C28.03 - Physical Properties and Non-Destructive Evaluation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful to both suppliers and users of powders, as outlined in 1.1 and 1.2, in determining particle size distribution for product specifications, manufacturing control, development, and research.  
5.2 Users should be aware that sample concentrations used in this test method may not be what is considered ideal by some authorities, and that the range of this test method extends into the region where Brownian movement could be a factor in conventional sedimentation. Within the range of this test method, neither the sample concentration nor Brownian movement is believed to be significant. Standard reference materials traceable to national standards, of chemical composition specifically covered by this test method, are available from NIST,3 and perhaps other suppliers.  
5.3 Reported particle size measurement is a function of the actual particle dimension and shape factor as well as the particular physical or chemical properties being measured. Caution is required when comparing data from instruments operating on different physical or chemical parameters or with different particle size measurement ranges. Sample acquisition, handling, and preparation can also affect reported particle size results.  
5.4 Suppliers and users of data obtained using this test method need to agree upon the suitability of these data to provide specification for and allow performance prediction of the materials analyzed.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle size distribution of advanced ceramic powders. Experience has shown that this test method is satisfactory for the analysis of silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and zirconium oxide in the size range of 0.1 up to 50 µm.  
1.1.1 However, the relationship between size and sedimentation velocity used in this test method assumes that particles sediment within the laminar flow regime. It is generally accepted that particles sedimenting with a Reynolds number of 0.3 or less will do so under conditions of laminar flow with negligible error. Particle size distribution analysis for particles settling with a larger Reynolds number may be incorrect due to turbulent flow. Some materials covered by this test method may settle in water with a Reynolds number greater than 0.3 if large particles are present. The user of this test method should calculate the Reynolds number of the largest particle expected to be present in order to judge the quality of obtained results. Reynolds number (Re) can be calculated using the following equation:
   where:  
  D  =  the diameter of the largest particle expected to be present, in cm,   ρ  =  the particle density, in g/cm3,   ρ0  =  the suspending liquid density, in g/cm3,   g  =  the acceleration due to gravity, 981 cm/sec2, and   η  =  the suspending liquid viscosity, in poise.    
1.1.2 A table of the largest particles that can be analyzed with a suggested maximum Reynolds number of 0.3 or less in water at 35 °C is given for a number of materials in Table 1. A column of the Reynolds number calculated for a 50-µm particle sedimenting in the same liquid system is also given for each material. Larger particles can be analyzed in dispersing media with viscosities greater than that for water. Aqueous solutions of glycerine or sucrose have such higher viscosities.  
1.2 The procedure described in this test method may be applied successfully to other ceramic powders in this general size range, provided that appropriate dispersion procedures are developed. It is the responsibility of the user to determine the applicability of this test method to other materials. Note however that some ceramics, such as boron carbide and boron nitride, may not absorb X-rays sufficiently to be characterized by this analysis method.  
1.3 The values stated in cgs units are to be regarded as the standard, which is the long-standing industry practice. The values given in parentheses are for information onl...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fracture mirror size analysis is a powerful tool for analyzing glass and ceramic fractures. Fracture mirrors are tell-tale fractographic markings in brittle materials that surround a fracture origin as discussed in Practices C1256 and C1322. Fig. 1 shows a schematic with key features identified. Fig. 2 shows an example in glass. The fracture mirror region is very smooth and highly reflective in glasses, hence the name “fracture mirror.” In fact, high magnification microscopy reveals that, even within the mirror region in glasses, there are very fine features and escalating roughness as the crack advances away from the origin. These are submicrometer in size and hence are not discernable with an optical microscope. Early investigators interpreted fracture mirrors as having discrete boundaries including a “mirror-mist” boundary and also a “mist-hackle” boundary in glasses. These were also termed “inner mirror” or “outer mirror” boundaries, respectively. It is now known that there are no discrete boundaries corresponding to specific changes in the fractographic features. Surface roughness increases gradually from well within the fracture mirror to beyond the apparent boundaries. The boundaries were a matter of interpretation, the resolving power of the microscope, and the mode of viewing. In very weak specimens, the mirror may be larger than the specimen or component and the boundaries will not be present. Eq 1 is hereafter referred to as the “empirical stress – fracture mirror size relationship,” or “stress-mirror size relationship” for short. A review of the history of Eq 1, and fracture mirror analysis in general, may be found in Refs (1)3 and (2).  
5.5 A, the “fracture mirror constant” (sometimes also known as the “mirror constant”) has units of stress intensity (MPa√m or ksi√in.) and is considered by many to be a material property. As shown in Figs. 1 and 2, it is possible to discern separate mist and hackle regions and the apparent boundaries between them i...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice pertains to the analysis and interpretation of fracture mirror sizes in brittle materials. Fracture mirrors (Fig. 1) are telltale fractographic markings that surround a fracture origin in brittle materials. The fracture mirror size may be used with known fracture mirror constants to estimate the stress in a fractured component. Alternatively, the fracture mirror size may be used in conjunction with known stresses in test specimens to calculate fracture mirror constants. The practice is applicable to glasses and polycrystalline ceramic laboratory test specimens as well as fractured components. The analysis and interpretation procedures for glasses and ceramics are similar, but they are not identical. Different optical microscopy examination techniques are listed and described, including observation angles, illumination methods, appropriate magnification, and measurement protocols. Guidance is given for calculating a fracture mirror constant and for interpreting the fracture mirror size and shape for both circular and noncircular mirrors including stress gradients, geometrical effects, residual stresses, or combinations thereof. The practice provides figures and micrographs illustrating the different types of features commonly observed in and measurement techniques used for the fracture mirrors of glasses and polycrystalline ceramics.
FIG. 1 Schematic of a Fracture Mirror Centered on a Surface Flaw of Initial Size (a)
Note 1: The initial flaw may grow stably to size ac prior to unstable fracture when the stress intensity reaches KIc. The mirror-mist radius is Ri, the mist-hackle radius is Ro, and the branching distance is Rb. These transitions correspond to the mirror constants, Ai, Ao, and Ab, respectively.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safet...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Advanced ceramic powders and porous ceramic bodies often have a very fine particulate morphology and structure that are marked by high surface-to-volume (S-V) ratios. These ceramics with high S-V ratios commonly exhibit enhanced chemical reactivity and lower sintering temperatures. Results of many intermediate and final ceramic processing steps are controlled by, or related to, the specific surface area of the advanced ceramic. The functionality of ceramic adsorbents, separation filters and membranes, catalysts, chromatographic carriers, coatings, and pigments often depends on the amount and distribution of the porosity and its resulting effect on the specific surface area.  
