E18.07 - Personal Care and Household Evaluation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The approaches to the evaluation of toothbrushes and toothpaste recommended in this guide can be used to assess the sensory characteristics of toothpaste in use and after use (or a series of uses). This guide is meant to address the evaluation of standalone toothbrush and toothpaste products and does not address packaging, product/package interaction, dispensing, or overall clinical effect or benefit of the product. The procedures outlined in this guide are to be used by assessors that have been specifically screened for sensory and descriptive ability and trained in the evaluation of toothbrushes or toothpaste or both. The procedures described in this guide can be used to guide product development within a manufacturer and communicate information regarding the product to the consumer through the media or on product packaging.  
5.2 Additionally, language and ideas from two additional ASTM International sensory guides (Guides E1490 and E2082) as well as the Lexicon for Sensory Evaluation: Aroma, Flavor, Texture, and Appearance (DS72-2ND)4 are used throughout this guide.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidelines for the selection and training of expert assessors for the sensory evaluation of toothpaste and toothbrushes as well as a basic framework for the sensory evaluation of the same. Sensory evaluation of toothpaste and toothbrushes can be used to define the sensory attributes of the products and then to measure those attributes quantitatively for the purposes of new product development, product optimization, competitive benchmarking, and claims substantiation.  
1.2 A general framework for both toothpaste and toothbrush descriptive analysis is provided to guide the reader in the design and execution (including sample preparation and presentation, facility and testing environment, and specific evaluation protocols) for such evaluations.  
1.3 This guide provides suggested protocols and approaches to the evaluation of the indicated products/samples and in no way excludes any alternate approaches that may be effective in providing such perceptual evaluations.  
1.4 This guide does not address other oral care products including, but not limited to, whitening agents, oral rinses, mouthwashes, dental flosses, denture adhesive, floss picks, or other oral care products.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The methods outlined in this guide can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the sensory characteristics and performance of trigger hard surface household cleaning products for nonporous surfaces.  
5.2 The methods are suited for descriptive analysis and may be adaptable for consumer acceptance research.  
5.3 This guide provides the procedure for the evaluation of package, application, performance, after-use and fragrance aspects of hard surface cleaners. Depending on the test objectives, all or some of these measures may be used.  
5.4 This guide is designed for use for product research guidance in product formulation, new product development, and quality control issues.  
5.5 This guide is a compendium of information or series of options that does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide is not intended for claim substantiation, as it has not been subjected to validation testing.  
5.6 This guide is for use by individuals who familiarize themselves with these procedures and who have previous experience with sensory evaluations. It is suggested that the individuals have some experience with developing and training a descriptive panel or work under the supervision of a sensory professional who has.  
5.7 This guide might involve hazardous materials. This guide does not claim to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and healthy practices and to determine the applicability of limitations prior to use.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents guidelines specific to the sensory evaluation of trigger hard surface cleaners. It covers the procedure for preparing a nonporous surface with the intent to measure one or all of the various aspects of a trigger product: package, application, performance, and after-use properties, with focus on visual, tactile, fragrance, performance, and package ergonomics. It is applicable for use with assessors, highly trained assessors, and consumers.  
1.2 This guide for preparing nonporous hard surfaces is intended to focus on surface preparation and evaluation, not on panel selection, training, or development.  
1.3 The reader should be aware that good sensory practices are required when preparing the surfaces, and in developing and training the assessors.  
1.4 The researcher is responsible for identifying the most appropriate test design and using the appropriate statistical tool to address that experimental design.  
1.5 Since this guide's intended use is to provide direction on the presentation and measurement of the different aspects of spray trigger hard surface cleaners, this guide may not accurately represent all possible soils and surfaces where spray trigger hard surface cleaners may be used.  
1.6 This guide provides suggested procedures and is not meant to exclude alternate procedures that may be effectively used to provide the same results.  
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Values are stated in only SI units when inch-pound units are not used in practice.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Techn...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures recommended in this practice can be used to clinically assess axillary deodorant efficacy of personal care products.  
5.2 This practice is applicable to the product categories which include deodorant and toilet soap bars, liquid bath soaps and gels, deodorant sticks, antiperspirants, creams and lotions, body talcs, and aerosol and pump delivery deodorants, antiperspirants, and body colognes.  
5.3 Procedures of the type described herein may be used to aid in the communication of efficacy within and between manufacturers and to the consumer through the various public communications media. Guidelines are suggested due to the need to determine the relative or absolute performance of experimental materials or of commercial products.  
5.4 These procedures may be used by persons who have familiarized themselves with these procedures and have had previous experience with sensory evaluation.  
5.5 This practice provides suggested procedures and is not meant to exclude alternate procedures which may be effectively used to provide the same clinical result.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides procedures which may be used in the design and analysis of studies to quantitatively assess the intensity of human axillary odor for the purpose of substantiating deodorant efficacy of personal care products.  
1.2 This guide includes protocols for the selection and training of assessors, selection of subjects, experimental design, and statistical analyses. This practice is limited to assessment of axillary odor by trained assessors. Self-evaluation protocols are valid for selected sensory tasks but may be less sensitive.  
1.3 With respect to the source of axillary odor, three groups of secretory glands are present in the axillae which participate to a greater or lesser extent in its production—eccrine, apocrine, and sebaceous. Axillary odor has been primarily ascribed to the apocrine gland secretion (1) .2 Body odor intensity has been correlated with the volume of the secretory portion of the apocrine gland (2) and the density of the glands.  
1.3.1 Apocrine glands are found primarily in the axillary vault in conjunction with axillary hairs (3). Pure apocrine sweat is sterile and odorless and axillary odor results from degradation of apocrine sweat by resident skin bacteria  (4). High bacterial populations are found in moist regions of the body, especially in the axillae, providing the appropriate environment for growth (5).  
1.3.2 Eccrine glands keep the axillae moist through thermally and emotionally induced secretions (6).  
1.3.3 The sebaceous glands excrete higher molecular weight lipid materials which absorb and retain the volatile materials resulting from bacterial action (7) . The aerobic diphtheroids are able to produce the typical acrid axillary odor and the micrococcaceae produce an isovaleric acid-like odor when incubated with apocrine sweat (8). Therefore, the most undesirable component of axillary odor is caused by degradation of apocrine sweat by particular bacteria normally found in the axillary vault.  
