensile strength as used in this test method refers to the tensile strength obtained under monotonic uniaxial loading where monotonic refers to a continuous nonstop test rate with no reversals from test initiation to final fracture.  
1.2 This test method applies primarily to all advanced ceramic matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement: unidirectional (1D), bidirectional (2D), and tridirectional (3D). In addition, this test method may also be used with glass (amorphous) matrix composites with 1D, 2D, and 3D continuous fiber reinforcement. This test method does not directly address discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the test methods detailed here may be equally applicable to these composites.  
1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7 and 8.2.5.2.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance...

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ASTM
ASTM C1337-17(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Creep and Creep Rupture of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics Under Tensile Loading at Elevated Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
4.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites are candidate materials for structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance and toughness at high temperatures.  
4.3 Creep tests measure the time-dependent deformation of a material under constant load at a given temperature. Creep rupture tests provide a measure of the life of the material when subjected to constant mechanical loading at elevated temperatures. In selecting materials and designing parts for service at elevated temperatures, the type of test data used will depend on the criteria for load-carrying capability which best defines the service usefulness of the material.  
4.4 Creep and creep rupture tests provide information on the time-dependent deformation and on the time-of-failure of materials subjected to uniaxial tensile stresses at elevated temperatures. Uniform stress states are required to effectively evaluate any nonlinear stress-strain behavior which may develop as the result of cumulative damage processes (for example, matrix cracking, matrix/fiber debonding, fiber fracture, delamination, etc.) which may be influenced by test mode, test rate, processing or alloying effects, environmental influences, or elevated temperatures. Some of these effects may be consequences of stress corrosion or subcritical (slow) crack growth. It is noted that ceramic materials typically creep more rapidly in tension than in compression. Therefore, creep data for design and life prediction should be obtained in both tension and compression.  
4.5 The results of tensile creep and tensile creep rupture tests of specimens fabricated to standardized dimensions from a particular material or selected portions of a part, or both, may not totally represent the creep deformation and creep rupture properties of the entire, full-size end p...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the time-dependent deformation and time-to-rupture of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites under constant tensile loading at elevated temperatures. This test method addresses, but is not restricted to, various suggested test specimen geometries. In addition, test specimen fabrication methods, allowable bending, temperature measurements, temperature control, data collection, and reporting procedures are addressed.  
1.2 This test method is intended primarily for use with all advanced ceramic matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement: unidirectional (1-D), bidirectional (2-D), and tridirectional (3-D). In addition, this test method may also be used with glass matrix composites with 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D continuous fiber reinforcement. This test method does not address directly discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the test methods detailed here may be equally applicable to these composites.  
1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Hazard statements are noted in 7.1 and 7.2.

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ASTM
ASTM C1211-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes. This test method is intended to be used with ceramics whose flexural strength is ∼50 MPa (∼7 ksi) or greater.  
4.2 The flexure stress is computed based on simple beam theory, with assumptions that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression are identical, and the material is linearly elastic. The average grain size should be no greater than 1/50 of the beam thickness. The homogeneity and isotropy assumptions in the test method rule out the use of it for continuous fiber-reinforced composites for which Test Method C1341 is more appropriate.  
4.3 The flexural strength of a group of test specimens is influenced by several parameters associated with the test procedure. Such factors include the testing rate, test environment, specimen size, specimen preparation, and test fixtures. Specimen and fixture sizes were chosen to provide a balance between the practical configurations and resulting errors as discussed in Test Method C1161, and Refs (1-3).4 Specific fixture and specimen configurations were designated in order to permit the ready comparison of data without the need for Weibull size scaling.  
4.4 The flexural strength of a ceramic material is dependent on both its inherent resistance to fracture and the size and severity of flaws. Variations in these cause a natural scatter in test results for a sample of test specimens. Fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces, although beyond the scope of this test method, is highly recommended for all purposes, especially if the data will be used for design as discussed in Ref (4) and Practices C1322 and C1239.  
4.5 This method determines the flexural strength at elevated temperature and ambient environmental conditions at a nominal, moderately fast testing rate. The flexural strength under these conditions may or may not necessarily be the...
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1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of advanced ceramics at elevated temperatures.2 Four-point-1/4-point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard as shown in Fig. 1. Rectangular specimens of prescribed cross-section are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations. Test specimens may be 3 by 4 by 45 to 50 mm in size that are tested on 40-mm outer span four-point or three-point fixtures. Alternatively, test specimens and fixture spans half or twice these sizes may be used. The test method permits testing of machined or as-fired test specimens. Several options for machining preparation are included: application matched machining, customary procedures, or a specified standard procedure. This test method describes the apparatus, specimen requirements, test procedure, calculations, and reporting requirements. The test method is applicable to monolithic or particulate- or whisker-reinforced ceramics. It may also be used for glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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