5.2 This test method determines the specific surface area of advanced ceramic powders and porous bodies. Both suppliers and users of advanced ceramics can use knowledge of the surface area of these ceramics for material development and comparison, product characterization, design data, quality control, and engineering/ production specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the surface area of advanced ceramic materials (in a solid form) based on multilayer physisorption of gas in accordance with the method of Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) (1)2 and based on IUPAC Recommendations (1984 and 1994) (2, 3). This test method specifies general procedures that are applicable to many commercial physical adsorption instruments. This test method provides specific sample outgassing procedures for selected common ceramic materials, including: amorphous and crystalline silicas, TiO2, kaolin, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, zirconium oxide, etc. The multipoint BET (1) equation along with the single-point approximation of the BET equation are the basis for all calculations. This test method is appropriate for measuring surface areas of advanced ceramic powders down to at least 0.05 m2 (if in addition to nitrogen, krypton at 77.35 K is utilized as an adsorptive).  
1.2 This test method does not include all existing procedures appropriate for outgassing of advanced ceramic materials. However, it provides a comprehensive summary of procedures recommended in the literature for selected types of ceramic materials. The investigator shall determine the appropriateness of listed procedures.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. State all numerical values in terms of SI units unless specific instrumentation software reports surface area using alternate units. In this case, provide both reported and equivalent SI units in the final written report. It is commonly accepted and customary (in physical adsorption and related fields) to report the (specific) surface area of solids as m2/g and, as a convention, many instruments (as well as certificates of reference materials) report surface area as m2 g–1, instead of using SI units (m2 kg–1).  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 It is important to recognize that the results obtained by this method or any other method for particle size distribution utilizing different physical principles may disagree. The results are strongly influenced by the physical principles employed by each method of particle size analysis. The results of any particle sizing method should be used only in a relative sense, and should not be regarded as absolute when comparing results obtained by other methods.  
4.2 Light scattering theory that is used for determination of particle size has been available for many years. Several manufacturers of testing equipment have units based on these principles. Although each type of testing equipment utilizes the same basic principles for light scattering as a function of particle size, different assumptions pertinent to applications of the theory and different models for converting light measurements to particle size may lead to different results for each instrument. Therefore, the use of this test method cannot guarantee directly comparable results from the various manufacturers' instruments.  
4.3 Manufacturers and purchasers of alumina and quartz will find the method useful to determine particle size distributions for materials specifications, manufacturing control, and research and development.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle size distribution of alumina or quartz using laser light-scattering instrumentation in the range from 0.1 to 500 μm.  
1.2 The procedure described in this test method may be applied to other nonplastic ceramic powders. It is at the discretion of the user to determine the method's applicability.  
1.3 This test method applies to analysis using aqueous dispersions.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 Quartz has been classified by IARC as a Group I carcinogen. For specific hazard information in handling this material, see the supplier's Material Safety Data Sheet.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The high-temperature capabilities of advanced ceramics are a key performance benefit for many demanding engineering applications. In many of those applications, advanced ceramics will have to perform across a broad temperature range. The thermal expansion, thermal diffusivity/conductivity, specific heat, and emittance/emissivity are crucial engineering factors in integrating ceramic components into aerospace, automotive, and industrial systems.  
5.2 This guide is intended to serve as a reference and information source for testing the thermal properties of advanced ceramics, based on an understanding of the relationships between the composition and microstructure of these materials and their thermal properties.  
5.3 The use of this guide assists the testing community in correctly applying the ASTM thermal test methods to advanced ceramics to ensure that the thermal test results are properly measured, interpreted, and understood. This guide also assists the user in selecting the appropriate thermal test method to evaluate the particular thermal properties of the advanced ceramic of interest.  
5.4 The thermal properties of advanced ceramics are critical data in the development of ceramic components for aerospace, automotive, and industrial applications. In addition, the effect of environmental exposure on thermal properties of the advanced ceramics must also be assessed.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the thermal property testing of advanced ceramics, to include monolithic ceramics, particulate/ whisker-reinforced ceramics, and continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites. It is intended to provide guidance and information to users on the special considerations involved in determining the thermal properties of these ceramic materials.  
1.2 Five thermal properties (specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, thermal expansion, and emittance/emissivity) are presented in terms of their definitions and general test methods. The relationship between thermal properties and the composition, microstructure, and processing of advanced ceramics (monolithic and composite) is briefly outlined, providing guidance on which material and specimen characteristics have to be considered in evaluating the thermal properties of advanced ceramics. Additional sections describe sampling considerations, test specimen preparation, and reporting requirements.  
1.3 Current ASTM test methods for thermal properties are tabulated in terms of test method concept, testing range, specimen requirements, standards/reference materials, capabilities, limitations, precision, and special instructions for monolithic and composite ceramics.  
1.4 This guide is based on the use of current ASTM standards for thermal properties, where appropriate, and on the development of new test standards, where necessary. It is not the intent of this guide to rigidly specify particular thermal test methods for advanced ceramics. Guidance is provided on how to utilize the most commonly available ASTM thermal test methods, considering their capabilities and limitations.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods are for the chemical analysis of mass fraction of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in silicon nitride powder. They are used in research, development, production, acceptance, and quality control of silicon nitride powders used to produce ceramic components with silicon nitride content.  
3.2 It is assumed that all who use these test methods will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of mass fraction % of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in silicon nitride powder having chemical compositions within the following limits:    
Element  
Mass Fraction % Range  
Carbon  
0.05 to 5.0  
Nitrogen  
30 to 45  
Oxygen  
0.1 to 1.5  
1.2 Two test methods appear in this standard.  
1.2.1 Total Carbon by the Direct Combustion-Infrared Measurement Method.  
1.2.2 Nitrogen by the Inert Gas Fusion-Thermal Conductivity Measurement Method and Oxygen by the Inert Gas Fusion-Infrared Measurement Method.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 6.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful to both suppliers and users of powders, as outlined in 1.1 and 1.2, in determining particle size distribution for product specifications, manufacturing control, development, and research.  
5.2 Users should be aware that sample concentrations used in this test method may not be what are considered ideal by some authorities, and that the range of this test method extends into the region where Brownian movement could be a factor in conventional sedimentation. Within the range of this test method, neither the sample concentration nor Brownian movement is believed to be significant. Standard reference materials traceable to national standards, of chemical composition specifically covered by this test method, are available from NIST,3 and perhaps other suppliers.  
5.3 Reported particle size measurement is a function of the actual particle dimension and shape factor as well as the particular physical or chemical properties being measured. Caution is required when comparing data from instruments operating on different physical or chemical parameters or with different particle size measurement ranges. Sample acquisition, handling, and preparation can also affect reported particle size results.  
