ASTM D4970-07
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester
Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely outside the United States.
If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens, which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is started. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future results with consideration for the known bias.
The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors that include: type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric finishing trea...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester. The procedure generally is applicable to all types of fabrics, being particularly suitable for woven fabrics.
Note 1—For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D 3511, D 3512, and D 3514.
1.2 This test method is not suitable for fabrics thicker than 3 mm (0.125 in.) because such fabrics cannot be mounted in the specimen holder.
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D4970–07
Standard Test Method for
Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of
1
Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4970; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling
Tester
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-
D3512 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-
tancetotheformationofpillsandotherrelatedsurfacechanges
lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble
on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester. The procedure
Pilling Tester
generally is applicable to all types of fabrics, being particularly
D3514 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-
suitable for woven fabrics.
lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
NOTE 1—For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles,
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
refer to Test Methods D3511, D3512, and D3514.
Methods
1.2 This test method is not suitable for fabrics thicker than
D7018 Terminology Relating to Glass Fiber and Its Prod-
3 mm (0.125 in.) because such fabrics cannot be mounted in
ucts
the specimen holder.
3. Terminology
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before
testing.
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Methods, General, refer to Terminologies D4850 and D7018.
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
information only.
cycle, fuzz, movement, pilling resistance, pills.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 For all other terms related to textiles, refer to Terminol-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ogy D123.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Summary of Test Method
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 Pilling and other changes in the surface appearance,
such as fuzzing, that occur in normal wear are simulated on a
2. Referenced Documents
laboratory testing machine. Fabrics are mounted on the Mar-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tindale Tester, and the face of the test specimen is rubbed
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
against the face of the same mounted fabric in the form of a
D2514 Discontinued 1977; Tolerances for Fabrics Woven
geometric figure, that is, a straight line, which becomes a
3
from All-Cotton or from Cotton Man-Made Fiber Blends
gradually widening ellipse, until it forms another straight line
D3511 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-
in the opposite direction and traces the same figure again under
light pressure for a specific number of movements. The degree
of fabric pilling or surface appearance change produced by this
action is evaluated by comparison of the tested specimen with
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
visual standards that may be actual fabrics, or photographs of
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
Specific.
fabrics, showing a range of pilling resistance. The observed
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originally
resistance to pilling is reported using an arbitrary rating scale.
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4970 – 07. DOI:
10.1520/D4970-07.
5. Significance and Use
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
resistancetopillingisnotrecommendedforacceptancetesting.
the ASTM website.
3 If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
on www.astm.org. caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4970–07
cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material
shipmentofoneormorespecificmaterialsbythebestavailable of the type in question. The test specimens then should be
methodeventhoughthemethodhasnotbeenrecommendedfor assigned randomly
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
e1
Designation:D4970–05 (Reapproved 2007) Designation:D4970–07
Standard Test Method for
Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of
1
Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4970; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
e NOTE—Footnote 3 was editorially corrected in August 2007.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on
textile fabrics using the Martindale tester. The procedure generally is applicable to all types of fabrics, being particularly suitable
for woven fabrics.
NOTE 1—For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D 3511, D 3512, and D 3514.
1.2 This test method is not suitable for fabrics thicker than 3 mm (0.125 in.) because such fabrics cannot be mounted in the
specimen holder.
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing.
1.4 ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthestandard.Thevaluesgiveninparenthesesareprovidedforinformation
only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D 2514 Discontinued 1977; Tolerances for Fabrics Woven from All-Cotton or from Cotton Man-Made Fiber Blends
D 3511 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester
D 3512Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes ofTextile Fabrics: RandomTumble PillingTester
Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling Tester
D 4850 Terminology Relating to Fabric
D 7018 Terminology Relating to Glass Fiber and Its Products
3. Terminology
3.1Definitions—For definitions of other textile terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D123.
3.2Description of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1cycle, n—in the Martindale tester, the sixteen movements required to complete one Lissajous figure.
3.2.2fuzz, n—untangled fiber ends that protrude from the surface of a yarn or fabric.
3.2.3movement, n—one rotation of the outer gearing of the Martindale tester.
3.2.4pilling resistance, n—resistance to formation of pills on the surface of a textile fabric.
3.2.5pills, n—bunches or balls of tangled fibers, which are held to the surface of a fabric by one or more fibers.
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test Methods, General, refer to Terminologies D 4850 and D 7018.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: cycle, fuzz, movement, pilling resistance, pills.
3.2 For all other terms related to textiles, refer to Terminology D 123.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on FabricTest Methods, Specific.
Current edition approved JulyDec. 1, 2007. Published August 2007.January 2008. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20052007 as
D 4970 – 057.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4970–07
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Pillingandotherchangesinthesurfaceappearance,suchasfuzzing,thatoccurinnormalweararesimulatedonalaboratory
testing machine. Fabrics are mounted on the Martindale Tester, and the face of the test specimen is rubbed against the face of the
same mounted fabric in the form of a geometric figure, that is, a straight line, which becomes a gradually widening ellipse, until
it forms another straight line in the opposite direction and traces the same figure again under light pressure for a specific number
of movements. The degree of fabric pilling or surface
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.