ASTM C1581/C1581M-09a
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Age at Cracking and Induced Tensile Stress Characteristics of Mortar and Concrete under Restrained Shrinkage
Standard Test Method for Determining Age at Cracking and Induced Tensile Stress Characteristics of Mortar and Concrete under Restrained Shrinkage
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is for relative comparison of materials and is not intended to determine the age at cracking of mortar or concrete in any specific type of structure, configuration, or exposure.
This test method is applicable to mixtures with aggregates of 13-mm [0.5-in.] maximum nominal size or less.
This test method is useful for determining the relative likelihood of early-age cracking of different cementitious mixtures and for aiding in the selection of cement-based materials that are less likely to crack under retrained shrinkage. Actual cracking tendency in service depends on many variables including type of structure, degree of restraint, rate of property development, construction and curing methods, and environmental conditions.
This test method can be used to determine the relative effects of material variations on induced tensile stresses and cracking potential. These variations can include, but are not limited to, aggregate source, aggregate gradation, cement type, cement content, water content, supplementary cementing materials, or chemical admixtures.
For materials that have not cracked during the test, the rate of tensile stress development at the time the test is terminated provides a basis for comparison of the materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the age at cracking and induced tensile stress characteristics of mortar or concrete specimens under restrained shrinkage. The procedure can be used to determine the effects of variations in the proportions and material properties of mortar or concrete on cracking due to both drying shrinkage and deformations caused by autogenous shrinkage and heat of hydration.
1.2 This test method is not intended for expansive materials.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure. )
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Designation: C1581/C1581M − 09a
StandardTest Method for
Determining Age at Cracking and Induced Tensile Stress
Characteristics of Mortar and Concrete under Restrained
1
Shrinkage
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1581/C1581M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* C143/C143MTest Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement
Concrete
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of
C150Specification for Portland Cement
the age at cracking and induced tensile stress characteristics of
C171Specification for Sheet Materials for Curing Concrete
mortar or concrete specimens under restrained shrinkage. The
C192/C192MPracticeforMakingandCuringConcreteTest
procedure can be used to determine the effects of variations in
Specimens in the Laboratory
the proportions and material properties of mortar or concrete
C387Specification for Packaged, Dry, Combined Materials
on cracking due to both drying shrinkage and deformations
for Mortar and Concrete
caused by autogenous shrinkage and heat of hydration.
C595Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
1.2 Thistestmethodisnotintendedforexpansivematerials.
C1157Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units C1437Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
F441/F441MSpecificationforChlorinatedPoly(VinylChlo-
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each ride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40 and 80
4
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining 2.2 ASME Standards:
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
B46.1Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness and
with the standard. Lay)
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Summary of Test Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 A sample of freshly mixed mortar or concrete is com-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and to determine the pacted in a circular mold around an instrumented steel ring.
The compressive strain developed in the steel ring caused by
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
(Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic shrinkageofthemortarorconcretespecimenismeasuredfrom
5
the time of casting (1-6). Cracking of the test specimen is
and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon
2
prolonged exposure. ) indicated by a sudden decrease in the steel ring strain.The age
atcrackingandtherateoftensilestressdevelopmentinthetest
2. Referenced Documents
specimen are indicators of the material’s resistance to cracking
3
under restrained shrinkage.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C33Specification for Concrete Aggregates
4. Significance and Use
C138/C138MTestMethodforDensity(UnitWeight),Yield,
and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete 4.1 This test method is for relative comparison of materials
and is not intended to determine the age at cracking of mortar
or concrete in any specific type of structure, configuration, or
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
exposure.
Concrete and ConcreteAggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C09.68 on Volume Change.
4.2 This test method is applicable to mixtures with aggre-
Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originally
gates of 13-mm [0.5-in.] maximum nominal size or less.
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C1581–09. DOI:
10.1520/C1581_C1581M-09A.
2
Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing ,
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM www.asme.org.
