ASTM E1501-99(2004)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Nighttime Photometric Performance of Retroreflective Pedestrian Markings for Visibility Enhancement (Withdrawn 2013)
Standard Specification for Nighttime Photometric Performance of Retroreflective Pedestrian Markings for Visibility Enhancement (Withdrawn 2013)
ABSTRACT
This specification deals with the photometric performance of retroreflective markings to be used on objects worn by pedestrians for the purpose of enhanced nighttime conspicuity. It addresses visibility from viewpoints around the entire object, and it allows for freedom of design of the markings so long as the minimum requirements are achieved. This specification does not address potentially diminished performance of retroreflective markings that may be experienced with general storage, use, wear, and care. To facilitate standard testing, objects are classified into the following types: Type 1—sleeved garments such as coats, jackets, and shirts; Type 2—sleeveless garments such as vests; Type 3—leg coverings such as trousers (short or long), leg bands, leggings, and socks (worn with short trousers); Type 4—back-carried bags such as backpacks, and school bags; Type 5—head gears such as hats, helmets, and head bands; and Type 6—shoes and other footwear. The parameters that shall be taken into consideration are the retroreflective return, coefficient of luminous intensity, and chromaticity coordinates. An adjustment for the brightness/luminance ratio as a function of color is also made.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance of retroreflective markings to be used on objects worn by pedestrians for the purpose of enhanced conspicuity. It addresses conspicuity from viewpoints around the entire object, and it allows for freedom of design of the markings so long as the minimum requirements are achieved. Objects include but are not limited to jackets, shirts, vests, trousers, socks, backpacks, hats, and footwear. An adjustment for the brightness/luminance ratio as a function of color is also made.
1.2 This specification applies only to nighttime viewing conditions in which the observer is positioned near a source of illumination. The most common example is that of a motor vehicle operator seeing by means of the light from the headlamps of the vehicle.
1.3 This specification describes the minimum retroreflective performance required for a reasonable level of nighttime conspicuity. It does not address potentially diminished performance of retroreflective markings that may be experienced with general storage, use, wear, and care.
1.4 SI (metric) units shall be used in referee decisions under this specification.
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to specifying materials by this standard specification. Although the markings described in this specification are intended to significantly enhance safety through increased conspicuity under most conditions of illumination and viewing of the type described in 1.2 above, they do not guarantee significantly enhanced conspicuity under all such conditions. Individuals exposed to adverse weather conditions or associated with high levels of vehicular or hazards exposure may require other types or amounts of retroreflective markings. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This specification covers the performance of retroreflective markings to be used on objects worn by pedestrians for the purpose of enhanced conspicuity. It addresses conspicuity from viewpoints around the entire object, and it allows for freedom of design of the markings so long as the minimum requirements are achieved. Objects include but are not limited to jackets, shirts, vests, trousers, socks, backpacks, hats, and footwear. An adjustment for the brightness/luminance ratio as a function of color is also made.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, this Specification was withdrawn in January 2013 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical ...
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Designation:E1501 −99(Reapproved2004)
Standard Specification for
Nighttime Photometric Performance of Retroreflective
Pedestrian Markings for Visibility Enhancement
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1501; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The use of appropriate retroreflective markings can significantly enhance the night visibility and
safetyoftheuser.Asthefirstinaseriesaddressingoverallvisibilityforindividualsafety,thisstandard
is intended to establish minimum retroreflective performance requirements and test methods for
retroreflective pedestrian markings.
1. Scope enhanced conspicuity under all such conditions. Individuals
exposed to adverse weather conditions or associated with high
1.1 Thisspecificationcoverstheperformanceofretroreflec-
levelsofvehicularorhazardsexposuremayrequireothertypes
tivemarkingstobeusedonobjectswornbypedestriansforthe
or amounts of retroreflective markings. This standard does not
purposeofenhancedconspicuity.Itaddressesconspicuityfrom
purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
viewpoints around the entire object, and it allows for freedom
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard
of design of the markings so long as the minimum require-
to establish appropriate safety and health practices and
ments are achieved. Objects include but are not limited to
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
jackets, shirts, vests, trousers, socks, backpacks, hats, and
use.
footwear. An adjustment for the brightness/luminance ratio as
a function of color is also made.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 This specification applies only to nighttime viewing
2.1 ASTM Standards:
conditions in which the observer is positioned near a source of
E284Terminology of Appearance
illumination. The most common example is that of a motor
E808Practice for Describing Retroreflection
vehicle operator seeing by means of the light from the
E809Practice for Measuring Photometric Characteristics of
headlamps of the vehicle.