5.4 Suppliers and users of data obtained using this test method need to agree upon the suitability of these data to provide specification for and allow performance prediction of the materials analyzed.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle size distribution of advanced ceramic powders. Experience has shown that this test method is satisfactory for the analysis of silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and zirconium oxide in the size range of 0.1 up to 50 µm.  
1.1.1 However, the relationship between size and sedimentation velocity used in this test method assumes that particles sediment within the laminar flow regime. It is generally accepted that particles sedimenting with a Reynolds number of 0.3 or less will do so under conditions of laminar flow with negligible error. Particle size distribution analysis for particles settling with a larger Reynolds number may be incorrect due to turbulent flow. Some materials covered by this test method may settle in water with a Reynolds number greater than 0.3 if large particles are present. The user of this test method should calculate the Reynolds number of the largest particle expected to be present in order to judge the quality of obtained results. Reynolds number (Re) can be calculated using the following equation:
   where:  
  D  =  the diameter of the largest particle expected to be present, in cm,   ρ  =  the particle density, in g/cm3,   ρ0  =  the suspending liquid density, in g/cm3,   g  =  the acceleration due to gravity, 981 cm/sec2, and   η  =  the suspending liquid viscosity, in poise.    
1.1.2 A table of the largest particles that can be analyzed with a suggested maximum Reynolds number of 0.3 or less in water at 35 °C is given for a number of materials in Table 1. A column of the Reynolds number calculated for a 50-µm particle sedimenting in the same liquid system is also given for each material. Larger particles can be analyzed in dispersing media with viscosities greater than that for water. Aqueous solutions of glycerine or sucrose have such higher viscosities.
TABLE 1 Maximum Diameter of Ceramic Powders That Can Be Analyzed with Reynolds Number of 0.3 or Less in Water at 35 °C    
Particle Composition  
Particle Density  
Maximum Particle Diameter, µm  
Reynolds Number for 50 µmA  
Aluminum Nitride  
3.26  
50.36  
0.29  
Aluminum Oxide  
3.965  
46.01  
0.39  
Cerium Dioxide  
7.132  
36.13  
0.80  
Silicon Carbide  
3.217  
50.68  
0.29  
Silicon Nitride  
3.44  
49.09  
0.32  
Yttrium Oxide  
5.01  
41.61  
0.52  
Zirconium Oxide  
5.89  
38.95  
0.63(A) A Reynolds number calculated for 50-µm particles sedimenting in water at 35 °C, with...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fracture mirror size analysis is a powerful tool for analyzing glass and ceramic fractures. Fracture mirrors are telltale fractographic markings in brittle materials that surround a fracture origin as discussed in Practices C1256 and C1322. Fig. 1 shows a schematic with key features identified. Fig. 2 shows an example in glass. The fracture mirror region is very smooth and highly reflective in glasses, hence the name “fracture mirror.” In fact, high magnification microscopy reveals that, even within the mirror region in glasses, there are very fine features and escalating roughness as the crack advances away from the origin. These are submicrometer in size and hence are not discernable with an optical microscope. Early investigators interpreted fracture mirrors as having discrete boundaries including a “mirror-mist” boundary and also a “mist-hackle” boundary in glasses. These were also termed “inner mirror” or “outer mirror” boundaries, respectively. It is now known that there are no discrete boundaries corresponding to specific changes in the fractographic features. Surface roughness increases gradually from well within the fracture mirror to beyond the apparent boundaries. The boundaries were a matter of interpretation, the resolving power of the microscope, and the mode of viewing. In very weak specimens, the mirror may be larger than the specimen or component and the boundaries will not be present.  σ  =  stress at the origin (MPa or ksi),   R  =  fracture mirror radius (m or in),   A  =  fracture mirror constant (MPa√m or ksi√in).  Eq 1 is hereafter referred to as the “empirical stress – fracture mirror size relationship,” or “stress-mirror size relationship” for short. A review of the history of Eq 1, and fracture mirror analysis in general, may be found in Refs 1 and 2.  
5.5 A, the “fracture mirror constant” (sometimes also known as the “mirror constant”) has units of stress intensity (MPa√m or ksi√in) and is considered by many to be a material property...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice pertains to the analysis and interpretation of fracture mirror sizes in brittle materials. Fracture mirrors (Fig. 1) are telltale fractographic markings that surround a fracture origin in brittle materials. The fracture mirror size may be used with known fracture mirror constants to estimate the stress in a fractured component. Alternatively, the fracture mirror size may be used in conjunction with known stresses in test specimens to calculate fracture mirror constants. The practice is applicable to glasses and polycrystalline ceramic laboratory test specimens as well as fractured components. The analysis and interpretation procedures for glasses and ceramics are similar, but they are not identical. Different optical microscopy examination techniques are listed and described, including observation angles, illumination methods, appropriate magnification, and measurement protocols. Guidance is given for calculating a fracture mirror constant and for interpreting the fracture mirror size and shape for both circular and noncircular mirrors including stress gradients, geometrical effects, and/or residual stresses. The practice provides figures and micrographs illustrating the different types of features commonly observed in and measurement techniques used for the fracture mirrors of glasses and polycrystalline ceramics.
Note 1: The initial flaw may grow stably to size ac prior to unstable fracture when the stress intensity reaches KIc. The mirror-mist radius is Ri, the mist-hackle radius is Ro, and the branching distance is Rb. These transitions correspond to the mirror constants, Ai, Ao, and Ab, respectively.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to est...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 It is important to recognize that the results obtained by this method or any other method for particle size distribution utilizing different physical principles may disagree. The results are strongly influenced by the physical principles employed by each method of particle size analysis. The results of any particle sizing method should be used only in a relative sense, and should not be regarded as absolute when comparing results obtained by other methods.  
4.2 Light scattering theory that is used for determination of particle size has been available for many years. Several manufacturers of testing equipment have units based on these principles. Although each type of testing equipment utilizes the same basic principles for light scattering as a function of particle size, different assumptions pertinent to applications of the theory and different models for converting light measurements to particle size may lead to different results for each instrument. Therefore, the use of this test method cannot guarantee directly comparable results from the various manufacturers' instruments.  
4.3 Manufacturers and purchasers of alumina and quartz will find the method useful to determine particle size distributions for materials specifications, manufacturing control, and research and development.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle size distribution of alumina or quartz using laser light scattering instrumentation in the range from 0.1 to 500 μm.  
1.2 The procedure described in this test method may be applied to other nonplastic ceramic powders. It is at the discretion of the user to determine the method's applicability.  