1.4 Personal care products are sold and used primarily for their ability to reduce the perception of body odor not only by the individual using the product but also by individuals within the scope of contact. Deodorant protection may be achieved by these products through various modes of action. Antiperspirants achieve their primary efficacy by means of the action of inorganic salts on the eccrine gland production of sweat. Antimicrobial agents achieve deodorancy by inhibiting the growth and activity of the microflora in the axillary vault thus reducing the microbial decomposition of sweat and the consequent production of body odor. Absorbents function either by “binding” available moisture or malodorous substances. Fragrances are effective by altering the perception of malodor and increasing the degree of “pleasantness.” Other modes of control become important from time...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This global guide applies to all nonpharmaceutical sensory testing involving respondents (employees and non-employees). Testing with respondents can range from early exploratory studies to large-scale sensory studies and market claims tests regardless of the name assigned or the nomenclature used to describe the study.  
4.2 The type of exposure or human (respondent) testing or both in scope is specified in 3.1.4. Definition of a product or material or both as pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical may vary by country. Knowledge of local laws and regulations is essential.  
4.3 Respondents, products, protocols and methods, study administration and oversight, and the testing environment are all within the scope of this guide.  
4.4 This global guide:  
4.4.1 Does not cover pharmaceutical or professionally prescribed healthcare products;  
4.4.2 Does not cover studies in which respondents are not exposed to a product (marketed or developmental) or material; and  
4.4.3 Does not govern workplace manufacturing exposure to product and ingredients. Occupational safety and health policies govern these workplace manufacturing exposures.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide will cover the considerations that shall be made when testing products, materials, or ingredients with respondents for their sensory response to products and stimuli. A sensory study is defined as a study in which respondents’ perceptions and responses to stimuli are measured and recorded. These data are used by companies to help design products that better meet consumers’ needs, manage risk in developing products, and/or build knowledge of products sensory and performance attributes and consumers’ product needs.  
1.2 In this guide, the key principles driving safe sensory testing are summarized, and then in greater detail, the steps and processes to be considered to maintain ethical standards and ensure safety and confidentiality of human respondents to meet government and regulatory requirements globally are described. Respondents, test product/material, protocols and methods, study administration and oversight, and testing environment are all subject to oversight to maintain ethical standards, respondent confidentiality, and ensure a respondent’s safety. Governmental and regulatory bodies, along with local organizations and professions, also provide requirements and guidance. It is incumbent upon the researcher to be aware of, and follow, these guidelines and requirements for any study for which they are responsible.  
1.3 In this guide, all local regulations that may apply to sensory testing are not identified. The minimum standards and best practices for ethical treatment and safety of respondents during sensory testing are defined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide provides general guidelines and recommendations for presenting product and material samples to assessors for evaluation of odor attributes under controlled conditions. Specific situations may require variations to these guidelines.  
5.2 This guide is designed for use in assessing odor of products and materials for such applications as, but not limited to, development, reformulation, complaint investigation, quality control, and stability/shelf-life.  
5.3 Elements of this guide may also be utilized for assessor training programs involving odor evaluation tasks.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidelines for odor evaluation of products and materials under controlled conditions with a trained panel.  
1.2 This guide addresses odor, aroma, malodor and fragrance (see Terminology E253).  
1.3 This guide addresses assessor selection and training, sample preparation, and test procedures specific to odor evaluations.  
1.4 This guide does not address odor of any specific category of products.  
1.5 This guide does not recommend a specific testing method. The user is responsible for identifying the most appropriate test design and analysis tools to address the research questions.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this guide is to assess the ability of consumer products to reduce malodor intensity from a control state. Several experimental hypotheses are possible, depending on the objective of the test. Possible objectives with respective hypotheses are given in Appendix X1.  
5.2 Many consumer products are sold commercially with the intent of providing a means of improving the odor quality of a volume of air, or the odor quality of a substrate such as fabric or household surfaces, relative to some existing environmental condition. In the case of air care products, this typically involves the application of an odorous substance into the air space by means of some active or passive mechanism (for example, by spraying, or by evaporation). This procedure is also applicable to other mechanisms of odor reduction (for example, air filtration, chemical reactions, etc.).  
5.3 Selection of representative malodor sources is of critical importance. The malodor source must be readily available and of a consistent odor quality. A reasonable malodor source should be chemically and aesthetically correct. The experimenter and client must agree upon the appropriateness of a malodor source before further details of the test design are worked out. Experimental variation will be reduced by using uniform malodor sources. Information collected on malodor reduction will thus be more comparable from experiment to experiment and from laboratory to laboratory.  
5.4 The procedure recommended can be used for assessment of the malodor reduction and elimination efficacy of consumer products including: air fresheners, air filtration products, aerosol/spray and continuous/solid air freshener products, candles, fabric care products including detergents and fabric enhancing/conditioning products, surface care products including carpet care products, surface cleaning products such as sprays etc., pet care products, and other products intended to deliver a malodor reduction benefit. It s...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers standard procedures for the quantitative sensory assessment of perceived olfactory intensity of malodors for the purpose of assessing the malodor reduction efficacy of consumer products including, but not limited to, air care, fabric care, home care, pet care, and similar products.  
1.2 This guide is not intended to cover axillary deodorancy; refer instead to Guide E1207.  
1.3 Malodors may be from natural or synthetic sources.  
1.4 This guide is a compendium of information or series of options that does not recommend a specific course of action. The user of this guide is responsible for identifying the most appropriate test design and using the appropriate statistical tools to address the experimental design.  
1.5 This guide is designed to provide guidance in product formulation and new product development, and for quality control issues.  
1.6 The scope of this guide does not include all guidance necessary to support claims. For further guidance the researcher may refer to Guide E1958. The usage of methods described in this guide can be used as part of a comprehensive claims support strategy for technical types of claims (such as claims that the product will create a sensory change when used on malodor). However, this guide does not address other important elements of the claim support strategy, including determining the statistical confidence requirements, or determination of the consumer relevance of the data obtained, as discussed in 1.7.  
1.7 The testing of products designed to reduce malodors via sensory testing as outlined in the present Guide can yield technical support for products’ efficacy claims. The methods described in this guide—assesors with identified sensory acuity and trained, malodors that may be lab-created or synthetic, and controlled exposure to malodors in a controlled indoor environment—can deliver results with high internal validity. Internal validity refers to s...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This guide can be used to quantitatively assess the intensity of specific attributes of hair odors resulting from hair-care products.  
6.2 This guide may be utilized for product development, research guidance, and quality control.  
6.3 These are suggested procedures and are not meant to exclude alternate procedures that may effectively provide the same or similar results.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers standardized procedures for the quantitative sensory assessment of fragrance/odor intensity or attribute intensity of fragrances in hair-care products through all stages of use (point of purchase, lather, in use, wet hair after rinse, and dry hair) under laboratory conditions with trained assessors.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 The methods outlined in this guide can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the performance and sensory characteristics of shampoos.  
6.2 The methods described in this guide may be used for product formulation and research guidance as well as for quality control.  