Retroreflectors
1.3 Thisspecificationdescribestheminimumretroreflective E811Practice for Measuring Colorimetric Characteristics of
performance required for a reasonable level of nighttime
Retroreflectors Under Nighttime Conditions
conspicuity. It does not address potentially diminished perfor- F923Guide to Properties of High Visibility Materials Used
mance of retroreflective markings that may be experienced
to Improve Individual Safety (Withdrawn 2006)
with general storage, use, wear, and care.
2.2 Other Standards:
Publication CIE No. 54Retroreflection—Definitions and
1.4 SI(metric)unitsshallbeusedinrefereedecisionsunder
Measurements, Central Bureau of the CIE, Vienna, 1982
this specification.
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains to speci-
3. Terminology
fying materials by this standard specification. Although the
3.1 Definitions: Definitions of terms relating to retroreflec-
markings described in this specification are intended to signifi-
tion in Terminology E284, Practice E808, and Guide F923 are
cantly enhance safety through increased conspicuity under
most conditions of illumination and viewing of the type
described in 1.2 above, they do not guarantee significantly
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E12 on Color the ASTM website.
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.08 on High The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Visibility Materials for Individual Safety. www.astm.org.
Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published May 2004. Originally AvailablefromU.S.NationalCommitteeoftheCIE(InternationalCommission
ε1
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E1501–99 . DOI: on Illumination), C/o Thomas M. Lemons, TLA-Lighting Consultants, Inc., 7 Pond
10.1520/E1501-99R04. St., Salem, MA 01970, http://www.cie-usnc.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1501−99(2004)
applicable to this specification. the retroreflector axis usually coincides with the axis of
3.1.1 coeffıcient of luminous intensity, R,n—of a symmetry of the retroreflector. This is the axis of maximum
I
retroreflector, ratio of the luminous intensity (I) of the retrore- reflectivity. It is typically normal to the face of retroreflective
flector in the direction of observation to the illuminance (E ) sheeting.Forinjection-moldedretroreflectors,itsdirectionmay
'
attheretroreflectoronaplaneperpendiculartothedirectionof vary,andmustbedefinedasaresultoftestingorbyconsulting
−1
the incident light, expressed in candelas per lux (cd·lx ). the manufacturer.
R = (I/E ).
I '
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.2 conspicuity, n—the characteristics of an object that
3.2.1 color factor F,n—a chromatic adjustment to coeffi-
c
determine the likelihood that it will come to the attention of an
cient of luminous intensity R to account for the ratio of
I
observer.
brightness to luminance.
3.1.3 observation angle, α, n—in retroreflection, angle be-
3.2.2 entrance angle component for object inclination, β ,
tween the illumination axis and the observation axis.
n—angle from the illumination axis to the plane containing the
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The observation angle is always posi-
object reference axis and the first axis for the object (see Fig.
tive and is restricted to small acute angles.
1 and Fig. 2). Range: –90°<β ≤90°.
3.1.4 observation half-plane, n—the half-plane that origi-
3.2.3 entrance angle component for object rotation, β ,
nates on the line of the illumination axis and contains the
n—angle from the plane containing the observation half-plane
observation axis.
to the object reference axis (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). Range:
3.1.5 pedestrian, n—any person on foot (standing or mov-
–180°< β ≤180°
ing) who is located on a highway or street. F923
3.2.4 first axis for the object, n—axis through the approxi-
3.1.6 retroreflection, n—reflection in which the reflected
mate center of the object and perpendicular to the observation
rays are preferentially returned in directions close to the
half-plane (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).
opposite of the direction of the incident rays, this property
3.2.5 marking, n—thatportionofanobjectthatretroreflects.
being maintained over wide variations of the direction of the
incident rays.