1.3 This test method applies to analysis using aqueous dispersions.  
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 Quartz has been classified by IARC as a Group I carcinogen. For specific hazard information in handling this material, see the supplier's Material Safety Data Sheet.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods are for the chemical analysis of mass fraction of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in silicon nitride powder. They are used in research, development, production, acceptance, and quality control of silicon nitride powders used to produce ceramic components with silicon nitride content.  
3.2 It is assumed that all who use these test methods will be trained analysts, capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of mass fraction % of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in silicon nitride powder having chemical compositions within the following limits:    
Element  
Mass Fraction % Range  
Carbon  
0.05 to 5.0  
Nitrogen  
30 to 45  
Oxygen  
0.1 to 1.5
1.2 Two test methods appear in this standard.  
1.2.1 Total Carbon by the Direct Combustion-Infrared Measurement Method.  
1.2.2 Nitrogen by the Inert Gas Fusion-Thermal Conductivity Measurement Method and Oxygen by the Inert Gas Fusion-Infrared Measurement Method.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 6.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The high-temperature capabilities of advanced ceramics are a key performance benefit for many demanding engineering applications. In many of those applications, advanced ceramics will have to perform across a broad temperature range. The thermal expansion, thermal diffusivity/conductivity, specific heat, and emittance/emissivity are crucial engineering factors in integrating ceramic components into aerospace, automotive, and industrial systems  
5.2 This guide is intended to serve as a reference and information source for testing the thermal properties of advanced ceramics, based on an understanding of the relationships between the composition and microstructure of these materials and their thermal properties.  
5.3 The use of this guide assists the testing community in correctly applying the ASTM thermal test methods to advanced ceramics to ensure that the thermal test results are properly measured, interpreted, and understood. This guide also assists the user in selecting the appropriate thermal test method to evaluate the particular thermal properties of the advanced ceramic of interest.  
5.4 The thermal properties of advanced ceramics are critical data in the development of ceramic components for aerospace, automotive, and industrial applications. In addition, the effect of environmental exposure on thermal properties of the advanced ceramics must also be assessed.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the thermal property testing of advanced ceramics, to include monolithic ceramics, particulate/ whisker-reinforced ceramics, and continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites. It is intended to provide guidance and information to users on the special considerations involved in determining the thermal properties of these ceramic materials.  
1.2 Five thermal properties (specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, thermal expansion, and emittance/emissivity) are presented in terms of their definitions and general test methods. The relationship between thermal properties and the composition, microstructure, and processing of advanced ceramics (monolithic and composite) is briefly outlined, providing guidance on which material and specimen characteristics have to be considered in evaluating the thermal properties of advanced ceramics. Additional sections describe sampling considerations, test specimen preparation, and reporting requirements.  
1.3 Current ASTM test methods for thermal properties are tabulated in terms of test method concept, testing range, specimen requirements, standards/reference materials, capabilities, limitations, precision, and special instructions for monolithic and composite ceramics.  
1.4 This guide is based on the use of current ASTM standards for thermal properties where appropriate and on the development of new test standards where necessary. It is not the intent of this guide to rigidly specify particular thermal test methods for advanced ceramics. Guidance is provided on how to utilize the most commonly available ASTM thermal test methods, considering their capabilities and limitations.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Advanced ceramic powders and porous ceramic bodies often have a very fine particulate morphology and structure that are marked by high surface-to-volume (S-V) ratios. These ceramics with high S-V ratios commonly exhibit enhanced chemical reactivity and lower sintering temperatures. Results of many intermediate and final ceramic processing steps are controlled by, or related to, the specific surface area of the advanced ceramic. The functionality of ceramic adsorbents, separation filters and membranes, catalysts, chromatographic carriers, coatings, and pigments often depends on the amount and distribution of the porosity and its resulting effect on the specific surface area.  
5.2 This test method determines the specific surface area of advanced ceramic powders and porous bodies. Both suppliers and users of advanced ceramics can use knowledge of the surface area of these ceramics for material development and comparison, product characterization, design data, quality control, and engineering/ production specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the surface area of advanced ceramic materials (in a solid form) based on multilayer physisorption of gas in accordance with the method of Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) (1)2 and based on IUPAC Recommendations (1984 and 1994) (2) and (3). This test method specifies general procedures that are applicable to many commercial physical adsorption instruments. This test method provides specific sample outgassing procedures for selected common ceramic materials, including: amorphous and crystalline silicas, TiO2, kaolin, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, zirconium oxide, etc. The multipoint BET (1) equation along with the single point approximation of the BET equation are the basis for all calculations. This test method is appropriate for measuring surface areas of advanced ceramic powders down to at least 0.05 m2 (if in addition to nitrogen, krypton at 77.35 K is utilized as an adsorptive).  
1.2 This test method does not include all existing procedures appropriate for outgassing of advanced ceramic materials. However, it provides a comprehensive summary of procedures recommended in the literature for selected types of ceramic materials. The investigator shall determine the appropriateness of listed procedures.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. State all numerical values in terms of SI units unless specific instrumentation software reports surface area using alternate units. In this case, provide both reported and equivalent SI units in the final written report. It is commonly accepted and customary (in physical adsorption and related fields) to report the (specific) surface area of solids as m2/g, and, as a convention, many instruments (as well as certificates of reference materials) report surface area as m2 g-1, instead of using SI units (m2 kg-1).  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice describes a method of fabricating known discontinuities in a ceramic specimen. Such specimens are needed and used in nondestructive examination to demonstrate sensitivity and resolution and to assist in establishing proper examination parameters.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for fabricating both green and sintered test bars of silicon carbide and silicon nitride containing both internal and surface voids at prescribed locations.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Advanced ceramic powders and porous ceramic bodies often have a very fine particulate morphology and structure that are marked by high surface-to-volume (S-V) ratios. These ceramics with high S-V ratios commonly exhibit enhanced chemical reactivity and lower sintering temperatures. Results of many intermediate and final ceramic processing steps are controlled by, or related to, the specific surface area of the advanced ceramic. The functionality of ceramic adsorbents, separation filters and membranes, catalysts, chromatographic carriers, coatings, and pigments often depends on the amount and distribution of the porosity and its resulting effect on the specific surface area.  
This test method determines the specific surface area of advanced ceramic powders and porous bodies. Both suppliers and users of advanced ceramics can use knowledge of the surface area of these ceramics for material development and comparison, product characterization, design data, quality control, and engineering/ production specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the surface area of advanced ceramic materials (in a solid form) based on multilayer physisorption of gas in accordance with the method of Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) (1) and based on IUPAC Recommendations (1984 and 1994) (2) and (3). This test method specifies general procedures that are applicable to many commercial physical adsorption instruments. This test method provides specific sample outgassing procedures for selected common ceramic materials, including: amorphous and crystalline silicas, TiO2, kaolin, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, zirconium oxide, etc. The multipoint BET (1) equation along with the single point approximation of the BET equation are the basis for all calculations. This test method is appropriate for measuring surface areas of advanced ceramic powders down to at least 0.05 m2 (if in addition to nitrogen, krypton at 77.35 K is utilized as an adsorptive).  
