ASTM E1207-14(2022)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Sensory Evaluation of Axillary Deodorancy
Standard Guide for Sensory Evaluation of Axillary Deodorancy
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures recommended in this practice can be used to clinically assess axillary deodorant efficacy of personal care products.
5.2 This practice is applicable to the product categories which include deodorant and toilet soap bars, liquid bath soaps and gels, deodorant sticks, antiperspirants, creams and lotions, body talcs, and aerosol and pump delivery deodorants, antiperspirants, and body colognes.
5.3 Procedures of the type described herein may be used to aid in the communication of efficacy within and between manufacturers and to the consumer through the various public communications media. Guidelines are suggested due to the need to determine the relative or absolute performance of experimental materials or of commercial products.
5.4 These procedures may be used by persons who have familiarized themselves with these procedures and have had previous experience with sensory evaluation.
5.5 This practice provides suggested procedures and is not meant to exclude alternate procedures which may be effectively used to provide the same clinical result.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides procedures which may be used in the design and analysis of studies to quantitatively assess the intensity of human axillary odor for the purpose of substantiating deodorant efficacy of personal care products.
1.2 This guide includes protocols for the selection and training of assessors, selection of subjects, experimental design, and statistical analyses. This practice is limited to assessment of axillary odor by trained assessors. Self-evaluation protocols are valid for selected sensory tasks but may be less sensitive.
1.3 With respect to the source of axillary odor, three groups of secretory glands are present in the axillae which participate to a greater or lesser extent in its production—eccrine, apocrine, and sebaceous. Axillary odor has been primarily ascribed to the apocrine gland secretion (1) .2 Body odor intensity has been correlated with the volume of the secretory portion of the apocrine gland (2) and the density of the glands.
1.3.1 Apocrine glands are found primarily in the axillary vault in conjunction with axillary hairs (3). Pure apocrine sweat is sterile and odorless and axillary odor results from degradation of apocrine sweat by resident skin bacteria (4). High bacterial populations are found in moist regions of the body, especially in the axillae, providing the appropriate environment for growth (5).
1.3.2 Eccrine glands keep the axillae moist through thermally and emotionally induced secretions (6).
1.3.3 The sebaceous glands excrete higher molecular weight lipid materials which absorb and retain the volatile materials resulting from bacterial action (7) . The aerobic diphtheroids are able to produce the typical acrid axillary odor and the micrococcaceae produce an isovaleric acid-like odor when incubated with apocrine sweat (8). Therefore, the most undesirable component of axillary odor is caused by degradation of apocrine sweat by particular bacteria normally found in the axillary vault.
1.4 Personal care products are sold and used primarily for their ability to reduce the perception of body odor not only by the individual using the product but also by individuals within the scope of contact. Deodorant protection may be achieved by these products through various modes of action. Antiperspirants achieve their primary efficacy by means of the action of inorganic salts on the eccrine gland production of sweat. Antimicrobial agents achieve deodorancy by inhibiting the growth and activity of the microflora in the axillary vault thus reducing the microbial decomposition of sweat and the consequent production of body odor. Absorbents function either by “binding” available moisture or malodorous substances. Fragrances are effective by altering the perception of malodor and increasing the degree of “pleasantness.” Other modes of control become important from time...
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1207 − 14 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Guide for
Sensory Evaluation of Axillary Deodorancy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1207; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope sirable component of axillary odor is caused by degradation of
apocrine sweat by particular bacteria normally found in the
1.1 This guide provides procedures which may be used in
axillary vault.
the design and analysis of studies to quantitatively assess the
intensity of human axillary odor for the purpose of substanti- 1.4 Personal care products are sold and used primarily for
ating deodorant efficacy of personal care products. their ability to reduce the perception of body odor not only by
the individual using the product but also by individuals within
1.2 This guide includes protocols for the selection and
thescopeofcontact.Deodorantprotectionmaybeachievedby
training of assessors, selection of subjects, experimental
these products through various modes of action. Antiperspi-
design, and statistical analyses. This practice is limited to
rants achieve their primary efficacy by means of the action of
assessment of axillary odor by trained assessors. Self-
inorganic salts on the eccrine gland production of sweat.
evaluation protocols are valid for selected sensory tasks but
Antimicrobial agents achieve deodorancy by inhibiting the
may be less sensitive.
growth and activity of the microflora in the axillary vault thus
1.3 With respect to the source of axillary odor, three groups
reducing the microbial decomposition of sweat and the conse-
of secretory glands are present in the axillae which participate
quent production of body odor. Absorbents function either by
to a greater or lesser extent in its production—eccrine,
“binding” available moisture or malodorous substances. Fra-
apocrine, and sebaceous. Axillary odor has been primarily
grances are effective by altering the perception of malodor and
ascribed to the apocrine gland secretion (1). Body odor
increasing the degree of “pleasantness.” Other modes of
intensity has been correlated with the volume of the secretory
control become important from time to time, representing
portion of the apocrine gland (2) and the density of the glands.
changes in the state-of-the-art in product development.