6.3 These methods may be used by individuals who familiarize themselves with these procedures and who have previous experience with sensory evaluation.  
6.4 Variables that may affect results include, but are not limited to, water conditions (for example, hardness), hair type, and hair condition. These variables should be controlled or accounted for in the experimental design.  
6.5 These are suggested procedures and are not intended to exclude alternate methods, which may effectively provide the same or similar results.
SCOPE
1.1 The objective of this guide is to provide procedures which may be used in the design, execution, and analysis of studies to quantitatively assess the objective sensory attributes of shampoos. This is one of many appropriate techniques used in the hair-care industry. These attributes can then be used to define performance of shampoos and to provide direction in product formulation, research guidance testing, and claim substantiation. This guide includes the sensory properties involved in dispensing a product, as well as the attributes pertinent to shampooing swatches, half and whole heads. Although this guide is specific to shampoos, the procedures should be applicable to most hair-care products.  
1.2 Guidelines are provided for the definition of terminology, procedures for manipulation of products, identification/selection of hair type, and assessor training. References for rating scales are not provided in this guide. The user should be aware that some sensory practices may require the use of attribute references (anchors) when training the assessors.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures recommended in this guide can be used to assess the sensory characteristics before, during, and after usage of skin care products.  
5.2 This guide is applicable to product categories that include skin lotions and creams, facial moisturizers, hand lotions and creams, anti-aging lotions and creams, suntan lotions, personal repellents, and other skin care products.  
5.3 Procedures of the type described herein may be used to communicate perceived sensory properties within and between manufacturers and to the consumer through the media. These guidelines are suggested to meet the need for ascertaining the performance of experimental and commercial products.  
5.4 These procedures are to be used by assessors who are screened for sensory acuity, trained to use their senses to evaluate products, and in the procedures outlined by the panel method of choice, either technical assessor or consumer behavioral approach.  
5.5 This guide provides suggested procedures and is not meant to exclude alternate procedures that may be effective in training skinfeel panels and providing sensory evaluation descriptions.
SCOPE
1.1 The objective of this guide is to provide procedures for two different descriptive analysis approaches that may be used to qualitatively describe the sensory attributes of skin creams and lotions and quantitatively measure their intensity, similarities, and differences over time. Descriptive analysis can be used to define the sensory experience of skin care products that can then be used to provide direction in product formulation, competitive assessment, ingredient substitutions, research guidance, and advertising claim substantiation.  
1.2 Guidelines are provided to assist the reader in determining which approach best meets their research objectives, either the (1) technical assessor or (2) consumer behavior approach to language development and evaluation.  
1.3 Guidelines are provided for the selection and training of assessors, defining sensory attributes, measuring intensities on rating scales, developing procedures for the manipulation of the product alone and the product on the skin, product handling, and evaluation of skin condition before testing.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The methods outlined in this guide can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the sensory characteristics and performance of trigger hard surface household cleaning products for nonporous surfaces.  
5.2 The methods are suited for descriptive analysis and may be adaptable for consumer acceptance research.  
5.3 This guide provides the procedure for the evaluation of package, application, performance, after-use and fragrance aspects of hard surface cleaners. Depending on the test objectives, all or some of these measures may be used.  
5.4 This guide is designed for use for product research guidance in product formulation, new product development, and quality control issues.  
5.5 This guide is a compendium of information or series of options that does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide is not intended for claim substantiation, as it has not been subjected to validation testing.  
5.6 This guide is for use by individuals who familiarize themselves with these procedures and who have previous experience with sensory evaluations. It is suggested that the individuals have some experience with developing and training a descriptive panel or work under the supervision of a sensory professional who has.  
5.7 This guide might involve hazardous materials. This guide does not claim to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and healthy practices and to determine the applicability of limitations prior to use.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents guidelines specific to the sensory evaluation of trigger hard surface cleaners. It covers the procedure for preparing a nonporous surface with the intent to measure one or all of the various aspects of a trigger product: package, application, performance, and after-use properties, with focus on visual, tactile, fragrance, performance, and package ergonomics. It is applicable for use with assessors, highly trained assessors, and consumers.  
1.2 This guide for preparing nonporous hard surfaces is intended to focus on surface preparation and evaluation, not on panel selection, training, or development.  
1.3 The reader should be aware that good sensory practices are required when preparing the surfaces, and in developing and training the assessors.  
1.4 The researcher is responsible for identifying the most appropriate test design and using the appropriate statistical tool to address that experimental design.  
1.5 Since this guide's intended use is to provide direction on the presentation and measurement of the different aspects of spray trigger hard surface cleaners, this guide may not accurately represent all possible soils and surfaces where spray trigger hard surface cleaners may be used.  
1.6 This guide provides suggested procedures and is not meant to exclude alternate procedures that may be effectively used to provide the same results.  
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Values are stated in only SI units when inch-pound units are not used in practice.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Techn...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The methods outlined in this guide can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the sensory characteristics and performance of trigger hard surface household cleaning products for nonporous surfaces.  
5.2 The methods are suited for descriptive analysis and may be adaptable for consumer acceptance research.  
5.3 This guide provides the procedure for the evaluation of package, application, performance, after-use and fragrance aspects of hard surface cleaners. Depending on the test objectives, all or some of these measures may be used.  
5.4 This guide is designed for use for product research guidance in product formulation, new product development, and quality control issues.  
5.5 This guide is a compendium of information or series of options that does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide is not intended for claim substantiation, as it has not been subjected to validation testing.  
5.6 This guide is for use by individuals who familiarize themselves with these procedures and who have previous experience with sensory evaluations. It is suggested that the individuals have some experience with developing and training a descriptive panel or work under the supervision of a sensory professional who has.  
5.7 This guide might involve hazardous materials. This guide does not claim to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and healthy practices and to determine the applicability of limitations prior to use.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents guidelines specific to the sensory evaluation of trigger hard surface cleaners. It covers the procedure for preparing a nonporous surface with the intent to measure one or all of the various aspects of a trigger product: package, application, performance, and after-use properties, with focus on visual, tactile, fragrance, performance, and package ergonomics. It is applicable for use with assessors, highly trained assessors, and consumers.  
1.2 This guide for preparing nonporous hard surfaces is intended to focus on surface preparation and evaluation, not on panel selection, training, or development.  
1.3 The reader should be aware that good sensory practices are required when preparing the surfaces, and in developing and training the assessors.  
1.4 The researcher is responsible for identifying the most appropriate test design and using the appropriate statistical tool to address that experimental design.  
1.5 Since this guide's intended use is to provide direction on the presentation and measurement of the different aspects of spray trigger hard surface cleaners, this guide may not accurately represent all possible soils and surfaces where spray trigger hard surface cleaners may be used.  