5
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The boldface numbers in parenthesis refer to the list of references at the end of
the ASTM website. this test method.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1581/C1581M − 09a
4.3 This test method is useful for determining the relative 5.6 Testing environment—Store the specimens in an envi-
likelihood o
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C1581/C1581M–09 Designation: C 1581/C 1581M – 09a
Standard Test Method for
Determining Age at Cracking and Induced Tensile Stress
Characteristics of Mortar and Concrete under Restrained
1
Shrinkage
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1581/C 1581M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the age at cracking and induced tensile stress characteristics of
mortar or concrete specimens under restrained shrinkage. The procedure can be used to determine the effects of variations in the
proportions and material properties of mortar or concrete on cracking due to both drying shrinkage and deformations caused by
autogenous shrinkage and heat of hydration.
1.2 This test method is not intended for expansive materials.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and
2
tissue upon prolonged exposure. )
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C 138/C 138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete
C 143/C 143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete
C 150 Specification for Portland Cement
C 171 Specification for Sheet Materials for Curing Concrete
C 192/C 192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory
C 387 Specification for Packaged, Dry, Combined Materials for Mortar and Concrete
C 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
C 1157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
C 1437 Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
F 441/F 441M Specification for Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40 and 80
4
2.2 ASME Standards:
B 46.1 Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness and Lay)
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 A sample of freshly mixed mortar or concrete is compacted in a circular mold around an instrumented steel ring. The
compressive strain developed in the steel ring caused by the restrained shrinkage of the mortar or concrete specimen is measured
5
from the time of casting (1-6) . Cracking of the test specimen is indicated by a sudden decrease in the steel ring strain. The age
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.68 on
Volume Change.
Current edition approved June 15,July 1, 2009. Published JulyAugust 2009. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 as C 1581 – 049.
2
Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing , Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.02.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
www.asme.org.
5
The boldface numbers in parenthesis refer to the list of references at the end of this test method
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C 1581/C 1581M – 09a
at cracking and the rate of tensile stress development in the test specimen are indicators of the material’s resistance to cracking
under restrained shrinkage.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This test method is for relative comparison of mater
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C1581/C1581M–09 Designation: C 1581/C 1581M – 09a
Standard Test Method for
Determining Age at Cracking and Induced Tensile Stress
Characteristics of Mortar and Concrete under Restrained
1
Shrinkage
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1581/C 1581M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the age at cracking and induced tensile stress characteristics of
mortar or concrete specimens under restrained shrinkage. The procedure can be used to determine the effects of variations in the
proportions and material properties of mortar or concrete on cracking due to both drying shrinkage and deformations caused by
autogenous shrinkage and heat of hydration.
1.2 This test method is not intended for expansive materials.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and
2
tissue upon prolonged exposure. )
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C 138/C 138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete
C 143/C 143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete
C 150 Specification for Portland Cement
C 171 Specification for Sheet Materials for Curing Concrete
C 192/C 192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory
C 387 Specification for Packaged, Dry, Combined Materials for Mortar and Concrete
C 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
C 1157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
C 1437 Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
F 441/F 441M Specification for Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40 and 80
4
2.2 ASME Standards:
B 46.1 Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness and Lay)
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 A sample of freshly mixed mortar or concrete is compacted in a circular mold around an instrumented steel ring. The
compressive strain developed in the steel ring caused by the restrained shrinkage of the mortar or concrete specimen is measured
5
from the time of casting (1-6) . Cracking of the test specimen is indicated by a sudden decrease in the steel ring strain. The age
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.68 on
Volume Change.
Current edition approved June 15,July 1, 2009. Published JulyAugust 2009. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 as C 1581 – 049.
2
Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing , Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.02.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
www.asme.org.
5
The boldface numbers in parenthesis refer to the list of references at the end of this test method
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C 1581/C 1581M – 09a
at cracking and the rate of tensile stress development in the test specimen are indicators of the material’s resistance to cracking
under restrained shrinkage.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This test method is for relative comparison of mater
...
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