1.3.1 Apocrine glands are found primarily in the axillary
1.5 The studies discussed herein are interpreted through the
vault in conjunction with axillary hairs (3). Pure apocrine
use of statistical tests of hypotheses. These hypotheses are
sweat is sterile and odorless and axillary odor results from
usually of the form:
degradation of apocrine sweat by resident skin bacteria (4).
The Deodorant Efficacy of Treatment A
High bacterial populations are found in moist regions of the
= The Deodorant Efficacy of Treatment B
body, especially in the axillae, providing the appropriate
1.5.1 It should be noted that failure to reject this hypothesis
environment for growth (5).
at a specified level of significance does not prove the
1.3.2 Eccrine glands keep the axillae moist through ther-
hypothesis,butmerelythattheweightofevidenceprovidedby
mally and emotionally induced secretions (6).
the experiment is not sufficient to reject the hypothesis. This
1.3.3 Thesebaceousglandsexcretehighermolecularweight
could occur because either: a) The hypothesis is close to truth
lipid materials which absorb and retain the volatile materials
and great experimental power would be required to reject it, or
resulting from bacterial action (7). The aerobic diphtheroids
b) The experiment by design was low in power and, therefore,
are able to produce the typical acrid axillary odor and the
incapable of rejecting the hypothesis; even when it is far from
micrococcaceae produce an isovaleric acid-like odor when
true.Thiscanoccurduetodesignstructureorlowsamplesize.
incubated with apocrine sweat (8). Therefore, the most unde-
These facts must be taken into consideration when interpreting
study results.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E18 on Sensory
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
Evaluation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E18.07 on Personal
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Care and Household Evaluation.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2022. Published October 2022. Originally
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E1207–14. DOI:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
10.1520/E1207-14R22.
2 mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
this standard. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1207 − 14 (2022)
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.11 trigeminal response—a sensation caused by stimula-
3 tion of the trigeminal nerve.The sensation is that of a physical
2.1 ASTM Standards:
feeling, such as burning and tingling.
E253Terminology Relating to Sensory Evaluation of Mate-
rials and Products
4. Summary of Guide
E1697Test Method for Unipolar Magnitude Estimation of
4.1 The protocols described provide for the designation of
Sensory Attributes
panels of individuals suitably selected and trained to perform
3. Terminology
the functions of assessors and subjects for the purpose of
assessing deodorant efficacy. Details of specific procedures are
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
given in Appendix X1 – Appendix X3. Deodorant products
3.1.1 Fordefinitionsoftermsrelatingtosensoryevaluation,
should be tested in a manner which maximizes test sensitivity
see Terminology E253.
while still reflecting normal consumer-use conditions. Ex-
3.1.2 5-alpha-androst-16-en-3-one (delta (5-alpha)
amples are provided to assist the investigator in the design and
androsten-3-one) C H O—CAS No. 18339-17-7—
19 28
performance of test protocols.
component of axillary odor which has a “urinous” character
and results from the action of certain skin bacteria on apocrine
5. Significance and Use
secretion (9).
5.1 The procedures recommended in this practice can be
3.1.3 5-alpha-androst-16-en-3-alpha-ol (delta (5-alpha)
usedtoclinicallyassessaxillarydeodorantefficacyofpersonal
androsten-3-alpha-ol) C H O—CAS No. 14152-27-3—
19 30
care products.
componentofaxillaryodorwhichhasa“musky”characterand
results from the action of certain skin bacteria on apocrine
5.2 This practice is applicable to the product categories
secretion (9).
whichincludedeodorantandtoiletsoapbars,liquidbathsoaps
and gels, deodorant sticks, antiperspirants, creams and lotions,
3.1.4 apocrine gland—a highly coiled tubular system found
body talcs, and aerosol and pump delivery deodorants,
primarily in axillary epidermis. These glands continuously
antiperspirants, and body colognes.
produce and store apocrine sweat for later excretion onto the
skin surface via hair follicles. The excretion is activated by
5.3 Procedures of the type described herein may be used to
androgenic sympathetic stimuli such as pain or fear (1).
aid in the communication of efficacy within and between
manufacturers and to the consumer through the various public
3.1.5 deodorant effıcacy—the effectiveness or treatment, or
both, of a product in reducing axillary malodor. communications media. Guidelines are suggested due to the
need to determine the relative or absolute performance of
3.1.6 eccrine gland—a simple unbranched tube with a
experimental materials or of commercial products.
terminal coil.These glands are found in the epidermis over the
entire body surface. The glands are controlled by the auto- 5.4 These procedures may be used by persons who have
nomic nervous system and serve as an evaporative cooling familiarized themselves with these procedures and have had
mechanism. Although heat is the primary stimulus, localized previous experience with sensory evaluation.
eccrine sweating can also occur as a result of emotional stress
5.5 This practice provides suggested procedures and is not
and other physiological stimuli (3).
meant to exclude alternate procedures which may be effec-
3.1.7 IVA, isovaleric acid (3-methylbutanoic acid)
tively used to provide the same clinical result.