1.2 This test method does not include all existing procedures appropriate for outgassing of advanced ceramic materials. However, it provides a comprehensive summary of procedures recommended in the literature for selected types of ceramic materials. The investigator shall determine the appropriateness of listed procedures.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. State all numerical values in terms of SI units unless specific instrumentation software reports surface area using alternate units. In this case, provide both reported and equivalent SI units in the final written report. It is commonly accepted and customary (in physical adsorption and related fields) to report the (specific) surface area of solids as m2/g, and, as a convention, many instruments (as well as certificates of reference materials) report surface area as m2 g-1, instead of using SI units (m2 kg-1).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Fracture mirror size analysis is a powerful tool for analyzing glass and ceramic fractures. Fracture mirrors are telltale fractographic markings in brittle materials that surround a fracture origin as discussed in Practices C1256 and C1322. Fig. 1 shows a schematic with key features identified. Fig. 2 shows an example in glass. The fracture mirror region is very smooth and highly reflective in glasses, hence the name “fracture mirror.” In fact, high magnification microscopy reveals that, even within the mirror region in glasses, there are very fine features and escalating roughness as the crack advances away from the origin. These are submicrometer in size and hence are not discernable with an optical microscope. Early investigators interpreted fracture mirrors as having discrete boundaries including a “mirror-mist” boundary and also a “mist-hackle” boundary in glasses. These were also termed “inner mirror” or “outer mirror” boundaries, respectively. It is now known that there are no discrete boundaries corresponding to specific changes in the fractographic features. Surface roughness increases gradually from well within the fracture mirror to beyond the apparent boundaries. The boundaries were a matter of interpretation, the resolving power of the microscope, and the mode of viewing. In very weak specimens, the mirror may be larger than the specimen or component and the boundaries will not be present.
Figs. 3-5 show examples in ceramics. In polycrystalline ceramics, the qualifier “relatively” as in “relatively smooth” must be used, since there is an inherent roughness from the microstructure even in the area immediately surrounding the origin. In coarse-grained or porous ceramics, it may be impossible to identify a mirror boundary. In polycrystalline ceramics, it is highly unlikely that a mirror-mist boundary can be detected due to the inherent roughness created by the crack-microstructure interactions, even within the mirror. The word “systematic” in the definit...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice pertains to the analysis and interpretation of fracture mirror sizes in brittle materials. Fracture mirrors (Fig. 1) are telltale fractographic markings that surround a fracture origin in brittle materials. The fracture mirror size may be used with known fracture mirror constants to estimate the stress in a fractured component. Alternatively, the fracture mirror size may be used in conjunction with known stresses in test specimens to calculate fracture mirror constants. The practice is applicable to glasses and polycrystalline ceramic laboratory test specimens as well as fractured components. The analysis and interpretation procedures for glasses and ceramics are similar, but they are not identical. Different optical microscopy examination techniques are listed and described, including observation angles, illumination methods, appropriate magnification, and measurement protocols. Guidance is given for calculating a fracture mirror constant and for interpreting the fracture mirror size and shape for both circular and noncircular mirrors including stress gradients, geometrical effects, and/or residual stresses. The practice provides figures and micrographs illustrating the different types of features commonly observed in and measurement techniques used for the fracture mirrors of glasses and polycrystalline ceramics.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Fracture mirror size analysis is a powerful tool for analyzing glass and ceramic fractures. Fracture mirrors are telltale fractographic markings in brittle materials that surround a fracture origin as discussed in Practices C 1256 and C 1322. Fig. 1 shows a schematic with key features identified. Fig. 2 shows an example in glass. The fracture mirror region is very smooth and highly reflective in glasses, hence the name “fracture mirror.” In fact, high magnification microscopy reveals that, even within the mirror region in glasses, there are very fine features and escalating roughness as the crack advances away from the origin. These are submicrometer in size and hence are not discernable with an optical microscope. Early investigators interpreted fracture mirrors as having discrete boundaries including a “mirror-mist” boundary and also a “mist-hackle” boundary in glasses. These were also termed “inner mirror” or “outer mirror” boundaries, respectively. It is now known that there are no discrete boundaries corresponding to specific changes in the fractographic features. Surface roughness increases gradually from well within the fracture mirror to beyond the apparent boundaries. The boundaries were a matter of interpretation, the resolving power of the microscope, and the mode of viewing. In very weak specimens, the mirror may be larger than the specimen or component and the boundaries will not be present.
Figs. 3-5 show examples in ceramics. In polycrystalline ceramics, the qualifier “relatively” as in “relatively smooth” must be used, since there is an inherent roughness from the microstructure even in the area immediately surrounding the origin. In coarse-grained or porous ceramics, it may be impossible to identify a mirror boundary. In polycrystalline ceramics, it is highly unlikely that a mirror-mist boundary can be detected due to the inherent roughness created by the crack-microstructure interactions, even within the mirror. The word “systematic” in the defin...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice pertains to the analysis and interpretation of fracture mirror sizes in brittle materials. Fracture mirrors (Fig. 1) are telltale fractographic markings that surround a fracture origin in brittle materials. The fracture mirror size may be used with known fracture mirror constants to estimate the stress in a fractured component. Alternatively, the fracture mirror size may be used in conjunction with known stresses in test specimens to calculate fracture mirror constants. The practice is applicable to glasses and polycrystalline ceramic laboratory test specimens as well as fractured components. The analysis and interpretation procedures for glasses and ceramics are similar, but they are not identical. Different optical microscopy examination techniques are listed and described, including observation angles, illumination methods, appropriate magnification, and measurement protocols. Guidance is given for calculating a fracture mirror constant and for interpreting the fracture mirror size and shape for both circular and noncircular mirrors including stress gradients, geometrical effects, and/or residual stresses. The practice provides figures and micrographs illustrating the different types of features commonly observed in and measurement techniques used for the fracture mirrors of glasses and polycrystalline ceramics.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note—The initial flaw may grow stably to size ac prior to unstable fracture when the stress intensity reaches KIc. The mirror-mist radius is Ri, the mist-hackle radius is Ro, and...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice describes a method of fabrication of known discontinuities in a ceramic specimen. Such specimens are needed and used in nondestructive examination to demonstrate sensitivity and resolution and to assist in establishing proper examination parameters.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for fabricating both green and sintered test samples of silicon carbide and silicon nitride containing inclusions. These samples can be used to determine the sensitivity and detection capability of a nondestructive examination (NDE) method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of mass fraction % of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in silicon nitride powder having chemical compositions within the following limits:ElementMass Fraction % RangeCarbon0.05 to 5.0Nitrogen30 to 45Oxygen0.1 to 1.5
1.2 Two test methods appear in this standard.
1.2.1 Total Carbon by the Direct Combustion-Infrared Measurement Method.
1.2.2 Nitrogen and oxygen by the Inert Gas Fusion-Thermal Conductivity Measurement Method.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 6 .