3.2.6 object, n—theitemwornbyapedestrian,tobemarked
for increased conspicuity under this specification.
3.1.7 retroreflector axis, n—a designated line segment from
the retroreflector center that is used to describe the angular
3.2.7 object reference axis,, n—a designated line segment
position of the retroreflector.
thatextendsoutwardfromtheapproximatecenteroftheobject
3.1.7.1 Discussion—This is sometimes called the reference
andishorizontalwhentheobjectisorientedinitsusualupright
axis (Fig. 1). It is used to establish a coordinate system fixed
position (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).
with respect to the retroreflector by which its location and
3.2.8 retroreflective return, R ,n—the sum of the coeffi-
R
angular orientation can be specified. When symmetry exists,
cients of luminous intensity, R, measured at two selected
I
observation angles and adjusted for chromaticity.
3.2.8.1 Discussion—This quantity is used to describe the
effective performance of the object. (See 6.6.)
3.2.9 second axis for the object, n—axis through the ap-
proximate center of the object, lying in the plane of the
illuminationaxisandobservationaxis,andperpendiculartothe
object reference axis (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).
4. Classification of Objects
4.1 To facilitate testing objects, they are classified as fol-
lows:
4.1.1 Type 1—Coats, jackets, and coveralls. Sleeved gar-
ments with markings on front, back, and sleeves. A typical
example is shown in Fig. 3.
4.1.2 Type 2—Vests. Sleeveless garments to cover front,
back, and sides of upper torso. Markings are provided on the
front and back. A typical example is shown in Fig. 4.
4.1.3 Type 3—Trousers (short or long), leg bands, leggings,
See Publication CIE No. 54.The principal fixed axis is the illumination axis.The
socks(tobewornwithshorttrousers),andotherlegcoverings.
first axis is perpendicular to the plane containing the observation axis and the
A typical example is shown in Fig. 5.
illumination axis. The second axis is perpendicular to both the first axis and the
reference axis. The reference axis is fixed with respect to the retroreflector or
4.1.4 Type 4—School bags and backpacks. Back-carried
objectbutmovablewiththecomponents β and β oftheentranceangle.Allaxes,
1 2
using shoulder and/or front straps. Markings are on surfaces
angles, and directions of rotation are shown positive.
away from the body, including carrying straps. A typical
FIG. 1 The CIE Angular Reference System for Specifying and
Measuring Retroreflectors example is shown in Fig. 6.
E1501−99(2004)
FIG. 2 The Angular Reference System Used in this Specification
FIG. 4 A Type 2 Object (Vests) Showing Location of Markers
0.6
R 5 F R 1R A /A (1)
@ #@ #
R c I1 I2 0
FIG. 3 A Type 1 Object (Coats, Jackets, and Coveralls) Showing
Location of Markers
where:
F = is the color factor for the markings as determined in
c
6.5,
4.1.5 Type 5—Hats, helmets, head bands, and other head
F = is defined to be dimensionless, so R has the same
c R
gear. Garments worn on the head for protection, warmth, or
physical dimensions as R,
I
increased conspicuity. A typical example is shown in Fig. 7.
R = is the coefficient of luminous intensity, R measured
I1 I
4.1.6 Type 6—Shoes and other footwear. Objects worn on
through an aperture mask (see Section 6) at observa-
the feet. A typical example is shown in Fig. 8.
tion angle α as given in Table 1,
R = is the coefficient of the luminous intensity, R mea-
4.2 Othertypes4.1.1-4.1.6arenotlimitedtotheexampleor
I2 I
sured through an apertured mask (see Section 6)at
marking placement shown in Figs. 3-8.
observation angle α as given in Table 1,
5. Performance Requirements A = is the minimum area for any mask aperture for each
distance simulation as given in Table 1, and
5.1 Retroreflective return (R ):
R
A = isthesumoftheareasoftheaperturesinthemask;the
5.1.1 For each distance simulation and each entrance angle
minimum dimensions for area A and dimension D of
0 0
component for object rotation β the retroreflective return, R
2 R
a mask aperture are given in Table 1.