1.6 This guide provides suggested procedures and is not meant to exclude alternate procedures that may be effectively used to provide the same results.  
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Values are stated in only SI units when inch-pound units are not used in practice.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures recommended in this practice can be used to clinically assess axillary deodorant efficacy of personal care products.  
5.2 This practice is applicable to the product categories which include deodorant and toilet soap bars, liquid bath soaps and gels, deodorant sticks, antiperspirants, creams and lotions, body talcs, and aerosol and pump delivery deodorants, antiperspirants, and body colognes.  
5.3 Procedures of the type described herein may be used to aid in the communication of efficacy within and between manufacturers and to the consumer through the various public communications media. Guidelines are suggested due to the need to determine the relative or absolute performance of experimental materials or of commercial products.  
5.4 These procedures may be used by persons who have familiarized themselves with these procedures and have had previous experience with sensory evaluation.  
5.5 This practice provides suggested procedures and is not meant to exclude alternate procedures which may be effectively used to provide the same clinical result.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides procedures which may be used in the design and analysis of studies to quantitatively assess the intensity of human axillary odor for the purpose of substantiating deodorant efficacy of personal care products.  
1.2 This guide includes protocols for the selection and training of assessors, selection of subjects, experimental design, and statistical analyses. This practice is limited to assessment of axillary odor by trained assessors. Self-evaluation protocols are valid for selected sensory tasks but may be less sensitive.  
1.3 With respect to the source of axillary odor, three groups of secretory glands are present in the axillae which participate to a greater or lesser extent in its production—eccrine, apocrine, and sebaceous. Axillary odor has been primarily ascribed to the apocrine gland secretion (1) .2 Body odor intensity has been correlated with the volume of the secretory portion of the apocrine gland (2) and the density of the glands.  
1.3.1 Apocrine glands are found primarily in the axillary vault in conjunction with axillary hairs (3). Pure apocrine sweat is sterile and odorless and axillary odor results from degradation of apocrine sweat by resident skin bacteria  (4). High bacterial populations are found in moist regions of the body, especially in the axillae, providing the appropriate environment for growth (5).  
1.3.2 Eccrine glands keep the axillae moist through thermally and emotionally induced secretions (6).  
1.3.3 The sebaceous glands excrete higher molecular weight lipid materials which absorb and retain the volatile materials resulting from bacterial action (7) . The aerobic diphtheroids are able to produce the typical acrid axillary odor and the micrococcaceae produce an isovaleric acid-like odor when incubated with apocrine sweat (8). Therefore, the most undesirable component of axillary odor is caused by degradation of apocrine sweat by particular bacteria normally found in the axillary vault.  
1.4 Personal care products are sold and used primarily for their ability to reduce the perception of body odor not only by the individual using the product but also by individuals within the scope of contact. Deodorant protection may be achieved by these products through various modes of action. Antiperspirants achieve their primary efficacy by means of the action of inorganic salts on the eccrine gland production of sweat. Antimicrobial agents achieve deodorancy by inhibiting the growth and activity of the microflora in the axillary vault thus reducing the microbial decomposition of sweat and the consequent production of body odor. Absorbents function either by “binding” available moisture or malodorous substances. Fragrances are effective by altering the perception of malodor and increasing the degree of “pleasantness.” Other modes of control become important from time...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The methods outlined in this guide can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the sensory characteristics and performance of trigger hard surface household cleaning products for nonporous surfaces.  
5.2 The methods are suited for descriptive analysis and may be adaptable for consumer acceptance research.  
5.3 This guide provides the procedure for the evaluation of package, application, performance, after-use and fragrance aspects of hard surface cleaners. Depending on the test objectives, all or some of these measures may be used.  
5.4 This guide is designed for use for product research guidance in product formulation, new product development, and quality control issues.  
5.5 This guide is a compendium of information or series of options that does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide is not intended for claim substantiation, as it has not been subjected to validation testing.  
5.6 This guide is for use by individuals who familiarize themselves with these procedures and who have previous experience with sensory evaluations. It is suggested that the individuals have some experience with developing and training a descriptive panel or work under the supervision of a sensory professional who has.  
5.7 This guide might involve hazardous materials. This guide does not claim to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and healthy practices and to determine the applicability of limitations prior to use.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents guidelines specific to the sensory evaluation of trigger hard surface cleaners. It covers the procedure for preparing a nonporous surface with the intent to measure one or all of the various aspects of a trigger product: package, application, performance, and after-use properties, with focus on visual, tactile, fragrance, performance, and package ergonomics. It is applicable for use with assessors, highly trained assessors, and consumers.  
1.2 This guide for preparing nonporous hard surfaces is intended to focus on surface preparation and evaluation, not on panel selection, training, or development.  
1.3 The reader should be aware that good sensory practices are required when preparing the surfaces, and in developing and training the assessors.  
1.4 The researcher is responsible for identifying the most appropriate test design and using the appropriate statistical tool to address that experimental design.  
1.5 Since this guide's intended use is to provide direction on the presentation and measurement of the different aspects of spray trigger hard surface cleaners, this guide may not accurately represent all possible soils and surfaces where spray trigger hard surface cleaners may be used.  
1.6 This guide provides suggested procedures and is not meant to exclude alternate procedures that may be effectively used to provide the same results.  
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Values are stated in only SI units when inch-pound units are not used in practice.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this guide is to assess the ability of air care products to reduce indoor air malodor intensity from a control state. Several experimental hypotheses are possible, depending on the objective of the test. Possible objectives with respective hypotheses are given in Appendix X1.  
5.2 Air care products are sold commercially with the intent of providing a means of improving the odor quality of a volume of air, relative to some existing environmental condition. This typically involves the application of an odorous substance into the air space by means of some mechanical or physical mechanisms (for example, air fresheners). When the existing environment includes some undesirable odor source or malodor, reduction of the perception of the malodor is usually accomplished with other odorous substances by masking. This procedure is also applicable to other mechanisms of odor reduction (for example, air filtration).  
5.3 Selection of representative malodor sources is of critical importance. The malodor source must be readily available and of a consistent odor quality. A reasonable malodor source should be chemically and aesthetically correct. The experimenter and client must agree upon the appropriateness of a malodor source before further details of the test design are worked out. Experimental variation will be reduced by using uniform malodor sources. Information collected on malodor reduction will thus be more comparable from experiment to experiment and from laboratory to laboratory.  
5.4 The procedure recommended can be used for assessment of the malodor efficacy of air care product (for example, air fresheners and air filtration).  
5.5 These procedures can be used to assess efficacy against any standard malodor.  
5.6 These procedures are applicable in the assessment of any products that reduce the perception of any malodor, regardless of the mode of action.  