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Fracture mirror size analysis is a powerful tool for analyzing glass and ceramic fractures. Fracture mirrors are telltale fractographic markings in brittle materials that surround a fracture origin as discussed in Practices C 1256 and C 1322. Fig. 1 shows a schematic with key features identified. Fig. 2 shows an example in glass. The fracture mirror region is very smooth and highly reflective in glasses, hence the name “fracture mirror.” In fact, high magnification microscopy reveals that, even within the mirror region in glasses, there are very fine features and escalating roughness as the crack advances away from the origin. These are submicrometer in size and hence are not discernable with an optical microscope. Early investigators interpreted fracture mirrors as having discrete boundaries including a “mirror-mist” boundary and also a “mist-hackle” boundary in glasses. These were also termed “inner mirror” or “outer mirror” boundaries, respectively. It is now known that there are no discrete boundaries corresponding to specific changes in the fractographic features. Surface roughness increases gradually from well within the fracture mirror to beyond the apparent boundaries. The boundaries were a matter of interpretation, the resolving power of the microscope, and the mode of viewing. In very weak specimens, the mirror may be larger than the specimen or component and the boundaries will not be present.
Figs. 3-5 show examples in ceramics. In polycrystalline ceramics, the qualifier “relatively” as in “relatively smooth” must be used, since there is an inherent roughness from the microstructure even in the area immediately surrounding the origin. In coarse-grained or porous ceramics, it may be impossible to identify a mirror boundary. In polycrystalline ceramics, it is highly unlikely that a mirror-mist boundary can be detected due to the inherent roughness created by the crack-microstructure interactions, even within the mirror. The word “systematic” in the defin...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice pertains to the analysis and interpretation of fracture mirror sizes in brittle materials. Fracture mirrors (Fig. 1) are telltale fractographic markings that surround a fracture origin in brittle materials. The fracture mirror size may be used with known fracture mirror constants to estimate the stress in a fractured component. Alternatively, the fracture mirror size may be used in conjunction with known stresses in test specimens to calculate fracture mirror constants. The practice is applicable to glasses and polycrystalline ceramic laboratory test specimens as well as fractured components. The analysis and interpretation procedures for glasses and ceramics are similar, but they are not identical. Different optical microscopy examination techniques are listed and described, including observation angles, illumination methods, appropriate magnification, and measurement protocols. Guidance is given for calculating a fracture mirror constant and for interpreting the fracture mirror size and shape for both circular and noncircular mirrors including stress gradients, geometrical effects, and/or residual stresses. The practice provides figures and micrographs illustrating the different types of features commonly observed in and measurement techniques used for the fracture mirrors of glasses and polycrystalline ceramics.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for measurement of ultrasonic velocity in structural engineering solids such as monolithic ceramics, toughened ceramics, and ceramic matrix composites.
1.2 This test method is based on the broadband pulse-echo contact ultrasonic method. The procedure involves a computer-implemented, frequency-domain method for precise measurement of time delays between pairs of echoes returned by the back surface of a test sample or part.
1.3 This test method describes a procedure for using a digital cross-correlation algorithm for velocity measurement. The cross-correlation function yields a time delay between any two echo waveforms  (1).

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for measurement of ultrasonic attenuation coefficients for advanced structural ceramic materials. The procedure is based on a broadband buffered piezoelectric probe used in the pulse-echo contact mode and emitting either longitudinal or shear waves. The primary objective of this test method is materials characterization.
1.2 The procedure requires coupling an ultrasonic probe to the surface of a plate-like sample and the recovery of successive front surface and back surface echoes. Power spectra of the echoes are used to calculate the attenuation spectrum (attenuation coefficient as a function of ultrasonic frequency) for the sample material. The transducer bandwidth and spectral response are selected to cover a range of frequencies and corresponding wavelengths that interact with microstructural features of interest in solid test samples.
1.3 The purpose of this test method is to establish fundamental procedures for measurement of ultrasonic attenuation coefficients. These measurements should distinguish and quantify microstructural differences among solid samples and therefore help establish a reference database for comparing materials and calibrating ultrasonic attenuation measurement equipment.
1.4 This test method applies to monolithic ceramics and also polycrystalline metals. This test method may be applied to whisker reinforced ceramics, particulate toughened ceramics, and ceramic composites provided that similar constraints on sample size, shape, and finish are met as described herein for monolithic ceramics.
1.5 This test method sets forth the constraints on sample size, shape, and finish that will assure valid attenuation coefficient measurements. This test method also describes the instrumentation, methods, and data processing procedures for accomplishing the measurements.
1.6 This test method is not recommended for highly attenuating materials such as very thick, very porous, rough-surfaced monolithics or composites. This test method is not recommended for highly nonuniform, heterogeneous, cracked, defective, or otherwise flaw-ridden samples that are unrepresentative of the nature or inherent characteristics of the material under examination.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle size distribution of alumina or quartz using laser light scattering instrumentation in the range from 0.1 to 500 m.
1.2 The procedure described in this test method may be applied to other nonplastic ceramic powders. It is at the discretion of the user to determine the method's applicability.
1.3 This test method applies to analysis using aqueous dispersions.
This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 Quartz has been classified by IARC as a Group I carcinogen. For specific hazard information in handling this material, see the supplier's Material Safety Data Sheet.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The high-temperature capabilities of advanced ceramics are a key performance benefit for many demanding engineering applications. In many of those applications, advanced ceramics will have to perform across a broad temperature range. The thermal expansion, thermal diffusivity/conductivity, specific heat, and emittance/emissivity are crucial engineering factors in integrating ceramic components into aerospace, automotive, and industrial systems
This guide is intended to serve as a reference and information source for testing the thermal properties of advanced ceramics, based on an understanding of the relationships between the composition and microstructure of these materials and their thermal properties.
