ASTM E1207-14
(Guide)Standard Guide for Sensory Evaluation of Axillary Deodorancy
Standard Guide for Sensory Evaluation of Axillary Deodorancy
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures recommended in this practice can be used to clinically assess axillary deodorant efficacy of personal care products.
5.2 This practice is applicable to the product categories which include deodorant and toilet soap bars, liquid bath soaps and gels, deodorant sticks, antiperspirants, creams and lotions, body talcs, and aerosol and pump delivery deodorants, antiperspirants, and body colognes.
5.3 Procedures of the type described herein may be used to aid in the communication of efficacy within and between manufacturers and to the consumer through the various public communications media. Guidelines are suggested due to the need to determine the relative or absolute performance of experimental materials or of commercial products.
5.4 These procedures may be used by persons who have familiarized themselves with these procedures and have had previous experience with sensory evaluation.
5.5 This practice provides suggested procedures and is not meant to exclude alternate procedures which may be effectively used to provide the same clinical result.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides procedures which may be used in the design and analysis of studies to quantitatively assess the intensity of human axillary odor for the purpose of substantiating deodorant efficacy of personal care products.
1.2 This guide includes protocols for the selection and training of assessors, selection of subjects, experimental design, and statistical analyses. This practice is limited to assessment of axillary odor by trained assessors. Self-evaluation protocols are valid for selected sensory tasks but may be less sensitive.
1.3 With respect to the source of axillary odor, three groups of secretory glands are present in the axillae which participate to a greater or lesser extent in its production—eccrine, apocrine, and sebaceous. Axillary odor has been primarily ascribed to the apocrine gland secretion (1) .2 Body odor intensity has been correlated with the volume of the secretory portion of the apocrine gland (2) and the density of the glands.
1.3.1 Apocrine glands are found primarily in the axillary vault in conjunction with axillary hairs (3). Pure apocrine sweat is sterile and odorless and axillary odor results from degradation of apocrine sweat by resident skin bacteria (4). High bacterial populations are found in moist regions of the body, especially in the axillae, providing the appropriate environment for growth (5).
1.3.2 Eccrine glands keep the axillae moist through thermally and emotionally induced secretions (6).
1.3.3 The sebaceous glands excrete higher molecular weight lipid materials which absorb and retain the volatile materials resulting from bacterial action (7) . The aerobic diphtheroids are able to produce the typical acrid axillary odor and the micrococcaceae produce an isovaleric acid-like odor when incubated with apocrine sweat (8). Therefore, the most undesirable component of axillary odor is caused by degradation of apocrine sweat by particular bacteria normally found in the axillary vault.
1.4 Personal care products are sold and used primarily for their ability to reduce the perception of body odor not only by the individual using the product but also by individuals within the scope of contact. Deodorant protection may be achieved by these products through various modes of action. Antiperspirants achieve their primary efficacy by means of the action of inorganic salts on the eccrine gland production of sweat. Antimicrobial agents achieve deodorancy by inhibiting the growth and activity of the microflora in the axillary vault thus reducing the microbial decomposition of sweat and the consequent production of body odor. Absorbents function either by “binding” available moisture or malodorous substances. Fragrances are effective by altering the perception of malodor and increasing the degree of “pleasantness.” Other modes of control become important from time...
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Designation: E1207 − 14
Standard Guide for
1
Sensory Evaluation of Axillary Deodorancy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1207; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.4 Personal care products are sold and used primarily for
their ability to reduce the perception of body odor not only by
1.1 This guide provides procedures which may be used in
the individual using the product but also by individuals within
the design and analysis of studies to quantitatively assess the
thescopeofcontact.Deodorantprotectionmaybeachievedby
intensity of human axillary odor for the purpose of substanti-
these products through various modes of action. Antiperspi-
ating deodorant efficacy of personal care products.
rants achieve their primary efficacy by means of the action of
1.2 This guide includes protocols for the selection and
inorganic salts on the eccrine gland production of sweat.
training of assessors, selection of subjects, experimental
Antimicrobial agents achieve deodorancy by inhibiting the
design, and statistical analyses. This practice is limited to
growth and activity of the microflora in the axillary vault thus
assessment of axillary odor by trained assessors. Self-
reducing the microbial decomposition of sweat and the conse-
evaluation protocols are valid for selected sensory tasks but
quent production of body odor. Absorbents function either by
may be less sensitive.
“binding” available moisture or malodorous substances. Fra-
1.3 With respect to the source of axillary odor, three groups
grances are effective by altering the perception of malodor and
of secretory glands are present in the axillae which participate
increasing the degree of “pleasantness.” Other modes of
to a greater or lesser extent in its production—eccrine,
control become important from time to time, representing
apocrine, and sebaceous. Axillary odor has been primarily
changes in the state-of-the-art in product development.