5.6.1 These procedures are applicable to aerosol/spray and continuous/solid air fresh...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers standard procedures for the quantitative sensory assessment of perceived olfactory intensity of indoor malodors for the purpose of assessing the deodorant efficacy of air care products. This guide is limited to static conditions only.  
1.2 It is recognized that, though sometimes desirable, the use of actual “live” or formulated live malodors is often impractical due to the inherent variability of the malodor sources. A live malodor source may be used when practical. However, the use of a formulated odor source has several advantages, including consistency and availability.  
1.3 The reader should be aware of good sensory practices when preparing the test environment or substrate, developing and training the panel.  
1.4 The researcher is responsible for identifying the most appropriate test design and using the appropriate statistical tool to address the experimental design.  
1.5 This guide is a compendium of information or series of options that does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide is not intended to support claims. If the research objective is claim related, then the researcher needs to refer to Guide E1958.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6 and X3.6.3.7.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 The methods outlined in this guide can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the performance and sensory characteristics of shampoos.  
6.2 The methods described in this guide may be used for product formulation and research guidance as well as for quality control.  
6.3 These methods may be used by individuals who familiarize themselves with these procedures and who have previous experience with sensory evaluation.  
6.4 Variables that may affect results include, but are not limited to, water conditions (for example, hardness), hair type, and hair condition. These variables should be controlled or accounted for in the experimental design.  
6.5 These are suggested procedures and are not intended to exclude alternate methods, which may effectively provide the same or similar results.
SCOPE
1.1 The objective of this guide is to provide procedures which may be used in the design, execution, and analysis of studies to quantitatively assess the objective sensory attributes of shampoos. This is one of many appropriate techniques used in the hair-care industry. These attributes can then be used to define performance of shampoos and to provide direction in product formulation, research guidance testing, and claim substantiation. This guide includes the sensory properties involved in dispensing a product, as well as the attributes pertinent to shampooing swatches, half and whole heads. Although this guide is specific to shampoos, the procedures should be applicable to most hair-care products.  
1.2 Guidelines are provided for the definition of terminology, procedures for manipulation of products, identification/selection of hair type, and assessor training. References for rating scales are not provided in this guide. The user should be aware that some sensory practices may require the use of attribute references (anchors) when training the assessors.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This guide can be used to quantitatively assess the intensity of specific attributes of hair fragrance.  
6.2 This guide may be utilized for product development, research guidance, and quality control.  
6.3 These are suggested procedures and are not meant to exclude alternate procedures that may effectively provide the same or similar results.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers standardized procedures for the quantitative sensory assessment of fragrance/odor intensity or attribute intensity of fragrances in shampoo or hair conditioner base through all stages of use (point of purchase, lather, in use, wet hair after rinse, and dry hair) under laboratory conditions with trained assessors.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard addresses the use of hair products and the equipment needed to use these products. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedures recommended in this guide can be used to assess the sensory characteristics before, during, and after usage of skin care products.
This guide is applicable to product categories that include skin lotions and creams, facial moisturizers, hand lotions and creams, anti-aging lotions and creams, suntan lotions, personal repellents, and other skin care products.  
Procedures of the type described herein may be used to communicate perceived sensory properties within and between manufacturers and to the consumer through the media. These guidelines are suggested to meet the need for ascertaining the performance of experimental and commercial products.
These procedures are to be used by assessors who are screened for sensory acuity, trained to use their senses to evaluate products, and in the procedures outlined by the panel method of choice, either technical expert or consumer behavioral approach.
This guide provides suggested procedures and is not meant to exclude alternate procedures that may be effective in training skinfeel panels and providing sensory evaluation descriptions.
SCOPE
1.1 The objective of this guide is to provide procedures for two different descriptive analysis approaches that may be used to qualitatively describe the sensory attributes of skin creams and lotions and quantitatively measure their intensity, similarities, and differences over time. Descriptive analysis can be used to define the sensory experience of skin care products that can then be used to provide direction in product formulation, competitive assessment, ingredient substitutions, research guidance, and advertising claim substantiation.
1.2 Guidelines are provided to assist the reader in determining which approach best meets their research objectives, either the (1) technical expert or (2) consumer behavior approach to language development and evaluation.
1.3 Guidelines are provided for the selection and training of assessors, defining sensory attributes, measuring intensities on rating scales, developing procedures for the manipulation of the product alone and the product on the skin, product handling, and evaluation of skin condition before testing.
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The methods outlined in this guide can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the sensory characteristics and performance of trigger hard surface household cleaning products for nonporous surfaces.
The methods are suited for descriptive analysis and may be adaptable for consumer acceptance research.
This guide provides the procedure for the evaluation of package, application, performance, after-use and fragrance aspects of hard surface cleaners. Depending on the test objectives, all or some of these measures may be used.
This guide, as defined by ASTM, is designed for use for product research guidance in product formulation, new product development, and quality control issues.
This guide is a compendium of information or series of options that does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide is not intended for claim substantiation, as it has not been subjected to validation testing.
This guide is for use by individuals who familiarize themselves with these procedures and who have previous experience with sensory evaluations. It is suggested that the individuals have some experience with developing and training a descriptive panel or work under the supervision of a sensory professional who has.
This guide might involve hazardous materials. This guide does not claim to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and healthy practices and to determine the applicability of limitations prior to use.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents guidelines specific to the sensory evaluation of trigger hard surface cleaners. It covers the procedure for preparing a nonporous surface with the intent to measure one or all of the various aspects of a trigger product: package, application, performance, and after-use properties, with focus on visual, tactile, fragrance, performance, and package ergonomics. It is applicable for use with assessors, highly trained assessors, and consumers.
1.2 This guide for preparing nonporous hard surfaces is intended to focus on surface preparation and evaluation, not on panel selection, training, or development.
1.3 The reader should be aware that good sensory practices are required when preparing the surfaces, and in developing and training the assessors.
1.4 The researcher is responsible for identifying the most appropriate test design and using the appropriate statistical tool to address that experimental design.
1.5 Since this guide's intended use is to provide direction on the presentation and measurement of the different aspects of spray trigger hard surface cleaners, this guide may not accurately represent all possible soils and surfaces where spray trigger hard surface cleaners may be used.
1.6 This guide provides suggested procedures and is not meant to exclude alternate procedures that may be effectively used to provide the same results.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedures recommended in this practice can be used to clinically assess axillary deodorant efficacy of personal care products.
This practice is applicable to the product categories which include deodorant and toilet soap bars, liquid bath soaps and gels, deodorant sticks, antiperspirants, creams and lotions, body talcs, and aerosol and pump delivery deodorants, antiperspirants, and body colognes.