The use of this guide assists the testing community in correctly applying the ASTM thermal test methods to advanced ceramics to ensure that the thermal test results are properly measured, interpreted, and understood. This guide also assists the user in selecting the appropriate thermal test method to evaluate the particular thermal properties of the advanced ceramic of interest.
The thermal properties of advanced ceramics are critical data in the development of ceramic components for aerospace, automotive, and industrial applications. In addition, the effect of environmental exposure on thermal properties of the advanced ceramics must also be assessed.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the thermal property testing of advanced ceramics, to include monolithic ceramics, particulate/whisker-reinforced ceramics, and continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites. It is intended to provide guidance and information to users on the special considerations involved in determining the thermal properties of these ceramic materials.
1.2 Five thermal properties (specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, thermal expansion, and emittance/emissivity) are presented in terms of their definitions and general test methods. The relationship between thermal properties and the composition, microstructure, and processing of advanced ceramics (monolithic and composite) is briefly outlined, providing guidance on which material and specimen characteristics have to be considered in evaluating the thermal properties of advanced ceramics. Additional sections describe sampling considerations, test specimen preparation, and reporting requirements.
1.3 Current ASTM test methods for thermal properties are tabulated in terms of test method concept, testing range, specimen requirements, standards/reference materials, capabilities, limitations, precision, and special instructions for monolithic and composite ceramics.
1.4 This guide is based on the use of current ASTM standards for thermal properties where appropriate and on the development of new test standards where necessary. It is not the intent of this guide to rigidly specify particular thermal test methods for advanced ceramics. Guidance is provided on how to utilize the most commonly available ASTM thermal test methods, considering their capabilities and limitations.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard per IEEE/ASTM SI 10.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Manufacturers and users of advanced ceramic powders will find this test method useful for determining the particle size distribution of these materials for product specification, quality control, and research and development.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the particle size distribution of advanced ceramic powders specifically silicon nitride and carbides, in the range of 0.1 to 20 µm, having a median particle diameter from 0.5 to 5.0 µm.
1.2 The procedure described in this test method may be applied successfully to other ceramic powders in this general size range, provided that appropriate dispersion procedures are developed. It is the responsibility of the user to determine the applicability of this test method to other materials.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Both suppliers and users of advanced ceramics can benefit from knowledge of the surface area of these materials. Results of many intermediate and final processing steps are controlled by, or related to, specific surface area of the advanced ceramic.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of surface area of advanced ceramic materials. This test method specifies general procedures that are applicable to many commercial physical adsorption instruments. This test method provides specific sample outgassing procedures for listed materials, including silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and zirconium oxide. It includes additional general outgassing instructions for other advanced ceramic materials. The multipoint equation of Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) along with the single point approximation of the BET equation form the basis for all calculations.
1.2 This test method does not include all existing procedures appropriate for outgassing advanced ceramic materials. The included procedures provided acceptable results for samples analyzed during round robin testing. The investigator must determine the appropriateness of listed procedures.
1.3 This test method uses SI units as standard. State all numerical values in terms of SI units unless specific instrumentation software reports surface area using alternate units. In this case, present both reported and equivalent SI units in the final written report. Many instruments report surface area as m2/g, instead of using correct SI units (m2/kg).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice describes a method of fabricating known discontinuities in a ceramic specimen. Such specimens are needed and used in nondestructive examination to demonstrate sensitivity and resolution and to assist in establishing proper examination parameters.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for fabricating both green and sintered test bars of silicon carbide and silicon nitride containing both internal and surface voids at prescribed locations.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide is a compilation of standards intended to provide assistance in selecting appropriate nondestructive examination for advanced ceramics, and in turn, to provide guidance for performing the examination, as well as ensuring the proper performance of the equipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide identifies and describes standard procedures and methods for nondestructive testing of advanced ceramics using radiology, ultrasonics, liquid penetrants, and acoustic emission.
1.2 This guide is to identify existing standards for nondestructive testing that have been determined to be (or have been modified to be) applicable to the examination of advanced ceramics. These standards have been generated by, and are under the jurisdiction of, ASTM Committee E-7 on Nondestructive Testing. Selection and application of these standards to be followed must be governed by experience and the specific requirements in each individual case, together with agreement between producer and user.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice describes a method of fabrication of known discontinuities in a ceramic specimen. Such specimens are needed and used in nondestructive examination to demonstrate sensitivity and resolution and to assist in establishing proper examination parameters.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for fabricating both green and sintered test samples of silicon carbide and silicon nitride containing inclusions. These samples can be used to determine the sensitivity and detection capability of a nondestructive examination (NDE) method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle size distribution of alumina or quartz using laser light scattering instrumentation in the range from 0.1 to 500 μm.
1.2 The procedure described in this test method may be applied to other nonplastic ceramic powders. It is at the discretion of the user to determine the method's applicability.
1.3 This test method applies to analysis using aqueous dispersions.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 Quartz has been classified by IARC as a Group I carcinogen. For specific hazard information in handling this material, see the supplier's Material Safety Data Sheet.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for measurement of ultrasonic attenuation coefficients for advanced structural ceramic materials. The procedure is based on a broadband buffered piezoelectric probe used in the pulse-echo contact mode and emitting either longitudinal or shear waves. The primary objective of this test method is materials characterization.
1.2 The procedure requires coupling an ultrasonic probe to the surface of a plate-like sample and the recovery of successive front surface and back surface echoes. Power spectra of the echoes are used to calculate the attenuation spectrum (attenuation coefficient as a function of ultrasonic frequency) for the sample material. The transducer bandwidth and spectral response are selected to cover a range of frequencies and corresponding wavelengths that interact with microstructural features of interest in solid test samples.
1.3 The purpose of this test method is to establish fundamental procedures for measurement of ultrasonic attenuation coefficients. These measurements should distinguish and quantify microstructural differences among solid samples and therefore help establish a reference database for comparing materials and calibrating ultrasonic attenuation measurement equipment.
1.4 This test method applies to monolithic ceramics and also polycrystalline metals. This test method may be applied to whisker reinforced ceramics, particulate toughened ceramics, and ceramic composites provided that similar constraints on sample size, shape, and finish are met as described herein for monolithic ceramics.
1.5 This test method sets forth the constraints on sample size, shape, and finish that will assure valid attenuation coefficient measurements. This test method also describes the instrumentation, methods, and data processing procedures for accomplishing the measurements.
1.6 This test method is not recommended for highly attenuating materials such as very thick, very porous, rough-surfaced monolithics or composites. This test method is not recommended for highly nonuniform, heterogeneous, cracked, defective, or otherwise flaw-ridden samples that are unrepresentative of the nature or inherent characteristics of the material under examination.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for measurement of ultrasonic velocity in structural engineering solids such as monolithic ceramics, toughened ceramics, and ceramic matrix composites.  
