ASTM D2845-05

Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Pulse Velocities and Ultrasonic Elastic Constants of Rock

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The primary advantages of ultrasonic testing are that it yields compression and shear wave velocities, and ultrasonic values for the elastic constants of intact homogeneous isotropic rock specimens (3). Elastic constants are not to be calculated for rocks having pronounced anisotropy by procedures described in this test method. The values of elastic constants often do not agree with those determined by static laboratory methods or the in situ methods. Measured wave velocities likewise may not agree with seismic velocities, but offer good approximations. The ultrasonic evaluation of rock properties is useful for preliminary prediction of static properties. The test method is useful for evaluating the effects of uniaxial stress and water saturation on pulse velocity. These properties are in turn useful in engineering design.
The test method as described herein is not adequate for measurement of stress-wave attenuation. Also, while pulse velocities can be employed to determine the elastic constants of materials having a high degree of anisotropy, these procedures are not treated herein.
Note 2—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing and sampling. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes equipment and procedures for laboratory measurements of the pulse velocities of compression waves and shear waves in rock (1)² and the determination of ultrasonic elastic constants (Note 0) of an isotropic rock or one exhibiting slight anisotropy.
Note 1—The elastic constants determined by this test method are termed ultrasonic since the pulse frequencies used are above the audible range. The terms sonic and dynamic are sometimes applied to these constants but do not describe them precisely (2). It is possible that the ultrasonic elastic constants may differ from those determined by other dynamic methods.
1.2 This test method is valid for wave velocity measurements in both anisotropic and isotropic rocks although the velocities obtained in grossly anisotropic rocks may be influenced by such factors as direction, travel distance, and diameter of transducers.
1.3 The ultrasonic elastic constants are calculated from the measured wave velocities and the bulk density. The limiting degree of anisotropy for which calculations of elastic constants are allowed and procedures for determining the degree of anisotropy are specified.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pounds are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values given in parenthesis are provided for information purposes only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-May-2005
• ICS: 93.020 - Earthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground works
• Technical Committee: D18 - Soil and Rock
• Drafting Committee: D18.12 - Rock Mechanics

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D2845-00(2004)e1 - Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Pulse Velocities and Ultrasonic Elastic Constants of Rock
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2005
• Referred By: ASTM D5777-18 - Standard Guide for Using the Seismic Refraction Method for Subsurface Investigation
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2005
• Referred By: ASTM D7012-23 - Standard Test Methods for Compressive Strength and Elastic Moduli of Intact Rock Core Specimens under Varying States of Stress and Temperatures
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2005
• Referred By: ASTM D7070-16 - Standard Test Methods for Creep of Rock Core Under Constant Stress and Temperature
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2005
• Referred By: ASTM D2936-20 - Standard Test Method for Direct Tensile Strength of Intact Rock Core Specimens
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2005
• Referred By: ASTM D7128-18 - Standard Guide for Using the Seismic-Reflection Method for Shallow Subsurface Investigation
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2005

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 2845 – 05
Standard Test Method for
Laboratory Determination of Pulse Velocities and Ultrasonic
1
Elastic Constants of Rock
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2845; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D 653 Terminology Relating to Rock, Soil, and Contained
Fluids
1.1 This test method describes equipment and procedures
D 2216 TestMethodforLaboratoryDeterminationofWater
for laboratory measurements of the pulse velocities of com-
2 (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
pression waves and shear waves in rock (1) and the determi-
D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
nation of ultrasonic elastic constants (Note 1) of an isotropic
Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock
rock or one exhibiting slight anisotropy.
as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
NOTE 1—The elastic constants determined by this test method are
D 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-
termed ultrasonic since the pulse frequencies used are above the audible
cal Data
range. The terms sonic and dynamic are sometimes applied to these
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
constants but do not describe them precisely (2). It is possible that the
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
ultrasonic elastic constants may differ from those determined by other
dynamic methods.
3. Terminology
1.2 This test method is valid for wave velocity measure-
3.1 For common definitions of terms in this standard, refer
ments in both anisotropic and isotropic rocks although the
to Terminology D 653.
velocities obtained in grossly anisotropic rocks may be influ-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
enced by such factors as direction, travel distance, and diam-
3.2.1 compression wave velocity—the dilational wave ve-
eter of transducers.
locity which is the propagation velocity of a longitudinal wave
1.3 The ultrasonic elastic constants are calculated from the
in a medium that is effectively infinite in lateral extent. It is not
measured wave velocities and the bulk density. The limiting
to be confused with bar or rod velocity.
degree of anisotropy for which calculations of elastic constants
are allowed and procedures for determining the degree of
4. Summary of Test Method
anisotropy are specified.
4.1 Details of essential procedures for the determination of
1.4 The values stated in inch-pounds are to be regarded as
the ultrasonic velocity, measured in terms of travel time and
the standard. The SI values given in parenthesis are provided
distance, of compression and shear waves in rock specimens
for information purposes only.
include requirements of instrumentation, suggested types of
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
transducers, methods of preparation, and effects of specimen
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
geometry and grain size. Elastic constants may be calculated
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
for isotropic or slightly anisotropic rocks, while anisotropy is
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
reported in terms of the variation of wave velocity with
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
direction in the rock.
2. Referenced Documents
5. Significance and Use
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.1 The primary advantages of ultrasonic testing are that it
yields compression and shear wave velocities, and ultrasonic
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland valuesfortheelasticconstantsofintacthomogeneousisotropic
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.
rock specimens (3). Elastic constants are not to be calculated
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2005.PublishedJuly2005.Originallyapproved
for rocks having pronounced anisotropy by procedures de-
in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 2845 – 00.
2
scribedinthistestmethod.Thevaluesofelasticconstantsoften
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
this test method.
do not agree with those determined by static laboratory
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
methods or the in situ methods. Measured wave velocities
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
likewise may not agree with seismic velocities, but offer good
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. approximations. The ultrasonic evaluation of rock properties is
*A Summary of Chang
...