Procedures of the type described herein may be used to aid in the communication of efficacy within and between manufacturers and to the consumer through the various public communications media. Guidelines are suggested due to the need to determine the relative or absolute performance of experimental materials or of commercial products.
These procedures may be used by persons who have familiarized themselves with these procedures and have had previous experience with sensory evaluation.
This practice provides suggested procedures and is not meant to exclude alternate procedures which may be effectively used to provide the same clinical result.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides procedures which may be used in the design and analysis of studies to quantitatively assess the intensity of human axillary odor for the purpose of substantiating deodorant efficacy of personal care products.
1.2 This guide includes protocols for the selection and training of assessors, selection of subjects, experimental design, and statistical analyses. This practice is limited to assessment of axillary odor by trained assessors. Self-evaluation protocols are valid for selected sensory tasks but may be less sensitive.
1.3 With respect to the source of axillary odor, three groups of secretory glands are present in the axillae which participate to a greater or lesser extent in its production—eccrine, apocrine, and sebaceous. Axillary odor has been primarily ascribed to the apocrine gland secretion (1). Body odor intensity has been correlated with the volume of the secretory portion of the apocrine gland (2) and the density of the glands.
1.3.1 Apocrine glands are found primarily in the axillary vault in conjunction with axillary hairs (3). Pure apocrine sweat is sterile and odorless and axillary odor results from degradation of apocrine sweat by resident skin bacteria  (4). High bacterial populations are found in moist regions of the body, especially in the axillae, providing the appropriate environment for growth (5).
1.3.2 Eccrine glands keep the axillae moist through thermally and emotionally induced secretions (6).
1.3.3 The sebaceous glands excrete higher molecular weight lipid materials which absorb and retain the volatile materials resulting from bacterial action (7). The aerobic diphtheroids are able to produce the typical acrid axillary odor and the micrococcaceae produce an isovaleric acid-like odor when incubated with apocrine sweat (8). Therefore, the most undesirable component of axillary odor is caused by degradation of apocrine sweat by particular bacteria normally found in the axillary vault.
1.4 Personal care products are sold and used primarily for their ability to reduce the perception of body odor not only by the individual using the product but also by individuals within the scope of contact. Deodorant protection may be achieved by these products through various modes of action. Antiperspirants achieve their primary efficacy by means of the action of inorganic salts on the eccrine gland production of sweat. Antimicrobial agents achieve deodorancy by inhibiting the growth and activity of the microflora in the axillary vault thus reducing the microbial decomposition of sweat and the consequent production of body odor. Absorbents function either by “binding” available moisture or malodorous substances. Fragrances are effective by altering the perception of malodor and increasing the degree of “pleasantness.” Other modes of control become important from time to time, representing changes in...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide can be used to quantitatively assess the intensity of specific attributes of hair fragrance.
This guide may be utilized for product development, research guidance, and quality control.
These are suggested procedures and are not meant to exclude alternate procedures that may effectively provide the same or similar results.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers standardized procedures for the quantitative sensory assessment of fragrance/odor intensity or attribute intensity of fragrances in shampoo or hair conditioner base through all stages of use (point of purchase, lather, in use, wet hair after rinse, and dry hair) under laboratory conditions with trained assessors.
This standard addresses the use of hair products and the equipment needed to use these products. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers standard procedures for the quantitative sensory assessment of perceived olfactory intensity of indoor malodors for the purpose of assessing the deodorant efficacy of air care products. This guide is limited to static conditions only.
1.2 It is recognized that, sometimes desirable, the use of actual "live" malodors is often impractical due to the inherent variability of the malodor sources. A true malodor source may be used when practical. However, the use of a formulated odor source has several advantages, including consistency and availability.
1.3 The reader should be aware of good sensory practices when preparing the test environment or substrate, developing and training the panel.
1.4 The researcher is responsible for identifying the most appropriate test design and using the appropriate statistical tool to address the experimental design.
1.5 This guide is a compendium of information or series of options that does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide is not intended to support claims. If the research objective is claim related, then the researcher needs to refer to Guide E 1958.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6 and X3.6.3.7.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The methods outlined in this guide can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the performance and sensory characteristics of shampoos.
The methods described in this guide may be used for product formulation and research guidance as well as for quality control.
These methods may be used by individuals who familiarize themselves with these procedures and who have previous experience with sensory evaluation.
Variables that may affect results include, but are not limited to, water conditions (for example, hardness), hair type, and hair condition. These variables should be controlled or accounted for in the experimental design.
These are suggested procedures and are not intended to exclude alternate methods, which may effectively provide the same or similar results.
SCOPE
1.1 The objective of this guide is to provide procedures which may be used in the design, execution, and analysis of studies to quantitatively assess the objective sensory attributes of shampoos. This is one of many appropriate techniques used in the hair-care industry. These attributes can then be used to define performance of shampoos and to provide direction in product formulation, research guidance testing, and claim substantiation. This guide includes the sensory properties involved in dispensing a product, as well as the attributes pertinent to shampooing tresses, half and whole heads. Although this guide is specific to shampoos, the procedures should be applicable to most hair-care products.
1.2 Guidelines are provided for the definition of terminology, procedures for manipulation of products, identification/selection of hair type, and assessor training. References for rating scales are not provided in this guide. The user should be aware that some sensory practices may require the use of attribute references (anchors) when training the assessors.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The methods outlined in this guide can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the sensory characteristics and performance of trigger hard surface household cleaning products for nonporous surfaces.
The methods are suited for descriptive analysis and may be adaptable for consumer acceptance research.
This guide provides the procedure for the evaluation of package, application, performance, after-use and fragrance aspects of hard surface cleaners. Depending on the test objectives, all or some of these measures may be used.
This guide, as defined by ASTM, is designed for use for product research guidance in product formulation, new product development, and quality control issues.
This guide is a compendium of information or series of options that does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide is not intended for claim substantiation, as it has not been subjected to validation testing.
This guide is for use by individuals who familiarize themselves with these procedures and who have previous experience with sensory evaluations. It is suggested that the individuals have some experience with developing and training a descriptive panel or work under the supervision of a sensory professional who has.
This guide might involve hazardous materials. This guide does not claim to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and healthy practices and to determine the applicability of limitations prior to use.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers guidelines specific to the sensory evaluation of trigger hard surface cleaners. It covers the procedure for preparing a nonporous surface with the intent to measure one or all of the various aspects of a trigger product: package, application, performance, after-use and fragrance characteristics.
1.2 This guide for preparing a nonporous surface may also be used to assess other sensory aspects of a trigger hard surface cleaner, visual, tactile, fragrance, and performance or package ergonomics. It is applicable for use with highly trained assessors and descriptive panels and can be used for consumer acceptance evaluation.