1.2 This test method is based on the broadband pulse-echo contact ultrasonic method. The procedure involves a computer-implemented, frequency-domain method for precise measurement of time delays between pairs of echoes returned by the back surface of a test sample or part.  
1.3 This test method describes a procedure for using a digital cross-correlation algorithm for velocity measurement. The cross-correlation function yields a time delay between any two echo waveforms (1).

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods are for the chemical analysis of mass fraction of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in silicon nitride powder. It is assumed that all who use these test methods will be trained analysts, capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of mass fraction % of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in silicon nitride powder having chemical compositions within the following limits:ElementMass Fraction % RangeCarbon0.05 to 5.0Nitrogen30 to 45Oxygen0.1 to 1.5
1.2 Two test methods appear in this standard.
1.2.1 Total Carbon by the Direct Combustion-Infrared Measurement Method.
1.2.2 Nitrogen and oxygen by the Inert Gas Fusion-Thermal Conductivity Measurement Method.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 6.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of surface area of advanced ceramic materials. This test method specifies general procedures that are applicable to many commercial physical adsorption instruments. This test method provides specific sample outgassing procedures for listed materials, including silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and zirconium oxide. It includes additional general outgassing instructions for other advanced ceramic materials. The multipoint equation of Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) along with the single point approximation of the BET equation form the basis for all calculations.
1.2 This test method does not include all existing procedures appropriate for outgassing advanced ceramic materials. The included procedures provided acceptable results for samples analyzed during round robin testing. The investigator must determine the appropriateness of listed procedures.
1.3 This test method uses SI units as standard. State all numerical values in terms of SI units unless specific instrumentation software reports surface area using alternate units. In this case, present both reported and equivalent SI units in the final written report. Many instruments report surface area as m2/g, instead of using correct SI units (m2/kg).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the particle size distribution of advanced ceramic powders specifically silicon nitride and carbides, in the range of 0.1 to 20 µm, having a median particle diameter from 0.5 to 5.0 µm.
1.2 The procedure described in this test method may be applied successfully to other ceramic powders in this general size range, provided that appropriate dispersion procedures are developed. It is the responsibility of the user to determine the applicability of this test method to other materials.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the thermal property testing of advanced ceramics, to include monolithic ceramics, particulate/whisker-reinforced ceramics, and continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites. It is intended to provide guidance and information to users on the special considerations involved in determining the thermal properties of these ceramic materials.
1.2 This guide is based on the use of current ASTM standards for thermal properties where appropriate and on the development of new test standards where necessary.
1.3 It is not the intent of this guide to rigidly specify particular thermal test methods for advanced ceramics. Guidance is provided on how to utilize the most commonly available ASTM thermal test methods, considering their capabilities and limitations.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide identifies and describes standard procedures and methods for nondestructive testing of advanced ceramics using radiology, ultrasonics, and liquid penetrants.
1.2 This guide is to identify existing standards for nondestructive testing that have been determined to be (or have been modified to be) applicable to the examination of advanced ceramics. These standards have been generated by, and are under the jurisdiction of, ASTM Committee E-7 on Nondestructive Testing. Selection and application of these standards to be followed must be governed by experience and the specific requirements in each individual case, together with agreement between producer and user.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for fabricating both green and sintered test bars of silicon carbide and silicon nitride containing both internal and surface voids at prescribed locations.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for fabricating both green and sintered test samples of silicon carbide and silicon nitride containing inclusions. These samples can be used to determine the sensitivity and detection capability of a nondestructive examination (NDE) method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice describes a method of fabricating known discontinuities in a ceramic specimen. Such specimens are needed and used in nondestructive examination to demonstrate sensitivity and resolution and to assist in establishing proper examination parameters.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for fabricating both green and sintered test bars of silicon carbide and silicon nitride containing both internal and surface voids at prescribed locations.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This practice described procedures for fabricating both green and sintered test bars of silicon carbide and silicon nitride containing both internal and surface voids at prescribed locations.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee C28 on Advanced Ceramics, this practice was withdrawn in October 2018. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement due to its limited use by industry.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice describes a method of fabrication of known discontinuities in a ceramic specimen. Such specimens are needed and used in nondestructive examination to demonstrate sensitivity and resolution and to assist in establishing proper examination parameters.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for fabricating both green and sintered test samples of silicon carbide and silicon nitride containing inclusions. These samples can be used to determine the sensitivity and detection capability of a nondestructive examination (NDE) method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This practice covered a procedure for fabricating both green and sintered test samples of silicon carbide and silicon nitride containing inclusions.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee C28 on Advanced Ceramics, this practice was withdrawn in October 2018. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement due to its limited use by industry.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide is a compilation of standards intended to provide assistance in selecting appropriate nondestructive examination for advanced ceramics, and in turn, to provide guidance for performing the examination, as well as ensuring the proper performance of the equipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide identifies and describes standard procedures and methods for nondestructive testing of advanced ceramics using radiology, ultrasonics, liquid penetrants, and acoustic emission.
1.2 This guide identifies existing standards for nondestructive testing that have been determined to be (or have been modified to be) applicable to the examination of advanced ceramics. These standards have been generated by, and are under the jurisdiction of, ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing. Selection and application of these standards to be followed must be governed by experience and the specific requirements in each individual case, together with agreement between producer and user.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide identified and described standard procedures and methods for nondestructive testing of advanced ceramics using radiology, ultrasonics, liquid penetrants, and acoustic emission.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee C28 on Advanced Ceramics, this guide was withdrawn in October 2018. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement due to its limited use by industry.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Manufacturers and users of advanced ceramic powders will find this test method useful for determining the particle size distribution of these materials for product specification, quality control, and research and development.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the particle size distribution of advanced ceramic powders specifically silicon nitride and carbides, in the range of 0.1 to 20 μm, having a median particle diameter from 0.5 to 5.0 μm.
1.2 The procedure described in this test method may be applied successfully to other ceramic powders in this general size range, provided that appropriate dispersion procedures are developed. It is the responsibility of the user to determine the applicability of this test method to other materials.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covered the determination of the particle size distribution of advanced ceramic powders, specifically silicon nitride and carbides, in the range of 0.1 to 20 μm, having a median particle diameter from 0.5 to 5.0 μm.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee C28 on Advanced Ceramics, this test method was withdrawn in January 2014. This standard has been withdrawn without replacement because the described technology/instrumentation (centrifugal particle size distribution analyzer) is no longer available and has been replaced during the last decade by more advanced technologies for determining particle size distributions of advanced ceramics.