is calculated by the following formula:
E1501−99(2004)
FIG. 8 A Type 6 Object (Shoes and Other Footwear) Showing Lo-
cation of Markers
TABLE 1 Measurement Parameters for Determining R Which are
R
Specific to Simulated Viewing Distances
Minimum Minimum
Distance Observation Angles
Aperture Area Aperture
Simulated α α
1 2
A Dimension D
0 0
FIG. 5 A Type 3 Object (Trousers and Other Leg Coverings)
70 m 1.1° 0.5° 0.005 m 0.07 m
Showing Location of Markers
(7.56 in. ) (2.75 in.)
230 m 0.3° 0.15° 0.053 m 0.23 m
(82 in. ) (9.06 in.)
TABLE 2 Required Minimum Values of R
R
Distance Minimum R
R
70 m 0.40 cd/lx
230 m 2.30 cd/lx
TABLE 3 Conditions for Measurement of Coefficient of Luminous
Intensity R
I
Condition 70 m Simulation 230 m Simulation
Observation Angle
α 1.10° 0.30°
α 0.50° 0.15°
Entrance Angle Component for −10° −10°
Object Inclination β
Entrance Angle Component for –165° to +180° –165° to +180°
Object Rotation β in in
FIG. 6 A Type 4 Object (School Bags and Backpacks) Showing 15° steps 15° steps
Location of Markers
5.2 Control of the Position of Test Objects When Tested for
Retroreflective Return:
5.2.1 Objects shall be selected according to the appropriate
classification(Section4),preparedbythecorrespondingprepa-
ration method (6.2.8), and tested according to the test methods
of 6.2.5 and 6.2.6.
FIG. 7 A Type 5 Object (Hats and Other Headgear) Showing Lo-
5.2.2 Objects shall be oriented in their usual upright
cation of Markers
positions, with no rotation about the object reference axis.
Entrance angle components for object inclination (β ) and
5.1.2 For each of the two distance simulations and at each 1
object rotation (β ) shall be set according to 6.2 .
measurement point at 15° intervals of β over a full 360° of 2
rotation as the object is rotated about the second axis for the
6. Test Methods
object with an entrance angle component for object inclination
β of−10°, R shall be equal to or greater than the minimum 6.1 Summary of Test Methods:
1 R
value shown in Table 2. Since, within prescribed limits, the 6.1.1 Retroreflective marking test geometries and proce-
dimensions of the mask aperture(s) are to be specified by the dures.
object manufacturer in order to allow a particular design to be 6.1.1.1 Mask. (See 6.2.1.)
evaluated under conditions favorable to it, in cases of dispute 6.1.1.2 Observation angles, α. (See 6.2.2.)
itisuptothepersonclaiminganobjectmeetsthespecifications 6.1.1.3 Entrance angle component for object inclination, β .
to define the mask(s) for the measurements that will be made (See 6.2.3.)
to verify compliance. (See 6.2.1 for further discussion of 6.1.1.4 Entrance angle component for object rotation, β .
masks.) (See 6.2.4.)
E1501−99(2004)
NOTE 3—A pedestrian may be perceived by a vehicle driver in any
6.1.1.5 Seventy metre simulation test for coefficient of
orientation about its vertical axis. It is required that the conspicuity of the
luminous intensity, R. (See 6.2.5.)
I
pedestrianorobjectbemaintainedover360°ofitsrotationaboutavertical
6.1.1.6 Two hundred-thirty metre simulation test for coeffi-
axis.To test for this, measurements are taken at every 15° of this rotation.
cient of luminous intensity, R. (See 6.2.6.)
I
6.2.5 To determine the coefficient of luminous intensity, R,
I
6.1.1.7 Test preparation for pedestrian object by classifica-
for the 70 m simulation, the following tests will be performed
tion. (See 6.2.8.)
with the test object at an entrance angle component for object
6.1.2 Retroreflectometer parameters for instrumental mea-
inclination β =−10°. Measurements of luminous intensity
surements of the performance characteristics of retroreflective
shall be made at observation angles of α =1.10° (simulating
...
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