1.3 This guide for preparing nonporous hard surfaces is intended to focus on surface preparation and evaluation, not on panel selection, training, or development.
1.4 The reader should be aware that good sensory practices are required when preparing the surfaces, and in developing and training the panelists.
1.5 The researcher is responsible for identifying the most appropriate test design and using the appropriate statistical tool to address that experimental design.
1.6 Since this guide's intended use is to provide direction on the presentation and measurement of the different aspects of spray trigger hard surface cleaners, this guide may not accurately represent all possible soils and surfaces where spray trigger hard surface cleaners may be used.
1.7 This guide provides suggested procedures and is not meant to exclude alternate procedures that may be effectively used to provide the same results.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedure recommended in this practice can be used to assess the sensory appearance and tactile properties of lotions and creams or ointment.
This practice is applicable to product categories that include skin lotions and creams; facial moisturizers; hand lotions and creams; and skin care products for which the appearance and tactile properties need to be assessed.
Procedures of the type described herein may be used to communicate perceived sensory properties (appearance and feel) between manufacturers and to the consumer through the media. These guidelines are suggested to meet the need for ascertaining the performance of experimental or commercial samples.
These procedures are to be used by persons who have familiarized themselves with the procedures and have had previous experience with sensory evaluation.
This practice provides suggested procedures and is not meant to exclude alternate procedures that may be effective in providing sensory evaluation descriptions.
SCOPE
1.1 The objective of this practice is to provide procedures that may be used in the design and analysis of studies of skin care products that compare qualitatively and quantitatively various sensory attributes and their intensity (or strength) over time. These properties can then be used to define the performance of skin care products to provide direction in product formulation, research guidance, and claim substantiation.
1.2 Guidelines are provided for the definition of each product attribute or term, range of the rating scales, procedures for the manipulation of product alone and on the skin, selection and training of panelists, handling of products, and skin conditioning prior to tests.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedures recommended in this practice can be used to clinically assess axillary deodorant efficacy of personal care products.
This practice is applicable to the product categories which include deodorant and toilet soap bars, liquid bath soaps and gels, deodorant sticks, antiperspirants, creams and lotions, body talcs, and aerosol and pump delivery deodorants, antiperspirants, and body colognes.
Procedures of the type described herein may be used to aid in the communication of efficacy within and between manufacturers and to the consumer through the various public communications media. Guidelines are suggested due to the need to determine the relative or absolute performance of experimental materials or of commercial products.
These procedures may be used by persons who have familiarized themselves with these procedures and have had previous experience with sensory evaluation.
This practice provides suggested procedures and is not meant to exclude alternate procedures which may be effectively used to provide the same clinical result.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides procedures which may be used in the design and analysis of studies to quantitatively assess the intensity of human axillary odor for the purpose of substantiating deodorant efficacy of personal care products.
1.2 This practice includes protocols for the selection and training of judges, selection of subjects, experimental design, and statistical analysis. This practice is limited to assessment of axillary odor by trained judges. Self-evaluation protocols are valid for selected sensory tasks but may be less sensitive.
1.3 With respect to the source of axillary odor, three groups of secretory glands are present in the axillae which participate to a greater or lesser extent in its production-eccrine, apocrine, and sebaceous. Axillary odor has been primarily ascribed to the apocrine gland secretion (1). Body odor intensity has been correlated with the volume of the secretory portion of the apocrine gland (2) and the density of the glands.
1.3.1 Apocrine glands are found primarily in the axillary vault in conjunction with axillary hairs (3). Pure apocrine sweat is sterile and odorless and axillary odor results from degradation of apocrine sweat by resident skin bacteria  (4). High bacterial populations are found in moist regions of the body, especially in the axillae, providing the appropriate environment for growth (5).
1.3.2 Eccrine glands keep the axillae moist through thermally and emotionally induced secretions (6).
1.3.3 The sebaceous glands excrete higher molecular weight lipid materials which absorb and retain the volatile materials resulting from bacterial action (7). The aerobic diphtheroids are able to produce the typical acrid axillary odor and the micrococcaceae produce an isovaleric acid-like odor when incubated with apocrine sweat (8). Therefore, the most undesirable component of axillary odor is caused by degradation of apocrine sweat by particular bacteria normally found in the axillary vault.
1.4 Personal care products are sold and used primarily for their ability to reduce the perception of body odor not only by the individual using the product but also by individuals within the scope of contact. Deodorant protection may be achieved by these products through various modes of action. Antiperspirants achieve their primary efficacy by means of the action of inorganic salts on the eccrine gland production of sweat. Antimicrobial agents achieve deodorancy by inhibiting the growth and activity of the microflora in the axillary vault thus reducing the microbial decomposition of sweat and the consequent production of body odor. Absorbents function either by "binding" available moisture or malodorous substances. Fragrances are effective by altering the perception of malodor and increasing the degree of "pleasantness." Other modes of control become important from time to time, representing changes in the s...

SCOPE
1.1 The objective of this guide is to provide procedures which may be used in the design, execution, and analysis of studies to quantitatively assess the objective sensory attributes of shampoos. This is one of many appropriate techniques used in the hair-care industry. These attributes can then be used to define performance of shampoos and to provide direction in product formulation, research guidance testing, and claim substantiation. This guide includes the sensory properties involved in dispensing a product, as well as the attributes pertinent to shampooing tresses, half and whole heads. Although this guide is specific to shampoos, the procedures should be applicable to most hair-care products.
1.2 Guidelines are provided for the definition of terminology, procedures for manipulation of products, identification/selection of hair type, and judge training. References for rating scales are not provided in this guide. The user should be aware that some sensory practices may require the use of attribute references (anchors) when training the judges.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes standardized procedures for the quantitative sensory assessment of fragrance/odor intensity or attribute intensity of fragrances in shampoo or hair conditioner base through all stages of use (point of purchase, lather, bloom in use, wet hair after rinse, and dry hair), or both, under laboratory conditions with trained judges.
1.2 This standard involves the use of hair products and the equipment needed to use these products. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers standardized procedures for the quantitative sensory assessment of the reduction of perceived olfactory intensity of indoor malodors, for the purpose of assessing the deodorant efficacy of air freshener products. This practice is confined to static conditions only.
1.2 The determination of this efficacy can be useful for establishing performance claims for a given formulation, and for substantiation of those claims in product advertising. However, one must be aware that certain types of claims exist that this type of testing will not support.