C H O;(CH ) CHCH COOH. CAS No. 503-74-2—
5 10 2 3 2 2
6. Subject Selection and Restrictions
component of axillary odor which has a “sweaty, acid”
characterandresultsfromtheactionofcertainskinbacteriaon
6.1 Criteria for Selection—The population should be de-
apocrine secretion.
fined and subjects selected from this population in a random,
and unbiased manner according to the experimental design
3.1.8 right-left imbalance—a condition of some subjects
who have one axilla with notably more intense odor than the considerationsdefinedin8.11.Ifatestisbeingperformedwith
the product directed at a subset of the consuming population,
other axilla as determined from the control odor evaluation.
the subjects should be selected from a population representa-
3.1.9 sebaceous gland—a gland closely related to the hair
tive of the subset.
follicle which produces sebum which combines with apocrine
6.1.1 The subjects should have a recognizable body odor
secretionatthebaseofthefollicle.Sebaceousglandsareunder
level when evaluated under the procedures given in this
androgen control (6).
practice.
3.1.10 sequential analysis—a statistical technique which
6.1.2 In situations where it is desirable to enhance test
may be used to screen potential assessors for sensory acuity to
sensitivity, the following criteria may be adopted:
aspecificstimulus.Theassessorisrepeatedlytesteduntilheor
6.1.2.1 Based on the control odor scores (see 8.3), subjects
she passes or fails the test at a specified level of significance
who have low or extremely high odor should not be selected
(10, 11).
for the test. Subjects may be considered as having a “high”
odor relative to a normal population if they develop an odor
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
score in excess of 7.0 on a 0- to 10-point scale or 3.5 on a 0-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
to 5-point scale. Likewise, subjects may be considered as
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. having a “low” odor relative to a normal population if they
E1207 − 14 (2022)
developanodorscorebelow3.0ona0-to10-pointscaleor1.5 6.2.2.1 Subjects should use no perfumed substances on the
on a 0- to 5-point scale. A selection process which excludes body such as perfume, after shave, lotions, bath oils, and
“low”odorsubjectsor“extremelyhigh”odorsubjects,orboth, hairspray.
mustbespecifiedforeachtestanddependsuponthenumberof 6.2.2.2 Pre-laundered wearing apparel (see 8.6) may be
subjects required for the test and the relative odor scores of worn by each subject at the option of the test sponsor. Shirts
these subjects. should be collected and laundered in accordance with a
uniform laboratory procedure.
6.1.2.2 Thereshouldbenomorethanasmallright-leftodor
imbalance between axillae of each subject. On the basis of a 6.2.2.3 If specified by the test sponsor, laundry additives
category, or interval scale, the consensus of the task group was such as bleach, fabric softeners, etc., may be used on subjects’
that the control odor score differential should not be greater outer clothing.
than 20% of the overall scale (that is, 2.0 points on a 10-point
6.2.2.4 Subjects should minimize physical exertion such as
scale or 1.0 points on a 5-point scale). tennis and jogging.
6.1.2.3 Appendix X1contains additional information on the 6.2.2.5 Subjectsshouldrefrainfromtheuseofbreathmints,
acceptance/rejection history of experimental subject popula- toothpaste, mouth rinses and sprays, chewing gum, and from
tions.Aselection process which excludes approximately 20% drinking coffee or tea at least 1 h prior to each evaluation.
of the lowest odor intensity individuals of a normal population Smoking should be restricted 2 h prior to each evaluation and
is generally recognized as appropriate. alcoholic beverages 8 h before an evaluation.
6.1.3 Chronic medications such as antibiotics, steroids, etc., 6.2.2.6 Subjects should not wash the axillae at home for the
which may affect the test, should be restricted during all test duration of the test. Axillae should only be washed at the test
phases as deemed appropriate by the sponsor. site in accordance with a supervised wash procedure. Care
6.1.4 In addition to the above restrictions it should be should be taken not to get the axillae wet during bathing or
showering at home.
recognized that other factors which contribute to protocol
operating efficiency should be emphasized, including interest,
cooperation, commitment, and punctuality of the subjects. 7. Assessor Selection and Training
6.2 Subject Restrictions—In order to achieve appropriate 7.1 General—Theselectionprocessshouldincludetheprin-
experimental control, the following restrictions should be ciples embodied in Ref (12). The assessor’s task is to detect
imposed upon all subjects during the conditioning and test differences and rate the intensity of perceived axillary odor.
phases.
7.2 Assessors employed for assessing body odor intensity
6.2.1 Conditioning Phase—This period is often referred to
should be screened for the following attributes:
as the “washout” period and is that portion of the protocol
7.2.1 Interest and availability;
preceding the actual test phase. The duration of the condition-
7.2.2 Qualitative and quantitative olfactory discrimination
ing phase should be a minimum of 7 days. The conditioning
ability;
phase for antiperspirants shall be 17 days as defined by the
7.2.3 Ability to carry out basic sensory tasks, and compe-
FDA monograph on antiperspirants (11).
tency with the scale used, and
6.2.1.1 Subjects should use no antiperspirants, deodorants,
7.2.4 Specificanosmias.Whileitisdesirabletoidentifyany
antibiotic creams, antibacterial ointments, or any other cos-
olfactory deficit which an assessor may have, there is experi-
metic products on the axillae. No antibacterial products,
ence which indicates that specific anosmias may not detract
including d
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