2
ascribed to the apocrine gland secretion (1). Body odor
1.5 The studies discussed herein are interpreted through the
intensity has been correlated with the volume of the secretory
use of statistical tests of hypotheses. These hypotheses are
portion of the apocrine gland (2) and the density of the glands.
usually of the form:
1.3.1 Apocrine glands are found primarily in the axillary
The Deodorant Efficacy of Treatment A
vault in conjunction with axillary hairs (3). Pure apocrine
= The Deodorant Efficacy of Treatment B
sweat is sterile and odorless and axillary odor results from
1.5.1 It should be noted that failure to reject this hypothesis
degradation of apocrine sweat by resident skin bacteria (4).
at a specified level of significance does not prove the
High bacterial populations are found in moist regions of the
hypothesis,butmerelythattheweightofevidenceprovidedby
body, especially in the axillae, providing the appropriate
the experiment is not sufficient to reject the hypothesis. This
environment for growth (5).
could occur because either: a) The hypothesis is close to truth
1.3.2 Eccrine glands keep the axillae moist through ther-
and great experimental power would be required to reject it, or
mally and emotionally induced secretions (6).
b) The experiment by design was low in power and, therefore,
1.3.3 Thesebaceousglandsexcretehighermolecularweight
incapable of rejecting the hypothesis; even when it is far from
lipid materials which absorb and retain the volatile materials
true.Thiscanoccurduetodesignstructureorlowsamplesize.
resulting from bacterial action (7). The aerobic diphtheroids
These facts must be taken into consideration when interpreting
are able to produce the typical acrid axillary odor and the
study results.
micrococcaceae produce an isovaleric acid-like odor when
incubated with apocrine sweat (8). Therefore, the most unde-
2. Referenced Documents
sirable component of axillary odor is caused by degradation of
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
apocrine sweat by particular bacteria normally found in the
E253Terminology Relating to Sensory Evaluation of Mate-
axillary vault.
rials and Products
E1697Test Method for Unipolar Magnitude Estimation of
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E18 on Sensory
Sensory Attributes
Evaluation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E18.07 on Personal
Care and Household Evaluation.
Current edition approved March 1, 2014. Published March 2014. Originally
3
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1207–09. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/E1207-14.
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1207 − 09 E1207 − 14
Standard Guide for
1
Sensory Evaluation of Axillary Deodorancy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1207; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide provides procedures which may be used in the design and analysis of studies to quantitatively assess the intensity
of human axillary odor for the purpose of substantiating deodorant efficacy of personal care products.
1.2 This guide includes protocols for the selection and training of assessors, selection of subjects, experimental design, and
statistical analyses. This practice is limited to assessment of axillary odor by trained assessors. Self-evaluation protocols are valid
for selected sensory tasks but may be less sensitive.
1.3 With respect to the source of axillary odor, three groups of secretory glands are present in the axillae which participate to
a greater or lesser extent in its production—eccrine, apocrine, and sebaceous. Axillary odor has been primarily ascribed to the
2
apocrine gland secretion (1). Body odor intensity has been correlated with the volume of the secretory portion of the apocrine
gland (2) and the density of the glands.
1.3.1 Apocrine glands are found primarily in the axillary vault in conjunction with axillary hairs (3). Pure apocrine sweat is
sterile and odorless and axillary odor results from degradation of apocrine sweat by resident skin bacteria (4). High bacterial
populations are found in moist regions of the body, especially in the axillae, providing the appropriate environment for growth (5).
1.3.2 Eccrine glands keep the axillae moist through thermally and emotionally induced secretions (6).
1.3.3 The sebaceous glands excrete higher molecular weight lipid materials which absorb and retain the volatile materials
resulting from bacterial action (7). The aerobic diphtheroids are able to produce the typical acrid axillary odor and the
micrococcaceae produce an isovaleric acid-like odor when incubated with apocrine sweat (8). Therefore, the most undesirable
component of axillary odor is caused by degradation of apocrine sweat by particular bacteria normally found in the axillary vault.
1.4 Personal care products are sold and used primarily for their ability to reduce the perception of body odor not only by the
individual using the product but also by individuals within the scope of contact. Deodorant protection may be achieved by these
products through various modes of action. Antiperspirants achieve their primary efficacy by means of the action of inorganic salts
on the eccrine gland production of sweat. Antimicrobial agents achieve deodorancy by inhibiting the growth and activity of the
microflora in the axillary vault thus reducing the microbial decomposition of sweat and the consequent production of body odor.
Absorbents function either by “binding” available moisture or malodorous substances. Fragrances are effective by altering the
perception of malodor and increasing the degree of “pleasantness.” Other modes of control become important from time to time,
representing changes in the state-of-the-art in product development.
1.5 The studies discussed herein are interpreted through the use of statistical tests of hypotheses. These hypotheses are usually
of the form:
The Deodorant Efficacy of Treatment A
= The Deodorant Efficacy of Treatment B
1.5.1 It should be noted that failure to reject this hypothesis at a specified level of significance does not prove the hypothesis,
but merely that the weight of evidence provided by the experiment is not sufficient to reject the hypothesis. This could occur
because either: a) The hypothesis is close to truth and great experimental power would be required to reject it, or b) The experiment
by design was low in power and, therefore, incapable of rejecting the hypothesis; even when it is far from true. This can occur
due to design structure or low sample size. These facts must be taken into consideration when interpreting study results.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E18 on Sensory Evaluation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E18.07 on Personal Care and
Household Evaluation.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2009March 1, 2014. Published March 2009March 2014. Originally approved in 1987. Last
...
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