1.3 This practice is limited to the assessment of a specific malodor intensity by trained judges under controlled laboratory conditions. Methods that reflect actual consumer environmental conditions are valid for selected sensory tasks, but they may be less sensitive. Methods that include highly controlled environmental conditions will increase the chances of detecting small differences among treatments. The degree of control of extraneous experimental factors in an experiment is variable and is governed by the purpose of the test, amount of resources available to provide that degree of control, and desired level of statistical sensitivity (see Appendix X3).
1.4 Selection of representative malodor sources is of critical importance. The malodor source must be readily available and of a consistent odor quality. A reasonable malodor source should be chemically and aesthetically correct. The experimenter and client must agree upon the appropriateness of a malodor source before further details of the test design are worked out. Experimental variation will be reduced by using uniform malodor sources. Information collected on malodor reduction will thus be more comparable from experiment to experiment and from laboratory to laboratory.
1.5 It is recognized that, while sometimes desirable, the use of actual "live" malodors is often impractical due to the inherent variability of the malodor sources. A true malodor source may be used when practical. However, the use of a formulated odor source has several advantages, including consistency and availability.
1.6 Air freshener products are sold commercially with the intent of providing a means of improving the odor quality of a volume of air, relative to some existing environmental condition. This typically involves the application of an odorous substance into the air space by means of some mechanical or physical mechanism. When the existing environment includes some undesirable odor source, or malodor, reduction of the perception of the malodor is usually accomplished with other odorous substances by masking. This procedure is also applicable to other mechanisms of odor reduction.
1.7 The purpose of this practice is to assess the ability of air freshener products to reduce indoor air malodor intensity from a control state. Several experimental hypotheses are possible, depending on the objective of the test. Possible objectives with respective hypotheses are given in Appendix X1.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6 and X3.6.3.7.

SCOPE
1.1 The objective of this practice is to provide procedures that may be used in the design and analysis of studies of skin care products that compare qualitatively and quantitatively various sensory attributes and their intensity (or strength) over time. These properties can then be used to define the performance of skin care products to provide direction in product formulation, research guidance, and claim substantiation.
1.2 Guidelines are provided for the definition of each product attribute or term, range of the rating scales, procedures for the manipulation of product alone and on the skin, selection and training of panelists, handling of products, and skin conditioning prior to tests.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides procedures which may be used in the design and analysis of studies to quantitatively assess the intensity of human axillary odor for the purpose of substantiating deodorant efficacy of personal care products.
1.2 This practice includes protocols for the selection and training of judges, selection of subjects, experimental design, and statistical analysis. This practice is limited to assessment of axillary odor by trained, second-party, judges. First-party or self-evaluation protocols are valid for selected sensory tasks but may be less sensitive.
1.3 With respect to the source of axillary odor, three groups of secretory glands are present in the axillae which participate to a greater or lesser extent in its production-eccrine, apocrine, and sebaceous. Axillary odor has been primarily ascribed to the apocrine gland secretion (1).  Body odor intensity has been correlated with the volume of the secretory portion of the apocrine gland (2) and the density of the glands.
1.3.1 Apocrine glands are found primarily in the axillary vault in conjunction with axillary hairs (3). Pure apocrine sweat is sterile and odorless and axillary odor results from degradation of apocrine sweat by resident skin bacteria (4). High bacterial populations are found in moist regions of the body, especially in the axillae, providing the appropriate environment for growth (5).
1.3.2 Eccrine glands keep the axillae moist through thermally and emotionally induced secretions (6).
1.3.3 The sebaceous glands excrete higher molecular weight lipid materials which absorb and retain the volatile materials resulting from bacterial action (7). The aerobic diphtheroids are able to produce the typical acrid axillary odor and the micrococcaceae produce an isovaleric acid-like odor when incubated with apocrine sweat (8). Therefore, the most undesirable component of axillary odor is caused by degradation of apocrine sweat by particular bacteria normally found in the axillary vault.
1.4 Personal care products are sold and used primarily for their ability to reduce the perception of body odor not only by the individual using the product but also by individuals within the scope of contact. Deodorant protection may be achieved by these products through various modes of action. Antiperspirants achieve their primary efficacy by means of the action of inorganic salts on the eccrine gland production of sweat. Antimicrobial agents achieve deodorancy by inhibiting the growth and activity of the microflora in the axillary vault thus reducing the microbial decomposition of sweat and the consequent production of body odor. Absorbents function either by "binding" available moisture or malodorous substances. Fragrances are effective by altering the perception of malodor and increasing the degree of "pleasantness." Other modes of control become important from time to time, representing changes in the state-of-the-art in product development.
1.5 The studies discussed herein are interpreted through the use of statistical tests of hypotheses. These hypotheses are usually of the form:

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The approaches to the evaluation of toothpaste recommended in this guide can be used to assess the sensory characteristics of toothpaste when dispensed, in use, and after use. This guide is meant to address the evaluation of a standalone toothpaste product and does not address packaging, product/package interaction, dispensing, appearance, or overall effect or benefit of the product. The procedures outlined in this guide are to be used by assessors that have been specifically screened for sensory and descriptive ability and have been trained in the evaluation of toothpaste. The procedures described in this guide can be used to guide product development within a manufacturer and can be used to communicate information regarding the product to the consumer through the media or on product packaging.  
5.2 Additionally, language and ideas from two additional ASTM sensory guides (Guides E1490 and E2082) as well as the Lexicon for Sensory Evaluation: Aroma, Flavor, Texture, and Appearance (DS72)4 are used throughout this guide.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidelines for the selection and training of expert assessors for the sensory evaluation of toothpaste. Sensory evaluation of toothpaste can be used to define the sensory attributes of toothpaste and then to measure these attributes quantitatively for the purposes of new product development, product optimization, competitive benchmarking, and claims substantiation.  
1.2 A general framework for toothpaste descriptive analysis is provided to guide the reader in the design and execution (including sample preparation and presentation, facility and testing environment, and specific evaluation protocol) of toothpaste descriptive analysis evaluations.  
1.3 This guide provides suggested protocols and approaches to the evaluation of toothpaste (dentifrice) and in no way excludes any alternate approaches that may be effective in providing such perceptual evaluations.  
1.4 This guide does not address other oral care products including, but not limited to, whitening agents, oral rinses, mouthwashes, toothbrushes, dental flosses, denture adhesive, floss picks, or other oral care products.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide provides guidelines for the selection and training of expert assessors for the sensory evaluation of toothpaste. Sensory evaluation of toothpaste can be used to define the sensory attributes of toothpaste and then to measure these attributes quantitatively for the purposes of new product development, product optimization, competitive benchmarking, and claims substantiation.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E18 on Sensory Evaluation, this guide was withdrawn in August 2023 and replaced by Guide E3288 on Screening and Training of Assessors and a General Approach for the Sensory Evaluation of Oral Care Products: Toothpaste and Toothbrushes.1